Atmosphere
Water and Air… the two essential elements on which life depends have
become global garbage cans
Essential Standards
EEn.2.5 Understand the structure of and processes within our atmosphere.
• EEn.2.5.1 Summarize the structure and composition of our atmosphere.
• EEn.2.5.2 Explain the formation of typical air masses and the weather systems that result from air mass interactions.
• EEn.2.5.3 Explain how cyclonic storms form based on the interaction of air masses.
• EEn.2.5.4 Predict the weather using available weather maps and data (including surface, upper atmospheric winds, and
satellite
• imagery).
• EEn.2.5.5 Explain how human activities affect air quality.
EEn.2.6 Analyze patterns of global climate change over time.
• EEn.2.6.1 Differentiate between weather and climate.
• EEn.2.6.2 Explain changes in global climate due to natural processes.
• EEn.2.6.3 Analyze the impacts that human activities have on global climate change (such as burning hydrocarbons,
greenhouse effect,
• and deforestation).
• EEn.2.6.4 Attribute changes to Earth’s systems to global climate change (temperature change, changes in pH of ocean,
sea level
• changes, etc.).
Atmospheric composition
Structure and processes
Assignment!
• Create a chart for the next 2 weeks (Dec 20th will be the last day)
• Each day we will observe the cloud types during your class
• We will record the cloud types along with the weather each day
• If the weather changes during the day – it is your responsibility to
change / add to the weather for that day
• You will write a brief conclusion at the end stating if you see a
difference in the weather depending on the cloud type
Brief Review
• What was the composition of the original atmosphere like?
Mostly methane, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. Deadly to living organisms today
• What evolved on Earth that drastically changed the composition?
Plants
• How did these organisms change the composition of Earth’s
atmosphere?
Drastically increased the oxygen content
What is the structure of the atmosphere?
• 4 layers from bottom to top
• last layer sometimes divided in
half to make 5
• Troposphere – lowest layer,
weather happens here
• Stratosphere – next layer up, jets
fly here, ozone found here
• Mesosphere – meteors burn up
here
• Thermosphere – hottest layer,
space stations here
• Ionosphere – where auroras take
place
• Exosphere – outer layer, space
stations
How are layers divided?
• According to temperature trends
• Each layer is separated by a pause
• Tropopause between troposphere and
stratosphere etc
• What happens to the temperature
in each layer of the atmosphere?
• Troposphere – temp decreases
• Stratosphere – temp increases
• Mesosphere – temp decreases
• Thermosphere – temp increases
What is the atmosphere made of?
• Mostly nitrogen (N) – about
78%
• Oxygen (O) – about 21%
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2) – about
.03%
Remember radiant energy?
• Comes from the sun
• In many forms
• Represented by the electromagnetic spectrum!
• When it comes in contact with the ionosphere it can often create light
shows called _________________.
auroras
Assignment!
• Draw the atmosphere on your own!
• You will need:
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Large paper
Colored pencils
To label each layer
Draw an arrow at the bottom pointing to the right and label it temperature
Draw an arrow to the left side pointing up and label it altitude
Add ground
Label each layer of the atmosphere (place the ozone layer where it goes in green)
Draw a continuous line up your paper through each layer to indicate how the
temperature changes with elevation
• Add in a picture in each layer to indicate what is special about it
• Turn in
Assignment!
• Layers of the atmosphere worksheet
• Turn in when finished
How does air move?
• In large pockets called air
masses
• Air masses move based on
pressure
• High pressure systems move
toward low pressure systems
(high  low)
How do air masses affect weather?
• They pick up the
characteristics of the area
in which they form
• They are very large (up to
1600km) making weather
fairly consistent
• They carry temperature and
moisture over the area
where they are moving
How are air masses classified?
• Overall temperature
• Where they formed
• 4 major types
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Polar –cold temps
Tropical –warm temps
Continental –dry air
Maritime – wet air (high
water vapor content)
• Arctic – very cold and dry
• Type of air mass will consist
of 2 words
What kind of air masses influence North
American weather?
• Mostly influenced by
maritime tropical (mT)
and continental polar
(cP)
air masses
What are continental polar air masses like?
• Cold dry winters
• Cool dry summers
• Not associated with
precipitation
• Subject to the “lake
effect” when crossing the
Great Lakes
• Pick up moisture from the
Great Lakes and may bring
some precipitation
What are maritime tropical air masses like?
• Warm and loaded with
moisture
• Usually unstable
• Source of most precipitation in
the Eastern US
What are maritime polar air masses like?
• Come from the North
Pacific
• Cold and dry turns into
mild and humid
• Unstable
• Accompanied by low
clouds and showers –
snow in mountains
What are continental tropical air masses like?
