Period 2
(1607-1754)
Early English Settlements
Because England got such a late start in the colonization game, they
couldn’t just set up their colonies wherever they wanted.
•Spain dominated South America, Mexico, the West Indies, the American
Southwest, and Florida
•The French held sway along North America’s major waterways
In addition, the dense forests and occasionally hostile Native American
tribes prevented English settlers from moving westward past the
Appalachian Mountains. The early English settlements were therefore
concentrated along the eastern coast of North America.
There were three types of British colonies:
•Royal
•Proprietary
•self-governing
Each type had its own characteristics.
Early English Settlements
• Royal colonies were owned by the king,
such as Virginia after 1624, were to be under
the direct authority and rule of the king’s
government.
• Proprietary colonies, such as Pennsylvania,
Maryland, and Delaware, were basically land
grants from the British government.
•Individuals were awarded huge tracts of
land that they would then supervise and
govern, usually in return for political or
financial favors.
•These colonial governors reported directly
to the king.
• Self-governing colonies, including Rhode
Island and Connecticut, formed when the king
granted a charter to a joint-stock company, and
the company then set up its own government
independent of the crown. The king could
revoke the colonial charter at any time and
convert a self-governing colony into a royal
colony.
Why England Sets Sail
• Mushrooming
population
• Enclosure
movement
• Unemployment
• Primogeniture
• Joint Stock
Company
• By the 1600s the
joint stock
company was
perfected,
forerunner to
modern capitalism
New Opportunities
• A recession in the 1590s
= desperate people
• Get rich quick w/ the
Virginia Company (1606)
• Settles at Jamestown on
the James River
(5/24/1607)
Jamestown
was Founded
for Economic
Reasons.
Jamestown Settlement
Early Troubles
In May of 1607, about 100 English men established
Jamestown, Virginia.
Troubles for the colony came early and often…
Forty would-be settlers died on the boat ride over.
• Problems then emerged including the swampy site of
Jamestown meant poor drinking water and mosquitoes
causing malaria and yellow fever
• “gentlemen” wasted time looking for gold rather than
doing useful tasks (digging wells, building shelter, planting
crops)
• there were zero women on the initial ship
Captain John Smith
Their fortune began to change in 1608 when Captain John Smith took control
and instituted a strong measure of much-needed discipline.
According to legend, Smith was once kidnapped by local Chief Powhatan and
then his life spared at the last moment thanks to his daughter Pocahontas.
This act may well have been staged, but was intended by Powhatan to show good
intentions between Indian and the whites.
John Smith’s main contribution was that he gave order and discipline, highlighted
by his “He who does not work, will not eat” policy.
Still, the Jamestown settlers died in droves, and resorted to eating “dogs, Cats,
rats, and Mice.” One fellow wrote of eating “powdered wife.”Understandably, this
was known as the “starving time” in Virginia.
The colonists’ next stroke of good fortune came when Lord De La Warr
intercepted a ship of settlers who were abandoning the colony. He forced them to
return, brought more discipline, and brought much-needed supplies.
By 1625, only 1,200 out of nearly 8,000 settlers had survived.
The Starving Time
POPULATION:
 1607: 104 colonists
 By spring, 1608: 38 survived
 1609: 300 more immigrants
 By spring, 1610: 60 survived
 1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants
 1624 population: 1,200
 Adult life expectancy: 40 years
 Death of children before age 5: 80%
Captain John Smith
The right man for the job?
There was no talk…but dig gold, wash
gold, refine gold, load gold…
Transition to a Royal Colony
The year 1622 was a tragic one for
Jamestown.
•a second war with the Powhatan
tribe
•a slump in tobacco prices
•fraudulent practices by local
officials
•high death rates from disease
•all conspired to transform the
normal rigors of colonial life into
extremely hard times
•Under this strain, the joint-stock
company collapsed and James I
revoked its charter, making
Virginia a royal colony in 1624.
Three major things happened in 1619…
The first blacks were brought to America. It’s unclear if
they were slaves or indentured servants at this time.
Representative self-government came to America when
Virginians created the House of Burgesses, a basic
legislature to work out local issues. This set America on a
pathway of self-rule.
A shipload of women arrived. They were young and came
with the sole purpose of marrying. This brought Virginia
stability and a sense of permanence.
House of Burgesses (1619)
The House of Burgesses established in
1619 & began to assume the role of the
House of Commons in England
 Control over finances, militia, etc.
By the end of the 17c, House of
Burgesses was able to initiate legislation.
A Council appointed by royal governor
 Mainly leading planters.
 Functions like House of Lords.
 High death rates ensured rapid turnover
of members.
House of Burgesses (1619)
Maryland
•In 1632 King Charles I, granted lands bordering the Chesapeake Bay
to Catholic Aristocrat Cecilius Calvert, (Lord Baltimore).
•Thus Maryland became a safe-haven or refuge for Catholics in the
New World.
•In 1634, the first Catholic settlers arrived.
•Disputing Lord Baltimore powers, the colony’s elected a
representative assembly.
•This loss of power, encouraged Anti-Catholic, Protestants to amp up
their agitation.
•This increased agitation caused Lord Baltimore to persuade the
assembly to enact The Toleration Act (1649). This Act:
•Granted all Christians the right to follow their beliefs and hold
church services.
•Repealed in the late 1600s by the Protestants who defeated the
Catholics in a brief Civil War, and Catholics lost the right to vote.
