CONJUNCTIONS
The most common conjunctions are the
FANBOYS (coordinating conjunctions), but
subordinating conjunction and adverbial
conjunctions are also used (and should be);
however, they can sometimes create written
mistakes.
#10 FANBOYS
-------------CONJUNCTION WRITING TIPS AND SUGGESTIONS---------The mistake kids often make with regards to FANBOYS use is
comma placement. It is NOT a rule to always place a comma
before “and”, which is the most common of the FANBOYS.
Commas do go before the and when:
Using a list of three or more
Ex. Bob, Jack, and Phil
I went running, skiing, and swimming last week.
When connecting two independent clauses (two sentences)
Ex. John did all of his homework, but Sue did none of hers.
Today had the most pleasant weather, yet tomorrow it calls for rain.
#10 ADVERBIAL CONJUNCTIONS
Adverbial Conjunctions- join complete
thoughts (like the FANBOYS) but go further
by articulating relationship between
ideas/sentences
The use of AC’s allows a writer to create “a
flow” within a paragraph.
Ex. I like chocolate; he likes vanilla.
add an AC, to clarify relationship
#10 HOTSHOTCAT

; however, = nevertheless/ in contrast

; otherwise, = alternatively

; therefore, = for that reason

; similarly, = in the same way

; hence, = same as therefore

; on the other hand, = contrast

; then, = next

; consequently, = as a result

; also, = in addition to

; thus, = as a result
#10 HOTSHOTCAT
Additional adverbial conjunctions include:
accordingly, besides, finally, for example,
furthermore, in fact, instead, meanwhile, moreover,
nevertheless, now, and soon.
Best used after a semi-colon (when separating
sentences) and followed by a comma.
#10 – an 8th grade review
What is a subordinate conjunction… what does “subordinate” mean?
How many of the subordinate conjunctions (aka AAAWWWUUBBIS) can
you list?
What makes a clause a clause? What differentiates an independent and
dependent clause?
What is “IC DC” called? How are the various ways it’s punctuated?
Stylistically, why would you choose to use these?
#10 subordinating conjunctions
and dependent clauses

A subordinating conjunction (SC) subordinates a clause
(makes it less important) then joins it with an independent
clause.

Dependent clauses can
often be identified by the
use the most common
subordinate
conjunctions.
as
although
after
when(ever)
while
whether
until
unless
because
before
if
since
#10 subordinating conjunctions
and dependent clauses

All clauses contain a subject and a verb. Some are
independent while some are dependent. This leads to one
mechanics mistake.
#10 Fragment Mistakes
While we as 9th graders do not create elementary level
fragments, the misunderstanding of subordinating
conjunctions does cause errors to be made.
Ex.
Provided the teacher scored the essays.
Although he had been a decorated soldier during World
War II and had fought many battles for the losing
cause of liberalism in Congress.
Since the beginning of time and because individuals
tend to demonstrate selfish tendencies.
#10 DEPENDENT CLAUSES

Dependent clauses added to independent clauses in
order to help to clarify and/or add detail.

Stylistically, this creates sentence variety –a complex
sentence (think simple, compound, and complex)

Create “sophisticated” transitions.
#10 DEPENDENT CLAUSES
The use of a DC, IC serves as an example of a sophisticated transition
between paragraphs in your writing.
Which sounds better?
The next reason the book should stay on the summer reading list is its
relatable characters.
While the historical context provides a unique perspective, the
characters are also relatable.
#10 DEPENDENT CLAUSES

Dependent clauses may appear at the beginning, middle, or end of
a sentence… which can lead to punctuation mistakes.
#10 DEPENDENT Clause

Where would you place the comma in the following example?
Since it was raining we decided to go to
the movies.
#10 DEPENDENT Clause

Where would you place the comma in the following example?
DC
S
V
Since it was raining, we decided to go to
the movies.
RULE: When a dependent clause is placed at the
beginning of a sentence, place a comma between the
independent clause and the dependent clause.
#10 Dependent clause

Where would you place the comma in the following example?
We decided to go to the movies because we were bored.
#10 Dependent clause

S
Where would you place the comma in the following
example?
V
DC
We decided to go to the movies because we were
bored.
RULE: When a dependent clause is located after an
independent clause, DO NOT place a comma
between the two.
#10 DEPENDENT CLAUSE
 Where
would you place the comma in
the following example?
Jerry felt since he was old enough he would
see the scary movie.
#10 DEPENDENT CLAUSE
 Where
would you place the comma in
the following example?
S
V
DC
Jerry felt, since he was old enough, he
would see the scary movie.
RULE: When a dependent clause is located inside
an independent clause, place commas around it.
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
#10
IC , Coordinating Conjunction (FANBOYS) IC. (creates a
compound sentence)
Not IC,IC (comma splice)
#1,#2 ,Coordinating Conjunction (FANBOYS) #3 (list)
IC ; Adverbial Conjunction (HOTSHOTCAT), IC. Great for flow.
DC (grade level fragments) - created by a subordinate
conjunction (SC or AAAWWWUUBBIS)
DC , IC. And I, DC, C. Not IC, DC. (creates a complex
sentence… great for transitions)
Essential knowledge #10
Terms
Punct. Rules
Simple
item 1 item 2 CC item3.
Compound
ICIC.
Complex
IC CC IC.
Clause
IC DC.
DC and IC
DC IC.
Comma Splice
I DC C.
CC (coordinate)
IC AC IC.
SC (subordinate)
AC (adverbial)
“Grade level” Fragments
Rationales
fanboys
sentence variety
hot shot cat
transition
aaawwwuubbis
flow
Background Understanding
1.
Define a clause.
2.
What is the structure for a compound sentence?
3.
Which HOTSHOTCAT means “as a result”?
4.
Break down the following sentence: draw a vertical line
between the two clauses and label each (IC or DC). Circle
the subject and underline the verb of each clause, and
identify each of the conjunctions and types.
Since I appreciate kindness, I gave money to the charity.
Joey decided to play, but Mike chose to go home instead.
The machine was out of candy; therefore, we went to Wawa.
Transfer #10 to writing
Rewrite the paragraph below making changes to improve the
flow. Punctuate accordingly. To do so, include two complex
sentences, one compound sentence, and one HOTSHOTCAT.
Halloween is fun. My favorite holiday is easily
Thanksgiving. The idea of turkey, the Macy’s parade, and allday football is too much to pass up. I love seeing family the
most. We all gather for the day at my mother’s house. It’s
close to everyone. We eat all day long. We might also play
cards or football. Sometimes we usually shop the next day. It
is a great time while giving thanks for all of the blessings we
have.