PROJECT
ON
VALUATION OF
SHARES
The cost of capital of a firm is the minimum rate of
return expected by its investors. The capital used by a
firm may be in the form of debt, preference capital,
retained earnings and equity shares. The concept of cost
of capital is very important in the financial management.
A decision to invest in a particular project depends upon
the cost of capital of the firm or the cut off rate which is
the minimum rate of return expected by the investors. In
case a firm is not able to achieve even the cut off rate,
the market value of its shares will fall. In fact, cost of
capital is the minimum rate of return expected by its
investors which will maintain the market value of shares
at its present level.
The cost of the capital of the firm or the minimum rate
of return expected by its investors has a direct relation
with the risk involved in a firm. Generally, higher the
risk involved in a firm, higher is the cost of capital.
Hampton. John J. defines cost of capital as “the rate of
return the firm requires from the investment in order to
increase the value of the firm in the market place.
Solomon Ezra, “Cost of capital is the minimum required
rate of earnings or the cut-off rate of capital
expenditure
Thus, we can say that cost of capital is that minimum
rate of return which a firm, must and is expected to
earn on its investments so as to maintain the market
value of its shares.
Where the companies amalgamate or are similarly
reconstructed, it may be necessary to arrive at the
value of the shares held by the members of the
company being absorbed or taken over. This may
also be necessary to protect the rights of dissenting
shareholders under the Companies Act,1956.
2. Where shares are held by the partners jointly in a
company and dissolution of the firm takes place, it
becomes necessary to value the shares for proper
distribution of the partnership property among the
partners.
3. Where a portion of the shares is to be given by a
member of proprietary company to another member
as the member cannot sell it in the open market, it
becomes necessary to certify the fair price of these
shares by an auditor or accountant.
1.
4. When a loan is advanced on the security of shares, it
becomes necessary to know the vale of shares on
the basis of which loan has been advanced.
5. When preference shares or debentures are
converted into equity shares, it becomes necessary
to value the equity shares for ascertaining the
number of equity shares required to be issued for
debentures or preference shares which are to be
converted.
6. When equity shareholders are to be compensated on
the acquisition of their shares by the Government
under a scheme of nationalization, then it becomes
necessary to value the equity shares for reasonable
compensation to be given to their holders.
Valuation of shares depends upon the purpose of valuation,
the nature of business of the company concerned, demand
and supply for shares, the government policy, past
performance of the company, growth prospectus of the
company, the management of the company, the economic
climate, accumulated reserves of the company, prospects of
bonus or right issue, dividend declared by the directors and
many other related factors.
The basic factor in the valuation of shares is the dividend
yield that the investor expects to get as compared to normal
rate prevailing in the market in the same industry. For small
investors, rate of dividend declared by the directors plays an
important role in the valuation of shares whereas investors
holding bulk of shares would be able to affect the dividend
rate, therefore for them total profits
Or earning capacity play an important part in the
valuation of shares. Thus, for a bulk holders of shares
net assts including goodwill or capitalized value on
the basis of the expected profits may be basis of
valuation.
COST OF PREFERENCE SHARE CAPITAL
A fixed rate of dividend is payable on preference shares.
Though dividend is payable at the discretion of the Board of
Directors and there is no legal binding to pay dividend, yet it
does not mean that preference capital is cost free. The cost
of preference share capital is a function of dividend expected
by its investors, i.e. its stated dividend. In case dividends are
not paid to preference shareholders, it will affect the fund
raising capital of the firm. Hence, dividends are usually paid
regularly on preference shares except when there are no
profits to pay dividends. The cost of preference capital which
is perpetual can be calculated as:
Kp = D/p
Where
Kp = Cost of Preference Capital
D = Annual Preference Dividend
P = Preference Share Capital (proceeds)
Further, if preference shares are issued Premium or Discount or when
costs of floating are incurred to issue preference shares, the nominal
or par value of preference share capital has to be adjusted to find out
the net proceeds from the issue of preference shares. In such a case,
the cost of preference capital can be computed as:Kp = D/NP
It may be noted that as dividends are not allowed to be deducted in
computation of tax, no adjustment is required for taxes.
sometimes, Redeemable Preference Shares are issued which can be
redeemed or cancelled on maturity date. The cost of redeemable preference
share capital can be calculated as:Kpr = D + MV-NP
n
_____________
½ (MV + NP)
Where:
Kpr = Cost of Redeemable Preference Shares
D = Annual Preference Dividend
MV =Maturity Value of Preference Shares
NP = Net Proceeds of Preference Shares
Illustration:- A company issues 10,000 10% Preference shares of Rs.
100 each. Cost of issue is Rs. 2 per share. Calculate cost of preference
share capital if these shares are issued (a) at par (b) at premium of 10%
(c) at a discount of 5%
Solution:- Cost of Preference Capital, Kp = D/NP
(a)
20,000
Kp =
1,00,000
* 100
10,00,000 –
9,80,000
(b)
= 1,00,000 * 100
= 10.21%
Kp = 1,00,000 * 100
10,00,000 + 100,000 – 20,000
= 1,00,000
*100
10,80,000
= 9.26%
(c)
Kp = 1,00,000
10,00,000 – 50,000 – 20,000
= 10.75%
* 100
The cost of equity is the ‘maximum rate of return that the
company must earn on equity financed portion of its
investments in order to leave unchanged the market price
of its stock. The cost of equity capital is a function of the
expected return by its investors. The cost of equity is not
the out-of-pocket cost of using equity capital as the
equity shareholders are not paid dividend at a fixed rate
every year. Moreover payment of dividend is not a legal
binding. It may or may not be paid. But it does not mean
that equity share capital is a cost free capital.