•In Maryland as in Virginia, tobacco quickly became the main crop and
that similarity rather than any religious difference, ultimately made the
two colonies very much alike in their economic and social systems.
A Haven for Catholics
Baltimore permitted high degree of freedom of
worship in order to prevent repeat of persecution of
Catholics by Protestants.
 Many Protestants got angry because of religious
rights given to Catholics
Toleration Act of 1649
 Supported by the Catholics in Maryland
 Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS
 Decreed death to those who denied the divinity of
Jesus [like Jews, atheists, etc.]
 In one way, it was less tolerant than before the law
was passed
Both Virginia
and
Maryland are
referred to
as the
Chesapeake
region
because of
the
Chesapeake
Bay that
borders both
states.
Plymouth and
Massachusetts
were Founded
for Religious
Reasons.
The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism
1517, Martin Luther started the Protestant
Reformation when he nailed his “95 Theses”
on the door of the Wittenberg Cathedral
Luther had several challenges to the Roman
church
The most basic of Luther’s ideas were
• The Bible or scripture alone was
the source of God’s word (not the
Bible and the church or pope).
• People are saved by grace alone
from God (salvation comes as an
undeserved gift from God, not by
earning it or deciding to be saved).
• People are saved simply by faith
in Christ alone (not by any “good
works” the person might’ve done).
Predestination
John Calvin preached Calvinism that stressed “predestination”
(those going to Heaven or hell has already been determined by God).
• Basic Christian doctrine was outlined in a 1536 document
“Institutes of the Christian Religion.”
• It said people were sinful.
• It said only the predestined would go to Heaven.
• A Calvinist expected to see signs of predestination in a person’s
life. The person was to have an outward conversion, recognized
by others who’d been saved.
• An odd irony was created: predestination was very clear about
Heaven and hell. But, it created a question as to who’s on what
side?
• The reasoning went: if a person lives a sinful life, then
obviously he’s predestined to hell. If he lives a pious life, then
he’s predestined to Heaven.
• Calvinists are famous for working hard, dusk to dawn, to
“prove” their worthiness.
• The impact of Calvinism has been vividly stamped on the
psyche of Americans, and been called the “Protestant Work
Ethic.”
Separatists or Pilgrims
Puritans
The Puritans vs. the Separatists or Pilgrims
A group of English called Puritans were moved to reform (“purify”) the
Church of England. This is the point that separates Puritans from Pilgrims
• Believed that only “visible saints” should be admitted to church
membership
• By contrast, the Pilgrims were Separatists. They vowed to break
away from the Church of England (the Anglican Church) because
the “saints” would have to sit with the “damned”
• King James I harassed the Separatists out of England. His
reasoning was that if this group of people were willing to defy
him as their spiritual leader, they might also defy him as their
political leader
• King James I is the king for whom the King James Bible is
named
• There’s irony here in that the Separatists claimed King
James’ Church of England had strayed from the Bible, and
they likely had. Yet the “King James Bible” quickly became
accepted as being a very accurate translation, and still is
considered so today
Differing Views:
 Puritans identified with
various religious groups
advocating greater
"purity" of worship and
doctrine, as well as
personal and group
piety.
 Separatists or Pilgrims
believed that they
should break away
from the Church of
England and form there
own religion.
Puritan as "A member of a group of English Protestants who in the 16th and
17th centuries advocated strict religious discipline along with simplification of
the ceremonies and creeds of the Church of England." The Puritans, in short,
were people who wanted to reform or purify their church.
•
Predestination
• Good works could not save those predestined for hell
• No one could be certain of their spiritual status
• Gnawing doubts led to constantly seeking signs of “conversion”
•
Puritans Goals:
• Want to reform [purify] the Church of England
• Grew impatient with the slow process of Protestant Reformation back
in England
Puritans also wanted to retain government control in the hands of the church—hence the rule of
church membership
Gaining church membership, by the way, only occurred when the church members voted you in
All told, this meant that roughly 40% of adult men could vote
This number may seem low by today’s standards (only 40% of men and 0% of women), but it still was
larger than percentages back in Europe
The Pilgrims, as Separatists, wanted to completely break away from the
Church of England.
• They first moved to Holland with intentions of simply living there.
• Then they decided they’d have to move since their children were growing
up Dutch. This was understandable, of course, but they wanted their kids to
grow up English.
• They sought a location with English traditions where they’d be free to
worship in their own way—America was the logical place.
They struck a deal with the Virginia Company and set sail from Holland aboard
the Mayflower.
• One person was born on the trip and one died.
• They were supposed to head to Virginia, but arrived off of the coast of
New England in 1620.
• Wisely, the Pilgrims carefully surveyed for possible sites. Plymouth was
chosen.
• Leadership and security against Indians would come to be provided by
Captain Myles Standish, known as “Captain Shrimp.”
Since they were in a land where they had no legal right to settle, steps had to be
taken.
• Before leaving the ship, the Pilgrims signed the Mayflower Compact,
where they agreed to make and live by new rules.
• This was the first form of self-government in New England and laid the
foundation that America would be run by Americans.
The Mayflower
• 1620 a group of 102
people [half Separatists]
• Negotiated with the
Virginia Company to
settle in its jurisdiction.
• Non-Separatists
included Captain Myles
Standish.
• Plymouth Bay was outside the domain of the
Virginia Company.
• Became squatters without legal right to
land and specific authority to establish a
government.