• Least influence in North
America
• Hot and dry
• Only occasionally affect
weather outside their source
region
How do air masses move again?
• Air pressure
• Exerted in all directions
• Object pushes back on the air with exactly the
same force
• Measured using a barometer
• Typical air pressure:
• 1 atmosphere (ATM)
• 760 mm Hg (mercury)
• 980 millibars
weather and air pressure
How does pressure affect air masses?
• Air masses move from ____________
 ____________
pressure
low
high
• Causes wind
• Unequal heating of Earth creates pressure differentials
• How does land heat up compared to water?
• Solar radiation is the ultimate source of wind
• 3 factors
• Pressure
• Coriolis effect
• friction
Assignment!
• Build a barometer
• You will need
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A beaker
A balloon
A rubber band
A sheet of notebook paper
A pencil
• We’ll check your barometer daily and compare it to actual barometric
pressure
Fronts
Come back to back
How can we tell where air masses are going?
• Look for pressure
• Red H is high pressure
• Blue L is low pressure
• Sometimes pressure is shown on maps in isobars, similar to isotherms
• Iso means equal
• Isobars are lines showing equal pressure
High Pressure
Low Pressure
Weather system
Type of phenomenon
Determined by…
Changes in air pressure
Moving inward on isobars…
Pressure Increases
Pressure Decreases
Density of air
Higher
Lower
Representation on a map
H (typically blue)
L (typically red)
Motion of air
Clockwise, air sinks
Counterclockwise, air rises
Also known as…
Anticyclone
Cyclone
Motion of air causes a zone
of…
Divergence
Convergence
Stability of atmosphere
Stable
Unstable
What is weather like in a high pressure
system?
• Sunny
• Clear
• Dry
• High day and low night temperatures
• Calm
• Dew and frost
• Fog and mist
• Stable sinking air
What is weather like in a low pressure
system?
• Cloudy
• Little sun
• Wet
• Mild temperatures for the time of year
• Windy
• Changeable weather
• Unstable rising air
What is the difference in a cyclone and an
anticyclone?
Anticyclones
Cyclones
• High pressure
• Low pressure
• Air pushes
• Air rises and
together and sinks
separates
• Spin
• Spin
• Clockwise in
northern
hemisphere
• Counterclockwise
in southern
• Counterclockwise
in northern
• Clockwise in
southern
A
C
D
B
D
What is a front?
• The area where 2 air masses
meet
• 4 kinds of fronts
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Warm front
Cold front
Stationary front
Occluded front
• Each front has a symbol
• Side of the line the symbols are
on indicate direction of
movement
What does each front mean?
• Warm front – warm air is
replacing cold air
• Cold front – cold air is
replacing warm air
• Stationary front – air masses
are not moving due to similar
pressures
• Occluded front – warm air is
pushed up due to cold air
moving in from both directions
front animation
What happens when cold and warm air
meet?
• Cold air sinks and warm air
rises
• Warm air carries moisture
• Moisture condenses
• Clouds form
• Once air is saturated with
moisture, precipitation in
some form occurs
What happens before and after a warm front?
Before
After
• Cool or cold temps
• Falling barometer
• Increasing, thickening clouds
• Light to moderate precipitation
• Temp and dew point get closer
together
• Warm and more humid
• Clearing clouds
• Rising barometer
• Temp and dew point are close
What is dewpoint?
• The temperature at which
air is saturated enough
for water to condense
• High dewpoint –
temperature and
dewpoint are close
together
• Low dewpoint –
temperature and
dewpoint are far apart
• ALWAYS a dewpoint
What happens before and after cold fronts?
Before
After
• Warm
• Falling barometer
• Increasing clouds
• Short period of precipitation
• Temp and dew point close
together
• Lower temps
• Rising pressure
• Showers then clearing skies
• Temp and dewpoint get further
apart
What to expect from a stationary front?
• Changing winds and temperatures when crossing from one side of the
front to the other
• Similar pressure in air masses keeps them from moving
What can you expect from an occluded front?
• Developing cyclones usually have a warm front and a faster moving
cold front to wrap around them
• Occluded fronts form when cold air catches up to a warm front that is
trapped behind a cold front already in place
• Change in temp, dewpoint, or wind possible
jet stream
Assignment!
• Predicting weather
• Edheads weather prediction
• We’ll do this as a group
Assignment!
• Complete the forecasting weather map worksheet
• Put in the box when you are finished
Clouds
How they form and what they mean
What happens as water evaporates?
• Humidity – the amount of water in
the air
• Amount of water vapor increases =
higher humidity
• Air pressure increases as amount of
water vapor increases
• Air is saturated when water entering
air = water returning to surface
• Warm air contains more vapor than
cold air
How is humidity measured?
