Chapter 5
Introduction to Nanobiology
Chapter 5
Introduction to Nanobiology
Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life
Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up
Biological Function at the Nanoscale
Practical Applications
2
Introduction to Nanobiology
Chapter 5 | Section 1
Section 1: Biological Molecules: Components of the Molecular Machinery of Life
Molecular Machines
The Biological Importance of Water
The Building Blocks of DNA:
Nucleotides
Multifunctional Polymers: Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
The Bonds of Molecular Components
3
Biological Molecules:
Components of the
Molecular Machinery of Life
Molecular Machines
4
Chapter 5 | Section 1
Biological Molecules:
Components of the
Molecular Machinery of Life
Flagellar Motors
5
Chapter 5 | Section 1
Biological Molecules:
Components of the
Molecular Machinery of Life
Chapter 5 | Section 1
The Biological Importance of Water
Liquid Water
6
Ice
Biological Molecules:
Components of the
Molecular Machinery of Life
Single Stranded DNA
7
Chapter 5 | Section 1
Biological Molecules:
Components of the
Molecular Machinery of Life
DNA: Watson-Crick Base Pairs
8
Chapter 5 | Section 1
Biological Molecules:
Components of the
Molecular Machinery of Life
Single Stranded RNA
9
Chapter 5 | Section 1
Biological Molecules:
Components of the
Molecular Machinery of Life
Multifunctional Polymers: Proteins
10
Chapter 5 | Section 1
Biological Molecules:
Components of the
Molecular Machinery of Life
Phospholipids
11
Chapter 5 | Section 1
Biological Molecules:
Components of the
Molecular Machinery of Life
Membrane
Self Assembling
Monolayer
12
Chapter 5 | Section 1
Biological Molecules:
Components of the
Molecular Machinery of Life
Common Sugars – Cn(H2O)n
13
Chapter 5 | Section 1
Biological Molecules:
Components of the
Molecular Machinery of Life
Glucose
14
Chapter 5 | Section 1
Biological Molecules:
Components of the
Molecular Machinery of Life
Chapter 5 | Section 1
Carbohydrates: Glucose Polymers
glycogen
linear: α (1 → 4) D-glucose
branch: α (1 → 6) D-glucose
15
cellulose
linear: β (1 → 4) D-glucose
Biological Molecules:
Components of the
Molecular Machinery of Life
Ribose
16
Chapter 5 | Section 1
Biological Molecules:
Components of the
Molecular Machinery of Life
Chapter 5 | Section 1
Nucleic Acids
DNA
17
RNA
Biological Molecules:
Components of the
Molecular Machinery of Life
Chapter 5 | Section 1
The Bonds of Molecular Components
polymer
nucleic acids
DNA
RNA
proteins
carbohydrates
18
monomer
4 nucleotides
(G C A T)
4 nucleotides
(G C A U)
atoms
CHNOP
linear; A-helix
CHNOP
linear
CHNOS
linear
CHO
linear, branched
phospholipids
CHNOP
monolayer, bilayer
water
HO
hydrogen bonded network
20 D amino acids
Cn(H2O)n
n: 5, 6
Introduction to Nanobiology
Chapter 5 | Section 2
Section 2: Structural Hierarchy in Biology Viewed from the Bottom-Up
Learning from Nature
Structures within Structures: DNA
Complexity and Diversity of Structured Components: Proteins
Other Structures within Structures: Cells
Structures within Cells: Phospholipids
Inner Components of Cells: Organelles
Origin of Color in Biology: Chemical or Structural?
Physical Characteristics
Bottom-Up Hierarchy
19
Structural Hierarchy in
Biology Viewed from the
Bottom-Up
Learning from Nature
20
Chapter 5 | Section 2
Structural Hierarchy in
Biology Viewed from the
Bottom-Up
Structures within Structures: DNA
21
Chapter 5 | Section 2
Structural Hierarchy in
Biology Viewed from the
Bottom-Up
Scaffolded DNA Origami
22
Chapter 5 | Section 2
Structural Hierarchy in
Biology Viewed from the
Bottom-Up
Chapter 5 | Section 2
Complexity and Diversity of Proteins
23
Primary Protein Structure
Secondary Protein Structure
Tertiary Protein Structure
Quaternary Protein Structure
Structural Hierarchy in
Biology Viewed from the
Bottom-Up
Protein Folding
24
Chapter 5 | Section 2
Structural Hierarchy in
Biology Viewed from the
Bottom-Up
Collagen Self-Assembly
25
Chapter 5 | Section 2
Structural Hierarchy in
Biology Viewed from the
Bottom-Up
Other Structures within Structures: Cells
26
Chapter 5 | Section 2
Structural Hierarchy in
Biology Viewed from the
Bottom-Up
Other Structures within Structures: Cells
Chapter 5 | Section 2
Structural Hierarchy in
Biology Viewed from the
Bottom-Up
Inner Components of Cells: Organelles
Nucleus
− DNA storage and gene expression
Mitochondria
− Energy conversion: glucose bonds to ATP
bonds
Chloroplasts
− Energy conversion: sunlight to ATP bonds
Endoplasmic Reticulum
− Synthesis and transport processes
Golgi Apparatus
− Synthesis and transport processes
28
Chapter 5 | Section 2
Structural Hierarchy in
Biology Viewed from the
Bottom-Up
Structures within Cells: Phospholipids
29
Chapter 5 | Section 2
Structural Hierarchy in
Biology Viewed from the
Bottom-Up
Structures within Cells: Phospholipids
30
Chapter 5 | Section 2
Structural Hierarchy in
Biology Viewed from the
Bottom-Up
Chapter 5 | Section 2
Origin of Color in Biology: Chemical or Structural?