The Mayflower Compact
November 11, 1620
• Written and signed before the Pilgrims landed in
Plymouth Rock
• Not a constitution, but an agreement to form a
crude govt. and submit to majority
rule
• Signed by 41 adult males
• Was created because there was no fair way to
resolve disputes
• This was the first form of self-government in
New England and laid the foundation that America
would be run by Americans
Covenant Theology
• “Covenant of Grace”:
• between Puritan communities and God
• “Social Covenant”:
• Between members of Puritan communities
with each other
• Required mutual watchfulness
• No toleration of deviance or disorder
• No privacy
Plymouth Rock--That First Year….
•
Winter of 1620-1621
• Only 44 out of the original 102
survived
•
None chose to leave in 1621 when
the Mayflower sailed back
•
Fall of 1621  First “Thanksgiving.”
• Colony survived with fur
[especially beaver], fish, and
lumber
•
Plymouth stayed small and
economically unimportant
• 1691  only 7,000 people
• Merged with Massachusetts
Bay Colony in 1691 to form the
Province of Massachusetts Bay
The First Thanksgiving
October 1621
William Bradford
• Self-taught scholar
• Chosen governor of
Plymouth 30 times in
yearly elections
• Worried about
settlements of
non-Puritans
springing up nearby
and corrupting
Puritan society
Plymouth Colony
The New England Colonies
Massachusetts—1620
New Hampshire—1623
Connecticut—1635
Rhode Island—1636
The Massachusetts Bay Colonies
•
1629  Puritans got a royal charter to form the
Massachusetts Bay Company
• Wanted to escape attacks by conservatives in
the Church of England
• They didn’t want to leave the Church, just
its “impurities”
•
1630  1,000 people set off in 11 well-stocked ships
• Established a colony with Boston as its hub
•
“Great Migration” of the 1630s
• Turmoil in England [leading to the English Civil
War] sent about 70,000 Puritans to America
• Not all Puritans  20,000 separates came to
Massachusetts
John Winthrop
Well-off attorney and manor lord
in England
Became 1st governor of
Massachusetts
Believed that he had a “calling”
from God to lead there
Served as governor or
deputy-governor for 19
years
The colony thrived and grew
with an economy based
on fur trading, fishing, and
shipbuilding.
We shall be as a
city on a hill..
Characteristics of New
England Settlements
• Low mortality  average life
expectancy was 70 years of age
• Many extended families
• Average 6 children per family
• Average age at marriage:
• Women – 22 years old
• Men – 27 years old
John Rolfe’s sweet tobacco
Jamestown’s salvation was found in the form of tobacco.
John Rolfe’s sweet tobacco was sought as a cash crop by Europe.
Jamestown had finally found its gold.
Tobacco also had negative effects…
•
Its success caused settlers to scramble for more land to
cultivate. It also encouraged “land butchery”—farmers would cultivate
the land ‘til it gave out, then just move on
•
It boosted the plantation economy and created a demand for
cheap labor. At first this labor was filled mostly by white indentured
servants, and then as the 1600s turned into the 1700s, by black
slaves
•
It built Virginia’s economy on a single item, tobacco. Their
economy was thus susceptible to the whims of having “all their eggs
in one basket.”
Jamestown
Colonization
Pattern:
1620-1660
• Large plantations
[>100 acres]
• Widely spread apart
[>5 miles]
John Rolfe’s sweet tobacco
Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economy:
 Vital role in putting Virginia on a firm
economic footing
 Ruinous to soil when continuously
planted
 Chained VA’s economy to a single crop
Tobacco promoted the use of the plantation
system
 Need for cheap, abundant labor--Slavery
Tobacco Prices from 1620-1710
Why did tobacco prices decline?
Three major things happened in 1619…
The first blacks were brought to America. It’s unclear if
they were slaves or indentured servants at this time.
Representative self-government came to America when
Virginians created the House of Burgesses, a basic
legislature to work out local issues. This set America on a
pathway of self-rule.
A shipload of women arrived. They were young and came
with the sole purpose of marrying. This brought Virginia
stability and a sense of permanence.
Labor Shortage
At first the region could not keep up
with the demand in Europe for
tobacco. Grow More…..
and
High Death Rate caused from:
•Disease
•Food Shortages
•Battles with Native Americans
Meant that population grew slowly.
This caused a labor-shortage.
Landowners tried several ways to
find the labor they needed.
Labor Shortage
Headright System:
 Each Virginian got 50 acres for each Indentured Servant
whose passage they paid for.
 50 acres for each immigrant who paid his own passage.
 More than half of colonists prior to 1776, came to America as
an Indentured Servant
 Early documentation from the Virginia Company seems to
suggest that a landowner could receive a Headright even if
the indentured servant whose trip they sponsored did not
make it to Virginia alive.
 The claimants to Headright’s could receive grants for men,
women and children since anyone could become an
indentured servant.
Labor Shortage
Slavery and the Headright system::
 Plantation owners benefited from the Headright system when
they paid for the transportation of imported slaves.
 This, along with the increase in the amount of money required to
bring indentured servants to the colonies, contributed to the shift
towards slavery in the colonies.
 Until 1699, a slave was worth a Headright of fifty acres.
 This number increased in the 1680s and 1690s.
 Many families grew in power in colonies by receiving large tracts
of land when they imported slaves.
 For example, George Menefie purchased sixty slaves, and thus
received 3,000 acres of land in 1638. In 1699, it was decided
that Headrights would only be distributed for English citizens
and that paying for the transportation of a slave could no longer
guarantee land.
Labor Shortage
Indentured Servitude:
 3-7 years bound to their masters.
