Pertemuan 5
Metode Akumulasi
Harga Pokok Variabel
Pengertian
Variable Costing disebut juga
Direct Costing. Adalah suatu
proses akumulasi harga pokok
yang hanya menghitung biaya
produksi variabel (bahan baku,
tenaga kerja langsung dan
overhead variable). Jadi, seluruh
biaya variabel dikumpulkan untuk
menghitung contribution margin.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Overview of Absorption and
Variable Costing
The only cost of driving my car
on a 200 mile trip today is
$12 for gasoline.
Variable
Costing
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Overview of Absorption and
Variable Costing
No! You must consider these costs too!
Cost
Car payment
Insurance
Per month
Per day
$ 300.00
$ 10.00
60.00
2.00
Absorption
Costing
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Overview of Absorption and
Variable Costing
You are wrong. I have the car
payment and the
insurance payment even if
I do not make the trip.
Variable
Costing
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Overview of Absorption and
Variable Costing
Who’s right?
How should we treat the car
payment and the insurance?
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Overview of Absorption and
Variable Costing
Absorption
Costing
Variable
Costing
Direct Materials
Product
Costs
Product
Costs
Direct Labor
Variable Manufacturing Overhead
Fixed Manufacturing Overhead
Period
Costs
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Variable Selling and Administrative Expenses
Period
Costs
Fixed Selling and Administrative Expenses
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003
Note: Manufacturing Cost
Flows
Costs
Balance Sheet
Inventories
Material Purchases
Raw Materials
Income
Statement
Expenses
Direct Labor
Variable
Manufacturing
Overhead
Fixed
Manufacturing
Overhead
Selling and
Administrative
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Work in
Process
Finished
Goods
Period Costs
Cost of
Goods
Sold
Selling and
Administrative
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003
Note: Manufacturing Cost
Flows
Absorption Costing Balance Sheet
Fixed
manufacturing
overhead in
inventories
Variable
costing
150
100
50
0
Inventory
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Retained
Earnings
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003
Overview of Absorption and
Variable Costing
Let’s put some numbers to the
issue and see if it will
sharpen our understanding.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Unit Cost Computations
Harvey Co. produces a single product with
the following information available:
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Unit Cost Computations
Unit product cost is determined as follows:
Selling and administrative expenses are
always treated as period expenses and
deducted from revenue.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Income Comparison of
Absorption and Variable Costing
Harvey Co. had no beginning inventory, produced
25,000 units and sold 20,000 units this year.
Absorption Costing
Sales (20,000 × $30)
Less cost of goods sold:
Beginning inventory
$
Add COGM (25,000 × $16)
400,000
Goods available for sale
400,000
Ending inventory (5,000 × $16)
80,000
Gross margin
Less selling & admin. exp.
Variable
Fixed
Net operating income
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
$ 600,000
320,000
280,000
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003
Income Comparison of
Absorption and Variable Costing
Harvey Co. had no beginning inventory, produced
25,000 units and sold 20,000 units this year.
Absorption Costing
Sales (20,000 × $30)
Less cost of goods sold:
Beginning inventory
$
Add COGM (25,000 × $16)
400,000
Goods available for sale
400,000
Ending inventory (5,000 × $16)
80,000
Gross margin
Less selling & admin. exp.
Variable (20,000 × $3)
$ 60,000
Fixed
100,000
Net operating income
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
$ 600,000
320,000
280,000
160,000
$ 120,000
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003
Income Comparison of
Absorption and Variable Costing
Now let’s look at variable costing by Harvey Co.
Variable
costs
only.
Variable Costing
Sales (20,000 × $30)
Less variable expenses:
Beginning inventory
$
Add COGM (25,000 × $10)
250,000
Goods available for sale
250,000
Less ending inventory (5,000 × $10)
50,000
Variable cost of goods sold
200,000
Variable selling & administrative
expenses (20,000 × $3)
60,000
Contribution margin
Less fixed expenses:
Manufacturing overhead
$ 150,000
Selling & administrative expenses 100,000
Net operating income
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
$ 600,000
All fixed
manufacturing
overhead is
expensed.
