Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary
Canons of Rhetoric:
•Invention
•Arrangement
•Style
•Memory
•Delivery
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary
Rhetoric at Work: Context and the three appeals
Text always has a context
Text uses appeals to convey information and to
thinking.
Logos: “embodied thought”
Ethos: “good-willed credibility”
Pathos: “feelings (sympathy and empathy)”
influence
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary
Rhetoric at Work: Context and the three appeals
Canons suggest strategies to be used in making appeals.
generate material that is clear, forceful,
convincing, and emotionally appealing
Invention:
put material into
structures, patterns, and formats that are
understandable; help reader see you as
credible
Arrangement, Style, Delivery:
tap into memories and cultural
associations; show the reader you are one of
them
Memory:
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary
Invention
Latin “invenire” – to find
Conducting an inventory:
readers “take inventory” of what is presented
writers “take inventory” of what is available
text
and put together
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary
Invention Strategy #1: Journalist’s
Questions
1.Who was involved?
2.What happened?
3.When did it happen?
4.Where did it happen?
5.Why did it happen?
6.How did it happen?
Look beyond the text for larger issues and
significance of the events
Activity on page 38
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary
Consider the following:
“For developing a concept of securing
small loans to new businesses in
developing countries, the Bangladeshi
economist Mohammed Yunus yesterday
was awarded the 2006 Nobel Peace
Prize.”
Given this lead, what details is the
news story that follows obligated to
unpack for readers?
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary
Invention Strategy #1: Journalist’s
Questions
1.Who was involved?
2.What happened?
3.When did it happen?
4.Where did it happen?
5.Why did it happen?
6.How did it happen?
Look beyond the text for larger issues and
significance of the events
Activity on page 38
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary
Invention Strategy #2:
Enthymeme
People usually write about issues with multiple viewpoints.
Argument: a carefully constructed, well-supported
representation of one perspective.
Enthymeme: a logical argument with an unstated premise.
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary
Invention Strategy #2:
Enthymeme
Syllogism: two premises and a conclusion
Major premise = generalization
Minor premise = particular
Conclusion follows logically
A syllogism is airtight if the premises are true
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary
Invention Strategy #2:
Enthymeme
Syllogism examples:
All humans are mortal
Socrates was human
Therefore, Socrates was mortal
Women are wise
Kate is a woman
Therefore, Kate is wise
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary (additional material)
Deductive Arguments (more about
Syllogisms)
Deduction: true premises = true conclusions.
Proper deduction = a valid ( but not necessarily true) argument.
Conclusion does not go beyond the premises.
Deduction offers effective organization
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary (additional material)
Deductive Arguments (more about Syllogisms)
Modus Ponens
If p, then q.
p.
Therefore q.
Example:
If optimists are more likely to succeed than
pessimists, then you should be an optimist.
Optimists are more likely to succeed.
Therefore, you should be an optimist.
Be sure to explain and defend premises.
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary (additional material)
Deductive Arguments (more about
Syllogisms)
Modus Tollens
If p, then q.
Not q.
Therefore not p.
Example:
If the visitor was a stranger, then the dog would have barked.
The dog did not bark.
Therefore, the visitor was not a stranger.
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary (additional material)
Deductive Arguments (more about Syllogisms)
Hypothetical Syllogism
If p, then q.
If q, then r.
Therefore if p, then r.
Example:
If you study other cultures, then you realize
the variety of human customs.
If you realize the variety of human customs,
then you
question your own customs.
Therefore, if you study other cultures, then
you question your own customs.
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary (additional material)
Deductive Arguments (more about Syllogisms)
Disjunctive Syllogism
p or q.
Not p.
Therefore q.
“or” can be inclusive or exclusive
Example:
Either we hope for progress by improving morals,
or we hope for progress by improving
intelligence.
We can’t hope for progress by improving morals.
Therefore, we must hope for improvement by
improving intelligence.
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary (additional material)
Deductive Arguments (more about Syllogisms)
Dilemma
p or q.
If p, then r.
If q, then s.
Therefore r or s.
Two options, both have equally good or bad
consequences.
Example:
Either we say John’s baptism is from heaven or we say it
is from men.
If we say it is from heaven, we will be blamed for not
believing him.
If we say it is from men, we will be stoned for insulting
the popular belief about him.
Therefore we we will be blamed for not believing him or
we will be stoned for insulting the popular belief
about him.
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary (additional material)
Deductive Arguments (more about
Syllogisms)
Reductio ad absurdum.
Indirect Proof
To prove p, assume the opposite (not p).
Argue that from this assumption, we’d have to
conclude q.
Show that q is false or absurd, therefore p must be true.
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary (additional material)
Deductive Arguments (more about Syllogisms)
Reductio ad absurdum.
To prove:
The world does not have a Creator in the way a house
does.
Assume the opposite:
The world does have a Creator in the way a house does.
Argue that from the assumption we’d have to conclude:
The Creator is imperfect (because the world is imperfect).
But:
God (the Creator) cannot be imperfect.
Conclude:
The world does not have a Creator in the way a house
does.
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary
Invention Strategy #2:
Enthymeme
Enthymeme vs. Syllogism
the major premise is unstated, but understood
[Women are wise]
Kate is a woman.
Of course she gave me good advice.
and accepted
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary
Invention Strategy #2: Enthymeme
But, what if readers don’t accept major
premise?
[All creatures of the earth play a natural role in
maintaining the ecological stability of an area]
Animals such as… contribute to the ecological
stability of an area near rural property by feeding on
vegetation and smaller animals
Animals such as…, as creatures of the earth, deserve
a stable ecological habitat in which to live, as
