Bellchallenge: Which is prokaryotic or
eukaryotic? Label ALL the similarities and
differences between the two. (hint: use Venn diagram)
Bacteria Cell
(Prokaryotic)
Plant Cell (Eukaryotic)
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Review Cell Theory
• All living things are composed of cells
• Cell are the basic unit of structure and function
in living things.
• New cell are produced from existing cells
2
Agenda
Monday1/31/2011
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Ch. 18 Classification ppt IAN (slides 3-33)
HW: Ch. 18 Classification notes questions IAN
Ch. 18 Classification Quiz or test Wednesday
IAN Check Thursday
Classification of Living
Things
Chapter 18
3
18-1
BIODIVERSITY
______________
total of all the living things in an ecosystem
SPECIES
___________
population of organisms that share similar
characteristics and can breed with each other
Biologists have identified and named
over______________
1.5 million species so far.
Estimates = between 2-100 million species yet
4
be discovered
http://www.millan.net
WHY CLASSIFY?
• Identifies and names organisms
• Groups organisms in a logical manner
TAXONOMY
_______________
= branch of biology
that names and groups organisms
5
Naming and organizing animals into groups with
biological significance helps make sense of
relationships.
BIRD . . . ?
An animal with feathers
A good classification system:
places organisms in a group with other
organisms that are similar
6
Image from:
http://www.flagsplus.com/flags/21778_bird_collage.jpg
A good classification system:
UNIQUE
• Uses names that are _________
CHANGE as new data is discovered
• Can ________
RELATIONSHIPS
• Shows ________________
of organisms
(300 B.C.)
The first person to group or
classify organisms was the
Greek teacher & philosopher
____________
more than
ARISTOTLE
2000 years ago. Grouped
based on size and location.
7
(not good enough)
Common Names vs. Scientific Names
Common names can vary
Example:
puma, catamount,
mountain lion, cougar
. . . are all names
for same animal
By using a universally accepted scientific name,
scientists can be sure they are discussing
the same organism
Example:
Chipmunk,
Streifenhornchen (German)
Tamia (Italian)
Ardilla listada (Spanish)
8
Image from: http://www4.d25.k12.id.us/ihil/images/Cougar.jpg
Common names can be misleading
Ex:
A jellyFISH isn’t a fish,
but a seaHORSE is!
Sea cucumber
sounds like a plant but…
it’s an animal!
In the United
Kingdom,
BUZZARD
refers to a hawk
In the
United
States,
BUZZARD
refers to a
vulture.
9
By mid 19th century, scientists recognized that
using common names was confusing.
and Greek to give a
Scientists agreed to use Latin
____________
single name to each species.
EXAMPLE: RED OAK
Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceomucronatis
“oak with deeply divided leaves with deep blunt
lobes bearing hair-like bristles”
PROBLEMS:
•Names too hard and long to remember!
•Different scientists described different
characteristics.
10
Carolus Linnaeus comes to the rescue!
Swedish botanist who devised a
new classification system:
Linnaeus’s System
This system is still used today!
Organisms are grouped in a
hierarchy of 7 different
taxonomic levels
TAXONS
OR ____________
(1707-1778)
Each organism has a two part
scientific name
= BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
_________________________
11
Image from: http://www.medusozoa.com/images/linnaeus.jpg
Linneaus System of
Classification
Kids
Prefer
Cheese
Over
Fried
Green
Spinach
Kingdom (broad)
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species (specfic)
12
Lion
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Carnivora
Family Felidae
Genus Panthera
Species leo
http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/dms/fapm/personnel/tom_b/2004-lion.jpg
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BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
(2-name naming system)
1st name = _______________
GENUS NAME
– Always capitalized
2nd name = _________________
SPECIES NAME
–Always lower case
UNDERLINED or
Both names are ______________
ITALICS
written in ____________.
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GENUS = group of closely related species
GENUS = Ursus
Ursus
arctos
(Includes many kinds of bears)
Ursus
maritimus
Ursus
americanis
SPECIES = unique to each kind of bear
Humans:
Homo sapiens
or
Homo sapiens
15
MODERN EVOLUTIONARY
CLASSIFICATION
18-2
Which characteristics
are MOST IMPORTANT when grouping?
16
Should a dolphin be grouped with fish because it has fins and
lives in water?
OR with mammals because it
breathes air and makes milk for its young?
