POSITIVISM LEGAL RULES CREATED
BY HUMAN INSTITUTION
OLEH
RUSDIANTO
SEJARAH POSITIVISM
(Eightteenth Century, age of Reason)
• Hukum Alam ( jaman kuno hingga abad Pertegahan ): Ia
merumuskan dirinya pada usaha untuk menemukan metoda yang
dapat digunakan untuk menciptakan peraturan yang mampu
untuk menghadapi keadaan yang berlainan – ia tidak mengandung
norma, tetapi hanya memberitahu bagaimana membuat
peraturan yang baik.
• Hukum Alam (Abad 17 dan 18): Hukum alam yang dapat
digunakan untuk menciptakan peraturan berdasarkan asas-asas
(HAM)
• Positivisme (Awal abad 19) Lahir untuk menentang hukum alam.
Pada pertengahan abad 19 ia gagal karena tidak mampu
mengatasi hak kebebasan individu dan penyalahgunaan
kekuasaan.
• Hukum Alam yang didasarkan kepada konsep “relativitas”. Adalah
satu keinginan untuk menyatakan suatu idealisme moral.
PERKEMBANGAN TEORI HUKUM
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NATURAL LAW THEORIES (6SM – 18; 20 - )
MODERN AND LIBERALISM ( ABAD 17 - SKRG )
LEGAL POSITIVISM ( ABAD 19 - SKRG)
MARX ( ABAD 20 - SKRG )
SOCIOLOGICAL LEGAL THEORIES (ABAD 19 USA - SKRG )
FEMINIST LEGAL THEORY (1950 - )
CRITICAL LEGAL STUDIES (1960 – 1990)
POST MODERISM (1960 - )
CRITICAL RACE THEORIE POST COLONIAL THEORIE
EMERGING THEORIE
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LP
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SLT
FLT
CLS
PM
CRT
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THE COMMAND THEORY OF LAW
• Thomas Hobbes ( 1588-1679)( The Leviathan,
1651)
LAW IS THE COMMAND LAW OF THE SOVEREIGN
: the civil law are the commands of him who hath
the chief authority for direction of the future
actions of his citizens. ... The citizens must do
Jeremy Bentham ( 1789 )
John Austin ( 1832 )
Jeremy Bentham
Positivism and Common Law
• The term law should be applied to every
expression of will, the uttering of which was an
act of legislation, an exertion of legislative power.
• Law is the command of a sovereign backed by a
sanction.
a. Command – the will conceived by the sovereign
is manifestly imperative.
b. Sovereignty, and
c. Sanction: in the attachment of motivations to
compliance in the form of anticipated
consequences.
Jeremy Bentham
• Bentham’s aims was to create a complete
code of laws which he eventually called the
‘pannomion’ ( meaning ‘all the laws’).
• Legislation (or codification) fits better the
‘commands of the sovereign’ model of law
than the vagueness and uncertainties of the
common law.
(Anthony D’Amato (ed) ; Analitytic JURISPRUDENCE ANTHOLOGY), p.39)
 Jeremy Bentham
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John Austin
Jurisprudential Positivism
• Laws proper, or properly so called, are commands;
laws which are not commands, are laws improper or
improperly so called.
• The matter of jurisprudence is positive law; law,
simply and strictly so called: or law set by political
superiors to political imperiors. But positive law ... Is
often confounded with objects to which it is related
by resemblance, and whith objects to which it is
related in the way of anlogy; with objects which are
also signified, properly and improperly, by the large
and vague expression law.
• Every law or rule is a command. Or rather, laws or
rules, properly so called, are a species of commands
JOHN AUSTIN
• The law was essentially the result of the ‘commands of
the sovereign’ .
• Two fundamental questions: (a) who is the sovereign ?
And (b) what has the sovereign commanded ?
• The law of any society could be distinguished from the
norms of morality, religion and custom of that society.
... The virtue of law is that it forms a public and
dependable set of standards for the guidance of
officials and citizens whatever the disagreements in
that society over the dictates of morality, religions, or
custom. ... That the law is to be identified by ‘social
sources’ – that is, the law can be identified by asking
certain questions about human behaviour .
(Anthony D’Amato; Analitytic JURISPRUDENCE aNTHOLOGY), p.43)
 John Austin
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JOHN CHIPMAN GRAY
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HANS KELSEN
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RAZ : The sources thesis (as the key of
doctrine of legal positivism)
• A jurisprudential theory is acceptable only if its
test for identifying the content of the law and
determining its exitence depends exclusively on
facts of human behaviour, capable of being
described in value-neutral terms, and applied
without resort to moral argument.
• The heart of legal positivism is not about denying
necessary connections between law and morality,
but merely that the identification of law is
separate question from its moral merit.
H.L.A. HART (RULE OF RECOCNATION)
Lon Fuller : A Theory of Judicial Interpretation
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PENUMBRA
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RONALD M. DWORKIN
• When lawyers reason or dispute about legal
rights and obligations, particularly in those hard
cases when our problems with these concepts
seem most acute, they make use of standards
that do not function as rules, but operate
differently as principles, policies, and other sorts
of standards. Positivism, I shall argue, is a model
of and for a system of rules, and its central notion
of a single fundamental test for law forces us to
miss the important roles of these standards that
are not rules.
• The difference between legal principles and legal
rules is a logical distinction.Both sets of standards
point to particular decisions about legal
obligation in particular circumstances, but they
differ in the character of the direction they give.
Rukesapplicable in all-or-nothing fashion.If the
facts a rule stipulates are given, then either the
rule is falid, in which case the answer it supplies
must be accepted, or it is not, in which case it
contributes nothing to the decision.