humans do.
Begging the Question – writer must convince
the reader
Activity on page 46
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary
Enthymeme Exercises
“Mark’d ye his words? He would not take the
crown. Therefore ‘tis certain he was not
ambitious.”
If he were ambitious, then he would take the
throne.
He did not take the crown.
Therefore he is not ambitious.
Modus Tollens
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary
Enthymeme Exercises
“Because I’m worth it.”
Those who are worth it (being beautiful) use
L’Oreal cosmetics.
I am worth it.
Therefore I use L’Oreal cosmetics.
Modus Ponens
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary
Enthymeme Exercises
“One of Soviet Georgia’s senior citizens thought
Dannon was an excellent yogurt. She ought to
know. She’s been eating yogurt for 137 years.”
Soviet Georgia’s senior citizens eat excellent
yogurt.
This senior citizen has been eating Dannon
yogurt for 137 years.
Therefore, Dannon yogurt is excellent yogurt.
Modus Ponens
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary
Enthymeme Exercises
“This is your brain. This is your brain on drugs.
Any questions?”
If drugs are like a frying pan, then your brain is like an
egg.
If your brain is like an egg, then doing drugs is like
frying an egg.
Therefore doing drugs fries your brain like a frying pan
fries an egg.
Hypothetical syllogism
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary
Invention Strategy #3: Topics
Basic Topics:
1.Possible & Impossible: if x is possible,
so is y; if x is impossible, so is y.
2.Past Fact: given all known facts, x
probably happened
3.Future Fact: given all known facts, x will
probably happen
4.Greater & Less: if x is possible, so is
greater than x; if y is possible, so is less than y
Activity on pages 50-51
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary
Invention Strategy #3: Topics
Possible & Impossible:
Since the scientific community has found cures for
diseases that were once thought to be a death sentence
for the victim (such as typhoid, diphtheria, or polio), it’s
possible that they will one day find a cure for cancer.
Since extreme geographical regions of our planet (such
as the polar ice caps or barren deserts) show little
ability to support life, it’s improbable that we will find
life on other planets that also have extreme physical
conditions.
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary
Invention Strategy #3: Topics
Past Fact:
After examining all the evidence, such as inconclusive
accounts and information about Babe Ruth’s bold
personality, you conclude that he did indeed “call his
shot” by pointing to the outfield fence before hitting a
homerun.
Given all the historical accounts and interpretations
surrounding the events, Truman’s true intention in
ordering the drop of atomic bombs on Japan was to end
the war as quickly as possible.
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary
Invention Strategy #3: Topics
Future Fact:
Given that history shows that innovative defense
systems have been constructed for purely defensive
purposes, you argue that the new Star Wars Defense
System will be used for defensive, rather than
offensive, purposes.
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary
Invention Strategy #3: Topics
Greater and Less:
The fact that Texas, a very large and populous state,
has been successful in implementing a rigorous
program of testing to increase overall student
performance shows that the same program will be
successful in smaller states as well.
The fact that one school in the district has been
successful in implementing a math intervention
program shows that the program will be successful
district-wide.
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary
Invention Strategy #3: Topics
Common Topics:
1.Definition: distinguish one thing from all others
2.Division: divide subject into smaller parts
3.Compare/Contrast: similarities & differences
4.Relationships: relationships between parts
5.Circumstances: “Basic Topics”
6.Testimony: use of experts, authorities, etc.
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary
Invention Strategy #3: Topics
Definition:
In arguing that students with learning disabilities
should be exempt from taking standardized tests, you
would need to explain what you mean by “learning
disability” by describing as fully as possible what you
mean generally by the word disability, then clarify
which disabilities specifically hinder a person’s learning.
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary
Invention Strategy #3: Topics
Division:
In writing a paper about how an actor can successfully
perform a major role in a play, you might divide this
topic into two parts: how to rehearse and how to
perform. You might then subdivide each of these parts;
for the “how to rehearse” part, you might divide it into
three sections: how to prepare for rehearsal, how to act
during rehearsal, and how to debrief with your fellow
actors after the rehearsal.
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary
Invention Strategy #3: Topics
Compare & Contrast:
In preparing a presentation on community service
opportunities at a particular college, you might look at
each opportunity and its relation to students’ majors,
its relation to college education in general, and its
proximity to campus and accessibility for students.
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary
Invention Strategy #3: Topics
Relationships:
Cause & Effect
Antecedent-Consequent
Contradictions
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary
Invention Strategy #3: Topics
Circumstances:
Possible & Impossible
Past Fact
Future Fact
“Basic Topics”
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary
Invention Strategy #3: Topics
Testimony:
Research and use primary source documents, and interview experts and
eyewitnesses to build your case.
Intuitive
Everyday UseInvention Strategies:
Chapter 2 Summary
Preview
1. Free Writing: non-stop for a set
time
turn off internal editor
revise later
2. Journaling: reading response /
prompts
basis for formal writing
3. Conversation: know your partners
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary
Memory
How we analyze a text is shaped by
prior knowledge
Tap into cultural memory
Advancements in collective
knowledge come through writing
Use mnemonic devices (house
analogy)
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary
Cultural Memory
Cultural Memory: What Every American Should Know
by E.D. Hirsch
What do you know about the following:

Lord Kelvin

Kentucky Derby

Knock on Wood

Kangaroo Court

Kent State University

KGB

Nikita Kruschev

Knee jerk

Martin Luther King, Jr.

For the want of a nail, the kingdom was lost
Everyday Use
Chapter 2 Summary
Chapter 2 Review
Five traditional canons of rhetoric:
Invention, Arrangement, Style,
Memory, Delivery
Invention is both systematic and
intuitive
Use Cultural Memory