 Promised “freedom dues” [land, $]
 Forbidden to marry
 1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived
their indentured contracts
 Most came from England and
Germany
 During the indenture period the
servants were not paid cash
wages, but were provided with
food, accommodation, clothing
and training
English Tobacco Seal
First Africans arrived in Jamestown in 1619.
 Their status was not clear
 Perhaps slaves, perhaps indentured servants.
 Slavery not that important until near the end
of the 17 century.
Indentured Servants Bore
Most of the Work Load
Black slaves began to replace white indentures as the 1600s
turned into the 1700s. Notably, this trend was common in the
South and especially in the Chesapeake
The reasons for the switch from white-to-black…
• The main reason boils down to the desire for a
stable work force by plantation whites
• White indentures lusted for, and eventually got,
land of their own to the west, which led to problems
with the Indians and causing Bacon’s Rebellion
• Black slaves were permanent workers, not
seven year workers
Colonial Slavery
As the number of slaves increased, white
colonists reacted to put down perceived
racial threat.
 Barbados Slave Codes(1661)
 Chattel system
By the mid-1680s, black slaves outnumbered
white indentured servants
Colonial Slavery
Beginning in 1662 “Barbados Slave Codes”
 Made blacks [and their children]
property, or chattel for life of white
masters.
 In some colonies, it was a crime to teach
a slave to read or write.
 Conversion to
Christianity did
not qualify the
slave for
freedom.
The Atlantic Slave Trade
The “Middle Passage”
100000
Population of Virginia
80000
60000
White
40000
Black
20000
0
1607
1630
1650
1670
1690
Bacon’s Rebellion
Frustrated Freemen and Bacon’s Rebellion
By the late 17th century (1600s), the Chesapeake had grown a generation of angry
young men.
• These men were young, white, landless, jobless, womanless and frustrated.
• Essentially, their goal was to get land and get married.
Nathaniel Bacon typified these men in what came to be called Bacon’s Rebellion.
• In 1676, Bacon led about 1,000 men in a revolt.
• Many of these men had settled on the frontier where Indian attacks were
frequent.
• Because they were indentured servants, they got the plots of land, closest to
the Indians, which led to their frustrations
• Their ambition was to get Gov. William Berkeley to crack down on the
Indians rather than continue his Indian-friendly fur trading. The poor men
wanted land from the Indians.
• After some riotous success, Bacon suddenly died of disease
•With the leader gone, Berkeley struck back and crushed the rebellion.
• Bacon’s legacy was to leave a lingering fear of revolt and lawlessness in the
minds of the upper class
Bacon’s Rebellion
Although it was short lived, Bacons
rebellion, highlighted two longlasting disputes in colonial Virginia
•Sharp class differences
between wealthy planters and
landless or poor farmers.
•Colonial resistance to royal
control.
Bacon’s Rebellion caused the
immediate shift from young white
men from England who were mad
from being screwed over by their
masters to a more stable and
controllable African slave.
Trouble in New England
•In such a tightly strung
society, tension quickly came
to Massachusetts.
•Quakers challenged Puritan
authority and were given fines,
floggings, or banishment.
•These banished dissidents
formed settlements that would
develop into Rhode Island and
Connecticut.
Trouble in New England
Anne Hutchinson was an outspoken woman who
challenged predestination
Her theory, called antinomianism, argued that if
there was predestination, then a person’s actions
were immaterial (because the saints and sinners
were already determined)
This was heresy
This struck hard at the Puritans because…
•This challenged political control—Why follow
government rules/laws if it doesn’t matter?
•This challenged religious control—Why follow
church rules/laws if it doesn’t matter?
•Women were not supposed to question
authority and certainly not to speak out.
Anne
Hutchinson
Trouble in New England
She was put on trial in 1638, and claimed to
have received these revelations from God—
even higher heresy
Hutchinson was banished and founded
the colony of Portsmouth and helped
startup Rhode Island where religious
freedom was new and favorable
Hutchinson was eventually killed by
Indians in New York. John Winthrop
said that “God’s hand” was involved in
her death
Anne
Hutchinson’s
Trial
Trouble in New England
• Young, Puritan, very popular minister in
Salem
• Argued for a full break
with the Anglican Church
• Condemned MA Bay
Charter
• Did not give fair
compensation to Indians
• Denied authority of civil
govt. to regulate religious
behavior
• 1635  found guilty of preaching new &
dangerous opinions and was exiled
Roger Williams
Rhode Island
• 1636  Roger Williams fled there
• MA Bay Puritans had wanted to exile him
to England to prevent him from founding a
competing colony
• Remarkable political freedom in
Providence, Rhode Island
• Universal manhood suffrage  later
restricted by a property qualification
• Opposed to special privilege of any
kind  freedom of opportunity for all
• More liberal than any other colony!
• Paid the Native Americans for use of their
lands
The Rhode Island “Sewer”
Roger Williams’ differing religious views got him into
trouble in Massachusetts
So, he started Rhode Island
“Little Rhody” grew attractive to the “otherwise
minded.” That is, anyone that didn’t fit into
Massachusetts’ tight-laced religious society
Rhode Island thus attracted a variety of people
with nothing in common except a desire for
independence. This strain of independence
became their point of unity
The colony was officially chartered in 1644
Connecticut
A new colony was founded in Hartford, Connecticut in 1635
Reverend Thomas Hooker quickly led a group into
Connecticut. This group was attracted as much by the
Connecticut River’s good farmland than by religious reasons
In 1639, Connecticut settlers drew up the “Fundamental
Orders,” America’s first written constitution
This document later became a model for the U.S.