Shareholders invest money in equity shares on the
expectation of getting dividend and the company must
earn this minimum rate so that the market price of the
shares remains unchanged.
Whenever a company wants to raise additional funds by
the issue of new equity shares, the expectations of the
shareholders are evaluated. The cost of equity share
capital can be computed in the following ways:(a) Dividend Yield Method
(b) Dividend Yield plus growth in dividend Method
(c) Earning Yield Method
(d) Realized Yield Method
According to this method, the cost of equity capital is
the ‘discount rate that equates the present value of
expected future dividends per share with the net
proceeds (or current market price) of a share’.
Symbolically
WHERE,
Ke = D/NP OR D/MP
Ke = Cost of Equity Capital
D = Expected dividend per share
NP = Net proceeds per share
MP = Market Price per share
The basic assumptions underlying this method are
that the investors give prime importance to dividends
and risk in the firm remains unchanged. The dividend
price ratio method does not seem to consider the
growth in dividend
(i) It does not consider future earnings or retained
earnings
(ii) It does not take into account the capital gains
This method of computing cost of equity capital is
suitable when the company has stable earnings and
stable dividend policy over a period time.
Let us understand with an illustration given below:-
Illustration :- A company issues 1000 equity shares of
Rs. 100 each at a premium of 10%. The company has
been paying 20% dividend to equity shareholders for
the past five years and expects to maintain the same in
the future also. Compute the cost of equity capital. Will
it make any difference if the market price of equity
share is Rs. 160..??
Solution :-
Ke = D/NP
= 20 *100
110
= 18.18%
If the market price of a equity share is Rs. 160
Ke = D/MP
= 20 *100
160
When the dividend of the firms are expected to grow at a
constant rate and the dividend-pay-out ratio is constant this
method may be used to compute the cost of equity capital.
According to this method the cost of equity capital is based
on the dividends and the growth rate:Ke = D1 + GP = D0(1+g) + G
NP
NP
WHERE
Ke = Cost of equity capital
D1 = expected dividend per share at the end of the
year
NP = Net proceeds per share
G = rate of growth in dividend
D0 = Previous year’s dividend
Further, in case of existing equity share capital is to be
calculated, the NP should be changed with MP (market
price per share ) in the above equation.
Ke = D1 + G
MP
This can be explained with the given illustration below:-
Illustration :- A company plans to issue 1000 new
shares of Rs. 100 each at par. The floatation costs are
expected to be 5% of the share price. The company
pays a dividend of Rs. 10 per share initially and the
growth in dividends is expected to be 5%. Compute
the cost of new issue of equity shares.
(b) If the current market price of an equity share is Rs.
150, calculate the cost of existing equity share capital.
Solution :-
(b)
Ke = D/NP
= 10
+ 5%
100-5
= 15.53%
Ke = D + G
MP
= 10 + 5%
150
= 11.67%
According to this method, the cost of equity capital is
the discount rate that equates the present value of
expected future earnings per share with net proceeds
(or, current market price of share) of a share.
Symbolically
Ke = Earnings per share
Net Proceeds
= EPS
NP
Where the cost of existing capital is to be calculated:
Ke = Earnings per share
Market Price per Share
= EPS
MPS
This method of computing cost of equity capital may be
employed in the following cases:(i) When the earnings per share are expected to remain
constant.
(ii) when the dividend pay-out-ratio is 100 per cent or
when the retention ratio is zero, i.e. all the available
profits are distributed as dividends.
(iii) when a firm is expected to earn an amount on new
equity shares capital, which is equal to the current
rate of earnings.
(iv) the market price of the share is influenced only by
earnings per share.
This can be explained with the help of following
illustration:-
Illustration:- A firm is considering an expenditure of Rs.
60 lakhs for expanding its operations. The relevant
information is as follows:
Rs.
No. of existing equity shares
10
lakhs
Market value of existing shares
60
Net earnings
90 lakhs
Compute the cost of existing equity share capital and of
new equity capital assuming that new-shares will be
issued at a price of Rs 52 per share and the costs of new
issue will be Rs. 2 per share.
Solution :- Cost of existing equity share capital:
Ke = EPS
MP
EPS =
Cost of New Equity Capital: EPS = 90,00,000 = Rs. 9
10,00,000
Ke = 9 * 100 = 15%
60
Ke = EPS
NP
= 9 * 100
52-2
= 18%
One of the serious limitations of using dividend yield method
or earnings yield method is the problem of estimating the
expectations of the investors regarding future dividends and
earnings. It is not possible to estimate future dividends and
earning correctly ; both of these depends upon so many
uncertain factors. To remove this drawback, realised yield
method, which takes into account the actual average rate of
return realised in the past, may be applied to compute the
cost of equity share capital. To calculate the average rate of
return realised, dividend received in the past along with the
gain realised at the time of sale of shares should be
considered. The cost of equity capital is said to be the
realised rate of return by the shareholders. This method of
computing cost of equity share capital is based upon the
following assumptions:-
(i) The firm will remain in the same risk class over the
period;
(ii) the shareholders’ expectations are based upon
the realised yield;
(iii) the investors get the same rate of return as the
realised yield even if they invest elsewhere:
(iv) the marked price of shares does not change
significantly.