Leadership Behavior and
Management Styles
3/22/2016
Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN,
ONC
1
Leadership vs Management
 “There is only one manager, but anyone can be a
leader if they act on their good ideas!”
 Leadership:
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Influence based to reach a goal
Informal designation: independent of
management
Achieved positions; special skills
Examples!
Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC
2
Leadership vs Management
 Management:
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Authority based: appointed
Formally designated
Assigned position
Replaced if poor manager; good
leadership skills help!
Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC
3
Leadership Theories
 Hegel
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1800’s
Leaders must serve as followers
 Great Man/Trait
 Earliest theories
 “I was born to lead!”
 Have innate characteristics
 Not “accepted today (Great Man theory
 Trait/attribute-from Great Man
 Personal leadership characteristics
 “looks, walks, talks like a leader”
 Limited
 Does not consider situation
 Does not consider follower
3/22/2016
Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC
4
Leadership Theories cont
 Behavioral Theories:
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Aka: Humanist approach
Emerged in 1940’s & 50’s
Looked at behaviors leaders
engaged in
Applied to nursing:
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3/22/2016
Identifies the relationship
between the work environment
and positive patient outcomes
Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC
5
Leadership Theory
 Situational
 Varies with situation
 considers structure, atmosphere
and leader’s characteristics
 Contingency
 Different situation require
different leadership types
 Keys to the above theories:
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Model that predicts which
leadership style most effective in
situations. Based on follower’s
maturity Involves telling,
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selling, participating and
delegating!
By Hersey and Blanchard
 Path-goal looks at supervision
more than decision making
 Minimizes goal obstruction;
rewards followers; focuses
on goal achievement
Effective leadership style
depends upon the situation; what
is successful in one situation,
may
not be effective inCarolyn
the Jacobs,
next!RN, MSN, ONC
3/22/2016
6
Leadership Theory cont.
 Process theories- as they relate to group
interaction
 Transactional/Transformational
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Motivates followers to full potential
Influence perceptions
Foster a sense of direction!
What is focus of transformational leader?
Relational
Accomplish a common goal
Servant
Dedicates lives to serving others
Social Change
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Work toward common goal, improving quality of life
for all
** shift from task- oriented to a relationship
oriented focus

3/22/2016
Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC
7
Women and Leadership
 Historical perspective
 Stereotyping-”women less competent
than men”
 Nursing
A predominately female-oriented
profession
 Leadership roles encounter challenges
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3/22/2016
Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC
8
Leadership and Cultures
 Culture influences leadership
 Legal mandates, affirmative action, civil
rights regulations, and social pressure
 Minorities in leadership roles- improving
but still has a ways to go.
3/22/2016
Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC
9
What leadership qualities do you
possess??
3/22/2016
Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC
Use the next slide to
consider your own
attributes as a
leader/manager!
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Leadership Qualities and Behaviors
Integrity
Courage
Initiative
Energy
Optimism
Perseverance
Balance
Ability to handle stress
Self-awareness
3/22/2016
Think critically
Solve problems
Respect person
Listen
Skillful Communication
Set goals
Envision future
Develop oneself
Coach others
Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC
11
Leadership Styles and Effective
Management (Pattern of Behavior)
 Leadership styles
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Authoritarian (military)
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Democratic
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Little or no direction
Maximum freedom for individuals-”delegating approach”
*Multicratic- Combines best of all
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3/22/2016
Subordinates involved in decision-making
Lengthy process, communications flow up and down
Laissez-Faire or Permissive
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Strong control, directive
Downward and task directed
Adapt the leadership style needed for particular
situation!!
Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC
12
Consider: Ann is a nurse manager for a 26
bed ICU. She is people and relationship
oriented. Ann promotes and facilitates
group discussion and decision making.
Teamwork is the focus for any project and
she provides the necessary resources. She
wants everyone to have a role on the unit
and input into decisions.
 What leadership style is exhibited?
 Is this style effective in all situations?
Democratic
No, not in situations where
immediate action needed.
 What leadership style do you prefer?
3/22/2016
Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC
13
Power and Leadership/Management
Styles
 Power…what is it??
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Influence of others through persuasion or coercion
Non-static; ever changing
Power sources: legitimate (authority)
Referent (symbol of leader)
Reward (favor granting)
Coercive (punishment)
Expert (special knowledge) Nurisng!!!
Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC
14
Power and Leadership/Management Styles
Power…answer these questions!
•The nurse who can accurately interpret an ECG has ____ power.
•The nurse manager who can write a letter of commendation about
your performance in the unit newsletter has ____ power.
•Your nurse manager has authority to grant you a salary increase;
this manager has ______ power.
3/22/2016
Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC
15
Power and Leadership/Management Styles
Power
•The nurse who can accurately interpret an ECG has EXPERT
power.
•The nurse manager who can write a letter of commendation about
your performance in the unit newsletter has REWARD power.
•Your nurse manager has authority to grant you a salary increase;
this manager has LEGITIMATE power. (reward)
3/22/2016
Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC
16
 Give an example in which
“coercive” power (punishment)
might be appropriately used in
the nursing profession.