Look at these 3 organisms:
CRAB
LIMPET
BARNACLE
http://greatescapetravel.com/album/MAUI2001/pages/molokini_kona_crab.html
http://nearctica.com/ecology/habitats/barnacle.jpg
http://siena.earth.rochester.edu/ees207/Gastropoda/
17
BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishers© 2006
Judging by
appearances you
would probably put
limpets and barnacles
together in a group
and crabs in a different group.
BUT LOOKS can be deceiving!
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Look more closely!
LIMPET
BARNACLE
Limpet and barnacle larvae are very different.
CRAB
Barnacles have jointed limbs.
Limpets DON’T !
Barnacles have a segmented body
Limpets DON’T !
Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts.
Limpets DON’T !
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Look more closely!
LIMPET
CRAB
BARNACLE
Crab and barnacle larvae are very similar
Barnacles have jointed limbs.
So do CRABS !
Barnacles have a segmented body
So do CRABS !
Barnacles have an exoskeleton that molts.
So do CRABS !
20
LIMPET
SNAIL
Limpets have an internal anatomy more like
snails, which are MOLLUSKS.
Because of these characteristics, scientists have
concluded that barnacles are more closely
related to crabs than to MOLLUSKS
http://siena.earth.rochester.edu/ees207/Gastropoda/
21
Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006
BOTH crabs and barnacles have been
classified as CRUSTACEANS
22
18-3
MODERN TAXONOMY
Grouping organisms based on their
classification
evolutionary history = Evolutionary
_________________
The study of an organism’s evolutionary
phylogeny
history= _____________
23
CLADISTICS
____________is a system of classifying organisms
that considers only characteristics that are “new
evolutionary innovations”.
Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a
lineage but not in its older members
Derived characters
= __________________
Image from:http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/clip0075.jpg
Derived characters can
be used to construct a
diagram that shows
evolutionary
relationships among
groups of organisms =
cladogram
________
24
Derived characters appear at
branches of the cladogram
showing where they first
arose.
Cladograms help scientists
understand how one lineage
branched from another
All of the classification methods discussed so far are
based on physical similarities and differences.
Even organisms with very different anatomies can
share common traits.
DNA and RNA
EX: All living things use ______________to
pass on
25
information and control growth.
GENES of many organisms show
remarkable similarity at the molecular
level.
Similarities in DNA can be used to
help determine classification and
evolutionary relationships between
organisms.
26
http://sbchem.sunysb.edu/msl/dna.gif
Humans have a gene that codes for a
protein that helps our muscles move
MYOSIN
called __________
Researchers have found a gene in
yeast that codes for a myosin
protein, that enables internal cell
parts to move.
27
http://universe-review.ca/I11-32-yeast.jpg
28
Similarities in DNA can be used to
help show evolutionary relationships
and how species have changed.
African vulture
American vulture
Stork
Traditionally these first two were
classified together in falcon family.
Storks were put in a separate family.
29
Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
American vultures have a peculiar
behavior. When they get overheated,
they urinate on their legs to cool off
African vulture
American vulture
Stork
The only other bird that does this is the
STORK.
30
Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
DNA comparisons showed more
similarities between American vulture
and stork DNA than DNA from the
two kinds of vultures suggesting a
recent common ancestor
more ______________________
between storks and American vultures
African vulture
American vulture
Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
Stork
31
Comparisons of DNA can also be used to mark the
passage of evolutionary time
A model that uses DNA comparisons to estimate the
length of time that two species have been evolving
independently
MOLECULAR CLOCK
= ________________
Mutations occur all the time
____________
and cause slight changes to the
DNA code.
dissimilarity is an
Degree of _________
indication of how long ago two
species shared a common ancestor
32
Different genes
accumulate
mutations at
different rates so
there are many
molecular clocks
“ticking”.
http://www.kahlert.com/web/images/tech_clock.gif
Allows scientists to time different
kinds of evolutionary events, like
using different hands on a clock.
33
Use this diagram to
answer # 23-25 in
questions
Kidspiration by Riedell
Source: see end of show
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Image Sources
http://www.geocities.com/TheTropics/2428/directory.html
http://www.gifs.net
http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/homepage.htm
http://www.seattleschools.org/schools/blaine/
http://www.kidskonnect.com/Lions/lion.gif
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http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/trimethylamine/fish.gif
http://www.ca4h.org/4hresource/clipart/animals/pics/dog.gif
http://www.madlantern.com/clipart/cindexw.htm
http://www.drtoy.com/news/
http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/images/platypus.gif
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http://www.gifs.net
http://www.dallas-zoo.org/featured/featured.asp?page=wc
http://www.animationlibrary.com
http://www.dynamicearth.co.uk/education/images/tree_frog.jpg
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