Constitution
In 1638, the colony of New Haven was established. It later
joined Connecticut
New Hampshire
• The last colony to be
founded in New England
• Originally part of the
Massachusetts Bay, it
consisted of a few
settlements north of
Boston
• Hoping to increase royal
control of the colonies,
King Charles II separated
New Hampshire from the
bay colony in 1679 and
made it a royal colony,
subject to the authority of
an appointed governor.
SeventeenthCentury New
England
Settlements
The Massachusetts Bay
Colony was the hub of
New England
All earlier colonies grew
into it; all later colonies
grew out of it
New England Colonies, 1650
Estimated Population of American Colonies, 1630-1780
Colony
1780
1770
1750
1740
1720
1700
1690
1670
1650
1630
2780.4
2148.1
1170.8
905.6
466.2
250.9
210.4
111.9
50.4
4.6
Maine
49.1
31.3
1.0
0.4
New Hampshire
87.8
62.4
Vermont
47.6
10.0
268.6
Rhode Island
Total
27.5
23.3
9.4
5.0
4.2
1.8
1.3
0.5
235.3
188.0
151.6
91.0
55.9
56.9
35.3
15.6
0.9
52.9
58.2
33.2
25.3
11.7
5.9
4.2
2.2
0.8
Connecticut
206.7
183.9
111.3
89.6
58.8
26.0
21.6
12.6
4.1
New York
210.5
162.9
76.7
63.7
36.9
19.1
13.9
5.8
4.1
New Jersey
139.6
117.4
71.4
51.4
29.8
14.0
8.0
1.0
Pennsylvania
327.3
240.1
119.7
85.6
31.0
18.0
11.4
Delaware
45.4
35.5
28.7
19.9
5.4
2.5
1.5
0.7
0.2
Maryland
245.5
202.6
141.1
116.1
66.1
29.6
24.0
13.2
4.5
Virginia
538.0
447.0
231.0
180.4
87.8
58.6
53.0
35.3
18.7
North Carolina
270.1
197.2
73.0
51.8
21.3
10.7
7.6
3.8
South Carolina
180.0
124.2
64.0
45.0
17.0
5.7
3.9
0.2
Georgia
56.1
23.4
5.2
2.0
Kentucky
45.0
15.7
Tennessee
10.0
1.0
Plymouth and Massachusetts
0.4
2.5
The New England Confederation
In the 1640s, the New England
colonies faced the constant threat of
attack from American Indians, the
Dutch, and the French.
In response to these attacks, 4
colonies formed a military alliance
known as the New England
Confederation.
• The colonies were Puritan only
(Bay Colony, Plymouth, New Haven,
and scattered Connecticut
settlements).
• It had limited power to act on
border disputes, runaway slaves and
dealings with American Indians
The New England Confederation
In 1643, the New England
Confederation was set up
• It consisted of 4 colonies and held the
main goal of defense
• The colonies were Puritan only (Bay
Colony, Plymouth, New Haven, and
scattered Connecticut settlements)
• The confederation was weak but
noteworthy in that it was a large step
toward American unity
• The colonies were basically allowed to
be semi-autonomous commonwealths
• The New England Confederation was highly successful in terms of bonding the
colonies together, and provided a basis for the further collaboration of Colonies
in times such as the American Revolution.
• In the New England Confederation, each colony had two votes regardless of
population.
• The New England Confederation excluded Rhode Island, as Rhode Island was
thought of as anarchistic, sometimes being called "Rogue Island". Rhode Island
was also more sympathetic to Native Americans.
Puritans Versus Indians
White diseases had made their mark even
before the Pilgrims’ arrival in 1620
Disease had then struck the Indians, killing
an estimated ¾ of the population
Initial relations with the natives were
friendly
A Wampanoag named Squanto
befriended and helped the
struggling settlers
A white—Wampanoag peace
agreement was signed
This treaty, along with the first
Thanksgiving, became the standard
symbolic of good white—Indian
relations and gave hope for good
relations in the future
The Pequot Wars:
1636-1637
• Pequot’s  very
powerful tribe
in CT river valley
• 1636  Pequot
War
• Whites, with
Narragansett
Indian allies,
attacked Pequot
village on Mystic
River
• Whites set fire to homes & shot fleeing survivors!
• Pequot tribe virtually annihilated an uneasy peace
lasted for 40 years
King Philip’s War (1675-1676)
•
The Puritan Expansion continued until actual hostilities
broke out in 1675.
•
Metacom wound up leading the opponents of the English
•
His goal was to stop Puritan expansion
•
Only hope for Native Americans to resist
white settlers was to UNITE.
•
Metacom [King Philip to white settlers]
• Massasoit’s son united Indians and staged
coordinated attacks on white settlements throughout
New England.
• Frontier settlements forced to retreat to Boston.
• 1000s killed on both sides and many towns were burned.
• Eventually the colonial forces won, killing King Philip and
most of the American Indian resistance in New England.
King Philip’s War (1675-1676)
The war ended in failure for the Indians
Metacom beheaded and drawn and quartered
His son and wife sold into slavery
Never a serious threat in New England again!!
Review
Break
The Carolinas and Georgia
1660s – 1730s
The Carolinas &
Georgia
Planters & yeomen
farmers from VA or the
Sugar Islands
Note the “king”
names…
Debtors & other petty
criminals
Indigo and Rice top
crops
Charles Town became a
major port city
South Carolina
• In 1670, in the southern Carolinas,
a few colonists from England and
some planters from the Islands of
Barbados founded a town named for
their king.