Refer to text…a nurse who is abusing
drugs faces loss of license, job,
salary…patient safety is priority!
Referent power…how might referent
power influence your career as a nurse?
Text…an example…as a nurse you carefully follow directions of
your assigned department head…that individual possess symbol of
power!
3/22/2016
Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC
17
Power and Leadership/Management
Styles
 Empowerment
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3/22/2016
Share power with others;
enables them to act;
transformational leadership
Delegates much authority for
decision- making
Encourages others to excel!
Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC
18
Three Factors of Empowerment
 Direction: sufficient instructions to give
confidence
 Challenge: an element of stretch that will
bring out creativity and satisfaction on
completion
 Autonomy/support: confidence that there
is further help and direction available if
needed
3/22/2016
Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC
19
Reasons to Empower
 Work output increases
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Nursing: better care for more patients
 Places decision making in the hands of
those individuals closest to the situation
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Nursing: decisions tend to be safer and
better fitted to the needs of a particular
patient or patient care situation
 A more enthusiastic, satisfied, and
healthy groupCarolyn
ofJacobs,
workers
3/22/2016
RN, MSN, ONC
20
Question
 A unit with what type of leadership
enables empowerment of staff?
A. Situational leadership
B. Great man leadership
C. Transformational leadership
D. Trait leadership
3/22/2016
Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC
21
Answer
C. Transformational leadership
Rationale: many hospital units operate in
some type of transformational leadership
that involves individuals other than the
manager in decision making and supports
democratic leadership.
3/22/2016
Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC
22
The Reciprocal Role
 Two parties to any leadership situation
 We all begin our careers in a followertype position
 Role of the follower
 Being a good follower
3/22/2016
Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC
23
The Effective Follower!
 What is the effective follower?
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3/22/2016
Perceives the relationship between
institutional goals and personal goals
Views leader as working toward both
Need to be both a leader and a follower
(interchangeable!)
Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC
24
Qualities of a Good Follower!
(Important as a GN)
Know these characteristics!
 Invest self in the organization and its goals
 Know your responsibilities as a follower
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Job description
Report to whom?
Evaluated by whom?
Identify your expectations of the leader.
Support your leader and the group
Stimulate leader and the group!
Follow channels of communication
3/22/2016
Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC
25
Developing Your Leadership Role
and Skills!
 Evaluate your own
leadership qualities!
 (Leadership exercises)
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3/22/2016
Strengths
Weaknesses
Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC
26
Developing Your Leadership Role
and Skills!
 Evaluate your own leadership qualities!
 Ways to enhance your own personal power:
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3/22/2016
Increase Knowledge and competence
Flexibility
Self-confidence, decisiveness and integrity
Walk, talk, and look poised and confident
Alliances
Develop personal physical resources- healthy living
Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC
27
Assessing Your Own
Effectiveness as a Leader
 Self-assessment
 Environmental assessment
 Identifying role models
 Trying out leadership styles
 Evaluating effectiveness
3/22/2016
Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC
28
Test Your Understanding
Which leadership style is considered “people oriented?
1.
Laissez-faire
2.
Authoritarian
3.
Coercive
4.
Democratic
A nurse with the responsibility of deciding the number of staff
member will be assigned to a unit has what kind of power?
1.
Legitimate
2.
Reward
3.
Coercive
4.
Referent
Which method is BEST to assess one’s effectiveness as a leader?
1.
Review amount of formal education
2.
Ask opinion from friend
3.
Wait for input from others
4.
Review personal interactions
3/22/2016
Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC
29
Test Your Understanding!
Which description characterizes
the path-goal theory of
leadership?
Which of the following factors
MOST affects one’s
effectiveness as a manager?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Number of people managed
Salary received
Status within organization
Leadership style
1.
2.
3.
4.
3/22/2016
Identifies common traits
exhibited by leaders
Reflects four behaviors:
telling, selling,
participating, and
delegating
Minimizes goal
obstruction and reward
followers
Born with leadership
qualities
Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC
30
Test Your Understanding!
1.
2.
Which of the following factors
MOST affects one’s effectiveness
as a manager?
1.
Number of people managed
2.
Salary received
3.
Status within organization
4.
Leadership style *
Which description characterizes the
path-goal theory of leadership?
1.
Identifies common traits
exhibited by leaders
2.
Reflects four behaviors: telling,
selling, participating, and
delegating
3.
Minimizes goal obstruction and
reward followers*
4.
Born with leadership qualities
3/22/2016
1.
Which leadership style is considered
“people oriented”?
1.
Laissez-faire
2.
Authoritarian
3.
Coercive
4.
Democratic*
2.
A nurse with the responsibility of
deciding the number of staff
member will be assigned to a unit
has what kind of power?
1.
Legitimate*
2.
Reward*
3.
Coercive
4.
Referent
3.
Which method is BEST assess one’s
effectiveness as a leader?
1.
Review amount of formal
education
2.
Ask opinion from friend
3.
Wait for input from others
4.
Review personal interactions*
Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC
31
The End
3/22/2016
Carolyn Jacobs, RN, MSN, ONC
32