Trans 401A:
The Citizen and the State
Claremont Graduate
University
Trans 401A:Citizenship
Exercise
• Are there mechanisms (e.g., laws,
policies, organizations), real or
conceived, that could serve as a means
to creating global justice?
• Exercise: draw up a list of 10 such
mechanisms and bring to class for
discussion.
Trans 401A:Citizenship
List generated in class (please add what I
couldn’t remember, or new ones)
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World government
International constitution/laws
World court
Restructure United Nations to include a working security council (with
teeth?)
Integrated emergency response system (monitoring stations for national
disasters and infrastructure to transmit that info quickly)
Tighter regulations on Non-profits so more $$ goes to causes
Better incentives and punishment to individuals in cases of human rights
violations
UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) see:
www.unctad.org
“free” access to and exchange of info by various media e.g., internet
Audit body to monitor international trade and exchange
Trans 401A:Citizenship
Classical Conceptions: Aristotle
“Man is by nature a political animal”
“For the real difference between democracy
and oligarchy is poverty and wealth.
Wherever men rule by reason of their
wealth, whether they be few or many, that is
an oligarchy, and where the poor rule, that is
a democracy.”
Trans 401A:Citizenship
Machiavelli
Conception of the citizen-soldier
“Security for man is impossible unless it
be conjoined with power.”
--Discourses
Trans 401A:Citizenship
Hobbes
State of Nature: without government, our “natural” state is a state of
war
Social Contract Theory: When people mutually covenant each to the
others to obey a common authority, they have established what Hobbes
calls “sovereignty by institution”.
-- Leviathan (1660)
Locke
State of Nature: our “natural” state is happy and characterized by
reason and tolerance; government should guard natural justice.
Inalienable Rights: all men are created equal and have the right to life,
liberty, property and the pursuit of happiness.
--Second Treatise on Government (1690)
Trans 401A:Citizenship
Paine
“Society in every state is a blessing,
but government even in its best
state is but a necessary evil; in its
worst state an intolerable one…”
--Common Sense
Trans 401A:Citizenship
Kant
Concept of the world citizen in “Perpetual Peace,”
1795
“Since the narrower or wider community of the
peoples of the earth has developed so far that a
violation of rights in one place is felt throughout
the world, the idea of a law of world citizenship is
no high-flown or exaggerated notion. It is a
supplement to the unwritten code of the civil and
international law, indispensable for the
maintenance of the public human rights and hence
also of perpetual peace.”
Trans 401A:Citizenship
The Modern Citizen
Citizenship as Rights-based
versus
Citizenship as Obligationbased
Trans 401A:Citizenship
T. H. Marshall
“Citizenship is “a status
bestowed on those who are full
members of a community. All
who possess the status are
equal with respect to the rights
and duties with which the status
is endowed.”
– T.H. Marshall, Citizenship and Social
Class (1950) (a seminal text in British
Poster
by The
sociology
) Committee to Defend the
Panther 21 Power to the People, 1970
photographic silkscreen
102.9 x 74.9 cm (40 1/2 x 29 1/2 in.)
National Museum of American History,
Smithsonian Institution
Trans 401A:Citizenship
T. H. Marshall
The civil element is composed of the rights necessary for individual
freedom---liberty of the person, freedom of speech, thought and
faith, the right to own property and to conclude valid contracts and
the right to justice. The last is of a different order than the others,
because it is the right to defend and assert all one’s rights on terms
of equality with others and by due process of law…By the political
element I mean the right to participate in the exercise of political
power, as a member of a body invested with the political authority or
as an elector of the embers of such a body…By the social element I
mean the whole range from the right to a modicum of economic
welfare and security to the right to share the full social heritage and
live the life of a civilized being according to the standards prevailing
in the society.
Trans 401A:Citizenship
Short Theory Paper
Due Date and Time: At the beginning of class (week 4), Wednesday,
Feb. 10th
Page Limit and Format: There is a page limit of 4-6 pages.
Expectations for Writing a Good Essay
1. Have a problem, issue, or question to guide your reflections
2. Organize your essay. Have a thesis statement and argumentative
structure.
3. Raise potential objections to your considerations
4. Write with clarity and concision.
5. Draw on themes or issues of citizenship, capital, poverty, or
ethics (justice)
Trans 401A:Citizenship
Weeks 3 & 4
Yi Feng: Patterns and Disparities
of Economic & Political
Development