• Initially , the southern economy was
based on trading furs and providing
food to the West Indies.
• By middle of the 18th century, South
Carolina’s large rice-growing
plantations worked by enslaved
Africans resembled the economy and
culture of the West Indies.
• 40% of all African Slaves brought
over were sold in Charlestown
The Emergence of North Carolina
As tobacco land in the Chesapeake (Virginia) began to run out,
people just walked down into Carolina.These farmers were
“squatters”—they just took up the land and started farming it.
These North Carolinians began to develop their own sense of who
they were…
They were independent-minded
This was typical of a small farmer who scratched his own living out
of the soil
This was due to…
They were geographically isolated and on their own
It’s as though they asked, “Why would I want someone telling me
how to run my life, I’m making my own life right out of the ground?”
Late-Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony
Georgia was established with the purpose that it would
be a buffer zone or cushion between Spanish Florida
and the British colonies along the Atlantic coast.
Florida was considered a wild, unpredictable, and
dangerous land with Spaniards, runaway slaves, and
Indians, all hostile to the American colonies.
James Oglethorpe founded Georgia in 1733 and
named after King George II.
Late-Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony
As well as being a buffer zone, Georgia held the goal of being a
place where debtors could get a second chance.
It was also a dumping ground for English criminals.
Oglethorpe fended off Spanish attacks and saved the “Charity
Colony.”
Any Christian, except for Catholics, were permitted in Georgia
Missionaries tried to convert the Indians to Christianity.
John Wesley, the founder of Methodism, was the best known
of these missionaries.
Georgia began humbly, and grew slowly, but it did survive.
The Plantation Colonies
Slavery took place in all of the plantation colonies down South
Forests frequently stunted the growth of cities.
Schools and churches, and even towns, were often stunted since
Southerners were so spread out
Crops were grown as such:
Tobacco – in the Chesapeake region (Virginia, Maryland, North
Carolina)
Rice and indigo – in the tidewater region of South Carolina and
Georgia
As a general rule, the plantation South permitted a good deal of
religious freedom. Southerners were more interested in making
money and growing crops than worrying over church doctrine.
White vs. Indian conflicts were frequent.
Dutch Residues in New York
What might be
some of the
reasons
that
he
This required compelling the Dutch
to give up their colony of New
would
Amsterdam
centered want
on Manhattanto
Island and the Hudson River,
consolidate
that
In 1664, the Duke of York, Charles
II’s brother, was granted the area
area?
New Netherland area.
Charles II wished to consolidate the
crown's holdings along the Atlantic
Coast and close the gap between
the New England Colonies and the
Chesapeake colonies.
Dutch Residues in New York
In 1664, the Duke of York, Charles II’s brother, was granted the area New Netherland
area
• To solidify the claim, a British fleet appeared off of New Amsterdam and
Peter Stuyvesant was forced to surrender without a shot
• New Netherland was over
New York was the new name for New Amsterdam
The Dutch left their mark in the forms of…
• The aristocratic flavor of New Netherland/New York
• Place names such as Harlem (Haarlem), Brooklyn (Breuckelen), and Hell
Gate (Hellegat)
• Gambrel architecture (a barn shaped roof, modeled after the gambrel or
back leg of a horse)
• And also, the Dutch left the traditions of Easter eggs, Santa Claus, waffles,
sauerkraut, bowling, sleighing, skating, and golf (kolf)
New Jersey
Believing the territory of
New York was too large to
administer, King James
split it in 1664.
He gave the section of the
colony located between the
Hudson River and
Delaware Bay to two
friends who had remained
loyal through the English
Civil War: Sir George
Carteret and Lord Berkeley
of Stratton.
The area was named the
Province of New Jersey.
New Jersey
To attract settlers, both
proprietors made generous
land offers and allowed
religious freedoms.
Eventually they sold their
interests off and New
Jersey land titles changes
hands many times causing
general confusion.
To settle matters, The King
decided in 1702 to
combine the two Jerseys
into a single royal colony.
Penn’s Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania
The Quakers
They’re called “Quakers” because they shook or quaked when moved
by religious emotion.
• They clashed with religious and civil rule because they refused
to pay taxes that would go to the Church of England.
• They met in simple meeting houses without a formal preacher,
and simply spoke up when so moved.
• They called one another as “thee” or “thou,” like the King
James Bible.
•They were peaceful people who despised war and would “turn
the other cheek” to violence
•To some they appeared stubborn; perhaps they were, but they
were devoted to their faith.
Penn’s Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania
The Quakers
William Penn was a well-born
Englishman attracted to the
Quaker faith..
• In 1681, he was awarded a
large tract of land by the king.
• The tract would come to be
“Pennsylvania” meaning
“Penn’s woodland.” Being
modest, he disliked this
name, but it stuck.
• Pennsylvania was the bestadvertised colony. It attracted
many people and prospered.
Penn’s Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania
The Quakers
• Pennsylvania was very
religious tolerate.
• Safe haven for Quakers who
were being persecuted in
England.
• Penn created Philadelphia,
the first colonial city to have a
grid pattern series of roads.
• Treated the Indians fairly and
would not cheat them.
• Advertised in Europe
promising political and religious
freedom and generous land
terms.
• He basically gave away his
land in order to get people to
move there.