260,000
340,000
250,000
$ 90,000
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003
Income Comparison of
Absorption and Variable Costing
Let’s compare the methods.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Reconciliation
We can reconcile the difference between
absorption and variable income as follows:
Variable costing net operating income
$ 90,000
Add: Fixed mfg. overhead costs
deferred in inventory
(5,000 units × $6 per unit)
30,000
Absorption costing net opearting income $ 120,000
Fixed mfg. overhead
$150,000
=
= $6.00 per unit
Units produced
25,000 units
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Harvey Co. Year 2
In its second year of operations, Harvey Co.
started with an inventory of 5,000 units,
produced 25,000 units and sold 30,000 units.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Harvey Co. Year 2
Unit product cost is determined as follows:
No change in Harvey’s
cost structure.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Harvey Co. Year 2
Now let’s look at Harvey’s income statement
assuming absorption costing is used.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Harvey Co. Year 2
Absorption Costing
Sales (30,000 × $30)
Less cost of goods sold:
Beg. inventory (5,000 × $16)
Add COGM (25,000 × $16)
Goods available for sale
Less ending inventory
Gross margin
Less selling & admin. exp.
Variable (30,000 × $3)
Fixed
Net operating income
$ 900,000
$ 80,000
400,000
480,000
-
$ 90,000
100,000
480,000
420,000
190,000
$ 230,000
These are the 25,000 units
produced in the current period.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Harvey Co. Year 2
Next, we’ll look at Harvey’s income statement
assuming
is used.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Harvey Co. Year 2
Variable
costs
only.
All fixed
manufacturing
overhead is
expensed.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003
Reconciliation
We can reconcile the difference between
absorption and variable income as follows:
Variable costing net operating income
$ 260,000
Deduct: Fixed manufacturing overhead
costs released from inventory
(5,000 units × $6 per unit)
30,000
Absorption costing net operating income $ 230,000
Fixed mfg. overhead
$150,000
=
= $6.00 per unit
Units produced
25,000 units
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Summary
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Summary
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Advantages of the
Contribution Approach
Consistent with
CVP analysis.
Management finds it
Net operating income
easy to understand.
is closer to
net cash flow.
Consistent with standard
costs and flexible budgeting.
Advantages
Easier to estimate profitability
of products and segments.
Impact of fixed
costs on profits
emphasized.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Profit is not affected by
changes in inventories.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003
Variable versus
Absorption Costing
All manufacturing
costs must be assigned
to products to properly
match revenues and
costs.
Absorption
Costing
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Fixed costs are
not really the costs
of any particular
product.
Variable
Costing
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003
Variable versus
Absorption Costing
Depreciation,
taxes, insurance and
salaries are just as
essential to products
as variable costs.
Absorption
Costing
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
These are capacity
costs and will be
incurred even if nothing
is produced.
Variable
Costing
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003
Variable versus
Absorption Costing
Absorption
costing product costs
are misleading for
decision making.
Variable
Costing
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
They are the
numbers that
appear on our
external
reports.
Absorption
Costing
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003
Note on the
Absorption Costing
Cost of goodsof
soldVolume
decreases because production
Effects
exceeds sales, leaving a portion of fixed
manufacturing costs in inventory.
Variable cost
Fixed manufacturing overhead
Units sold
Units Total Variable
Produced
Cost
10,000
$100,000
12,000
$120,000
14,000
$140,000
16,000
$160,000
18,000
$180,000
20,000
$200,000
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
$10
$100,000
10,000
Fixed
Total
Average
Manufacturing Manufacturing Manufacturing
Overhead
Cost
Cost
$100,000
$200,000 $
20.00
$100,000
$220,000 $
18.33
$100,000
$240,000 $
17.14
$100,000
$260,000 $
16.25
$100,000
$280,000 $
15.56
$100,000
$300,000 $
15.00
Cost of
Goods Sold
$ 200,000
$ 183,333
$ 171,429
$ 162,500
$ 155,556
$ 150,000
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003
Absorption
Note on
the Costing
Cost of goods sold decreases because production
exceedsof
sales,
leaving a portion of fixed
Effects
Volume
manufacturing costs in inventory.
COGS for 10,000 units
COGS
$200,000
$150,000
10
,0
00
14
,0
00
18
,0
00
22
,0
00
26
,0
00
30
,0
00
34
,0
00
$100,000
Number of units produced
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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Akhir Pertemuan 5:
Terima Kasih
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003