South American Butterfly from
Genus Morpho
− Tops of brown wings appear
iridescent blue
− Photonic structures
• Constructive interference from
Stacked chitin lamellae (~70
nm)
False color SEM image, X14,000
31
Structural Hierarchy in
Biology Viewed from the
Bottom-Up
Origin of Color in Biology: Chemical or Structural?
Blue-Ringed Octopus
− Hapalochlaena lunulata
Dynamic Photonic Structure
− ~70 nm Bragg reflector with
adjustable spacing
32
Chapter 5 | Section 2
Structural Hierarchy in
Biology Viewed from the
Bottom-Up
Chapter 5 | Section 2
Physical Characteristics
153 ± 1º
Lotus Leaf
33
154 ± 1º
Biomimetic Silanized Silicon Surface
Structural Hierarchy in
Biology Viewed from the
Bottom-Up
Bottom-Up Hierarchy
Biological Molecules
Cells
Tissues
Organisms
Populations and
Communities
Ecosystems
Biosphere
34
Chapter 5 | Section 2
Introduction to Nanobiology
Section 3: Biological Function at the Nanoscale
Processes of DNA
− Reproduction of genetic information
− Gene expression and RNA
Energy Production for Cell Use
− Transportation of materials for energy production
− Cross-membrane energy production and storage
− Energy production through sunlight conversion
Energy Processes as Motors
− Nanomotors
Cell and Environment Interaction
35
Chapter 5 | Section 3
Biological Function
at the Nanoscale
Gene Expression and RNA
36
Chapter 5 | Section 3
Biological Function
at the Nanoscale
Reproduction of Genetic Information
37
Chapter 5 | Section 3
Biological Function
at the Nanoscale
Energy Production for Cell Use
38
Chapter 5 | Section 3
Biological Function
at the Nanoscale
Transportation of Materials for Energy Production

T
D
P
39
empty binding site
ATP
ADP
Pi
Chapter 5 | Section 3
Biological Function
at the Nanoscale
Chapter 5 | Section 3
Cross-Membrane Energy Production and Storage
3 Na+cytosol + 2 K+out + ATP → 3 Na+out + 2 K+cytosol + ADP + Pi
40
Biological Function
at the Nanoscale
Cross-Membrane Energy Production and Storage
41
Chapter 5 | Section 3
Biological Function
at the Nanoscale
Chapter 5 | Section 3
Energy Production through Sunlight Conversion
3 H+lumen + ADP + Pi → 3 H+stroma + ATP
Matrix/Stroma
Intermembrane Space/Lumen
42
Biological Function
at the Nanoscale
Energy Processes as Motors
43
Chapter 5 | Section 3
Biological Function
at the Nanoscale
Nanomotors
Biomimetic Nanomotor Requirements
− Energy source
− Unidirectional, 360º rotation
Biomotor Predictions
− 0.05 to 0.2 rotations per picosecond
Mixotricha Paradoxa, a Cellulose-Digesting Protozoan
that Inhabits Termite Guts
− Translocation from symbiotic bacterial colony
44
Chapter 5 | Section 3
Biological Function
at the Nanoscale
Cell and Environment Interaction
Dynamic Focal Adhesion Complex
Integrin Surface Proteins
ECM Recognition Site: RGD
45
Chapter 5 | Section 3
Introduction to Nanobiology
Section 4: Practical Applications
DNA Sequencing
Detection and Diagnostics
DNA Microarrays
Protein Microarrays
Detection Using Nanoparticles
Materials Delivery System
Creating Compatible Artificial Surfaces
Creating Tissues Out of Cells
Looking Ahead
46
Chapter 5 | Section 4
Practical Applications
Chapter 5 | Section 4
DNA Sequencing
Conventional
47
Nanotechnology Concept
Practical Applications
Detection and Diagnostics
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
Immuno-PCR
Bio-Barcode Assay
48
Chapter 5 | Section 4
Practical Applications
Microarrays
DNA Microarrays
Protein Microarrays
49
Chapter 5 | Section 4
Practical Applications
Detection Using Nanoparticles
Visualization
− Quantum dots
Targeted Delivery
− Magnetic or optically
activated nanoparticles
50
Chapter 5 | Section 4
Practical Applications
Chapter 5 | Section 4
Materials Delivery System
Liposomal Gene Delivery
Vesicles
Giant Unilamellar Vesicle
51
Practical Applications
Creating Compatible Artificial Surfaces
52
Chapter 5 | Section 4
Practical Applications
Looking Ahead
When Might We See:
− Transplantable tissues created from cells?
− Organ replacement via tissue engineering?
− Life be created by directed assembly of molecular systems?
53
Chapter 5 | Section 4