Penn’s Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania
The Quakers
The colony officially began in 1681, but there were already
thousands of squatters on the land
Philadelphia, the “city of brotherly love,” was carefully planned out,
which was unusual. It enjoyed wide boulevards and planned streets
Penn tried to deal justly with the Indians. He bought large tracts
from Chief Tammany, patron saint of the later Tammany Hall.
• Penn’s Indian relations were so good that Quakers could walk
unarmed through Indian territory
• But, Quaker good-will would be taken advantage of. Lessidealistic folks treated the Indians as savages, most notably, the
rough Scots-Irish
Penn’s Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania
The Quakers
There were good reasons for the appeal of Pennsylvania…
Freedom of religion was allowed to all except Jews and Catholics
The death penalty was allowed only for murder or treason
The Quakers didn’t like slavery. They were the first group to formally
take a stand against slavery
Immigration was unrestricted and naturalization was easy. Combined
with good land, a friendly attitude, free religion, etc., Pennsylvania
was very attractive to a wide variety of people
Virginia was the only colony with more people and more money by
1700
Penn himself was not much appreciated in Pennsylvania.
Delaware
There is nothing really important.
ha ha ha
The Middle Way in the Middle Colonies
• The Middle Colonies consisted of New York, New Jersey,
Delaware, and Pennsylvania
• They all held fertile soil and large tracts of land
• They all, excepting Delaware, exported grain and thus were
known as the “bread colonies”
•The Middle Colonies held a mix of New England and Southern
colonies
The Middle Way in the Middle Colonies
• They were, of course,
geographically in the middle
• Landholdings were of the midsize
range—smaller than the South but
bigger than New England
• They were more ethnically mixed
than other colonies—more mixed
than the South and much more than
New England
• They had a mixed economy—
agriculture like the South, and the
beginnings of industry and trade as
in the North
The Middle Way in the Middle Colonies
Franklin,Franklin
became was a leading author and printer,
A Benjamin
noted polymath,
the premier
child politician,
of
political
theorist,
postmaster, scientist, inventor,
Philadelphia,
and America.
satirist,
civic activist,
statesman, and diplomat.
He’d come to Philly at 17,
immediately felt at home, and
Asthrough
a scientist,
he was
hard work
and a major figure in the American
Enlightenment
and
the history
of physics for his discoveries
diligence, began
to work
his
and
regarding electricity.
waytheories
up.
•Franklin’s story of rags-toriches became
symbolicrod,
of bifocals, the Franklin stove, a
He invented
the lightning
America
carriage
odometer, and the glass 'armonica'.
•Americans began to
He formed
both the first public lending library in America and
realize they weren’t just
the first
fire department
surviving,
but thriving in Pennsylvania.
The Middle Way in the Middle Colonies
• ¾ of the English came as indentured servants. Mostly young
men from the “middling classes.” They largely came to the
Chesapeake to work on the plantations
• Primogeniture --first-born son inherited the entirety of a
parent's wealth, estate, title or office
•Some came after being forced out by “enclosure” of the land
• An estimated 40% died before the end of their servitude—
unhealthy conditions being the culprit
• By the late 1600s, a switch began from white indentured servant
labor to black slave labor
• The idea was that slave labor, being permanent, was more
economically sound
• Late in the 17th century, as the supply of indentured
servants slowly ran out, the southerners resolved to employ
black slaves
The Middle Way in the Middle Colonies
In New England, mostly during the 1630s, Puritans swarmed to
the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
• The Puritans came as family units, not so much as single
men.
• They brought with them the traditions or varied the flavor of
their local communities, which could vary substantially.
• For instance, Marblehead, MA became an exclusive
fishing village.
• Rowley, MA became a textile town (as had been their
village back in England).
• Ipswich, MA saw leaders rule with an iron hand whereas
Newbury, MA saw leaders rarely win a reelection.
Population of the New England Colonies
Life Expectancy Comparisons:
New England v. the Chesapeake
The Deep Roots of Revolution
• It could be said that the American Revolution started long before
1775—back to when colonists first came to America
• They essentially revolted from England and moved to America. And,
those American colonists were growing independent
• Crossing the ocean took 6 to 8 weeks, one way
• The Americans felt separated from England; The Americans were
developing their own brand of politics. Think…
• The Americans were embracing republicanism, that is a society
where citizens elect representatives to govern for them
• The “radical Whigs" of England” influenced American thinking. They
criticized how the king would appoint relatives to positions, accept
bribes, or such corruption. These were a threat to liberty
Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances
• The British colonies began haphazardly by various groups. Only Georgia
was started by the British government
• Still, Britain had an overall economic ideology in the form of mercantilism
• In mercantilism, a nation's wealth and power is measured by its treasury
of gold or silver
• Thus, gold was sought after either by (a) finding or digging it, (b) stealing or
winning it, or (c) earning it by exporting more than importing (by obtaining a
"favorable balance of trade")
• A favorable balance of trade was easier if a country had colonies. The
colonies supplied raw materials to the mother country and also buy the
finished products
• This setup meant America was being used for England's benefit in the form
of shipbuilding, naval stores, lumber, tobacco, sugar, etc
• Mercantilism placed restrictions on economic activity
Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances
• The Navigation Laws, first passed in 1650, set rules to carry out mercantilist
ideas
• These laws said American goods could only be shipped on British ships (the
Americans would rather go with the cheapest shipper, like the Dutch)
• These laws said goods heading from Europe to America had to stop in England
first to pay duties. This jacked up the price for the Americans
• To ensure British monopoly in certain areas, Americans were restricted in what
they could produce (wool and beaver hats were off limits). I asked a question…
• The Americans' “Hard” money was constantly being funneled to England.
Many turned to barter instead. Eventually the colonies printed paper money
which quickly became worthless
• The Privy Council in Britain could void American laws. Although it was ruled
rather sparingly (only 469 times out of 8,563 laws), the principle bothered the
Americans
The Merits and Menace of Mercantilism
The merits of mercantilism…
• The Navigation Laws were despised by Americans but weren't
enforced (until 1763). This non-enforcement was called "salutary
neglect" and effectively let the Americans do their own thing for a
century
• Salutary neglect was the result of wide geography, British
apathy, and American smuggling. John Hancock made a fortune
and was called the "King of Smugglers“
• Tobacco merchants were restricted to selling within the British Empire,
but they did have a monopoly there
• The Americans enjoyed the free protection of the powerful British Army
and Navy
The Merits and Menace of Mercantilism
The menace of mercantilism…
• Mercantilism hindered America's economic growth. Worse, it was to
keep America in a state perpetually subordinate to England
• The Americans felt exploited and humiliated by the system, unable to
come of age as a people
• Teddy Roosevelt later commented that revolution broke out because
Britain failed to recognize an emerging nation when it saw one
Chattel Colonial Slavery
• Roughly a half million slaves
were brought to America. Ten
Million to the “New World”.
• Most slaves were from West
Africa.
• By 1750 African Slaves are
very populous in the Southern
colonies.
• Slave Codes created
hereditary slavery
(matriarchal).
• Some slaves purchased their
freedom and became
slaveholders themselves.
Chattel Colonial Slavery
Things were changing in the late 1600s however, as
indentured servitude was being replaced by black slaves.
• In 1670, black slaves made up of 7% of the Southern
population.
• By 1680, the circumstances reached the tipping point.
• Wages in England went up, so fewer young men came
to America.
• Colonialists were fearful of another Bacon-like revolt.
• In the mid-1680s, black slaves coming to America
outnumbered white immigrants for the first time.
• Simply put, in the 1680s, the African slave trade
quickened considerably because they became cheaper
and produced less hassles than Indentured Servants
• By 1750, black slaves made up almost ½ the population
of Virginia.
The Triangular Trade
• A ship would leave New
England with rum and go to the
Gold Coast of Africa and trade
it for African Slaves
• Then travel on the middle
passage to the West Indies
where slaves would be
exchanged for molasses,
which in turn would be sold
/traded in New England to
make the rum.
• On the Middle Passage the
death rate was very high.
Africans in America
Life for a slave in the Deep South was harsh. Health conditions and labor drained
life.
• Rice and indigo plantations, such as in South Carolina, were even more brutal
than tobacco.
Despite hardship, a unique African-American culture emerged as a mix of Africanand-white cultures.
• Blacks evolved their languages, for example Gullah (a variation of Angola).
Certain words joined English: goober (peanut), gumbo (okra), and voodoo
(witchcraft).
• Music was unique too with rhythmic beats, the banjo, and bongo drums.
These were the ancestors of jazz.
Some slaves became exceptionally skilled in their trade such as carpentry,
bricklaying, or tanning leather. Most slaves were simply hard laborers in the fields
though.
Early slave revolts
• Slave protests took many
forms. These included
outright rebellion or subtle
attempts to harm
masters. For example,
working slower, getting
sick, or sabotaging food.
• Outright revolts occurred.
Examples would be in
1712 in New York City, or
at the Stono River
rebellion in 1739 in South
Carolina.
Punishments for slaves were harsh and
cruel
• For disobeying one’s
master slaves were
whipped, hung,
skinned or cat hauled.
• Slave families were
often disbanded by
sale.
• Rape occurred often
from white masters.
Estimated Population of American Colonies, 1630-1780
Colony
1780
1770
1750
1740
1720
1700
1690
1670
1650
1630
2780.4
2148.1
1170.8
905.6
466.2
250.9
210.4
111.9
50.4
4.6
Maine
49.1
31.3
1.0
0.4
New Hampshire
87.8
62.4
Vermont
47.6
10.0
268.6
Rhode Island
Total
27.5
23.3
9.4
5.0
4.2
1.8
1.3
0.5
235.3
188.0
151.6
91.0
55.9
56.9
35.3
15.6
0.9
52.9
58.2
33.2
25.3
11.7
5.9
4.2
2.2
0.8
Connecticut
206.7
183.9
111.3
89.6
58.8
26.0
21.6
12.6
4.1
New York
210.5
162.9
76.7
63.7
36.9
19.1
13.9
5.8
4.1
New Jersey
139.6
117.4
71.4
51.4
29.8
14.0
8.0
1.0
Pennsylvania
327.3
240.1
119.7
85.6
31.0
18.0
11.4
Delaware
45.4
35.5
28.7
19.9
5.4
2.5
1.5
0.7
0.2
Maryland
245.5
202.6
141.1
116.1
66.1
29.6
24.0
13.2
4.5
Virginia
538.0
447.0
231.0
180.4
87.8
58.6
53.0
35.3
18.7
North Carolina
270.1
197.2
73.0
51.8
21.3
10.7
7.6
3.8
South Carolina
180.0
124.2
64.0
45.0
17.0
5.7
3.9
0.2
Georgia
56.1
23.4
5.2
2.0
Kentucky
45.0
15.7
Tennessee
10.0
1.0
Plymouth and Massachusetts
0.4
2.5
Chapter 3
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