• Using a hygrometer
• Relative humidity – ratio of
actual amount of water in
the air compared to the
amount of water air can
hold at that temperature
and pressure
• If amount of water vapor is
constant, what will happen
to the humidity if you raise
the temperature? Lower it?
So how do clouds form?
• Temperature can change
without heat input or loss
• These changes are called
adiabatic temperature
changes
• Happens when air is
compressed or expanded
• Expansion cools
• Compression warms
What happens to air and vapor as it rises?
• Overall, air resists lifting
• 4 factors make air light enough to be lifted
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Oographic lifting
Frontal wedging
Convergence
Localized convective lifting
What is oographic lifting?
• Elevated terrain blocks air from
moving forcing it to go up and
over
• Causes the rainshadow effect
• Wettest places on the windward
side of mountain
• Lifting air reaches dew point and
condenses  clouds form  air is
pushed higher and forced to
release moisture as precipitation
• By the time air gets to the other
side of the mountain the moisture
has mostly been lost
What is frontal wedging?
• Air masses collide in flatter areas
• Area between two air masses is a front
• Cooler air sinks and warmer air rises  condenses  forms clouds
Brief Review
• What is a front?
• What are the 4 different types of fronts?
• Draw each front as it appears on a weather map.
• How does weather change as each front moves through?
What is convergence?
• Air in lower atmosphere collides
together and is forced upward
• Air converging from 2 different
directions must go somewhere,
down is not an option
• Example
• Ocean winds blow toward the
shore
• In Florida, this happens on both
sides of the state so air flows
together
• Produces many afternoon storms
What is localized convective lifting?
• Due to unequal heating of
Earth’s surface
• Causes pockets of air to be
warmer than surrounding air
• Example: parking lots
• Warm air will rise creating
thermals
• Birds and hang-gliders use these
to glide higher with less energy
• Warm air rises  reaches
dewpoint  clouds form
Assignment!
• Answer questions 1-7 on page 516 in your textbook
• Use the chapter and your note sheets to help you answer the
questions
• Turn in when you are finished
What is the difference in stable and unstable
air?
• Air is forced to rise and its
temperature is lowered by
expansion
• Cooler air sinks to its original
position – stable
• If it does not sink to its original
position – unstable
• Bad weather
• stable vs. unstable air
What’s the difference in stable and unstable
air rising?
• Stable air resists vertical movement but some factors force it to rise
• What are the 4 things that can make air rise?
• When stable air rises – clouds are widespread and thin
• Unstable air rising – clouds are thick and cover a small area
• thunderstorms
What makes air density different?
• Temperature
• Warm – rises
• Like hot air balloons
• Cool – sinks
• Elevation
• High – air is less dense
• Particles far apart
• Low – air is more dense
• Particles close together
How does water condense to make clouds?
• Usually a surface for cooling
water to condense on
• Bacteria
• Small particles – dust, soot,
particles of pollution
• Small surfaces are called
condensation nuclei
Assignment!
• Hurricane sheet
• Read through the packet and answer the questions
• Honor’s - choose 1 of the following
• write a realistic fictional story about a hurricane or tornado
• Create a tri-fold brochure on hurricane safety
• Use graph paper to create a bar graph showing the 20 strongest hurricanes on
record
Cloud types
How are clouds categorized?
• Based on height and form
• 3 main types
• Stratus
• Cumulus
• Cirrus
What are cirrus clouds?
• High, white, and thin
• Patches or wispy fibers – may
appear feathery
• 3 types
• Cirrus
• Cirrostratus – flat layers
• Cirrocumulus – fluffy masses
• Usually signify nice weather
• When replaced by cirrocumulus
clouds and increased coverage –
sign of bad weather approaching
What are cumulus clouds?
• Piles of clouds
• Rounded cloud masses
• Normally with flat base in domes or
towers
• middle clouds
• 2 other types of middle clouds
• Alto – prefix meaning middle
• Altocumulus – rounded masses that are
larger and more dense than cirrocumulus
• Altonimbus – uniform white – greyish
sheet, sun or moon visible as a bright spot
• Often snow or rain accompany these
What are stratus clouds?
• Low clouds
• Sheets or layers
• No distinctive cloud masses
• 2 other types of low clouds
• Stratocumulus – long parallel
with a rolling bottom
• Nimbostratus – main
precipitation markers form in
stable conditions
Are there any clouds that reach through
several cloud layers?
• Low bottoms with tops that
reach into the high regions
• From unstable air
• Cumulonimbus
• Usually grown from cumulus
clouds and signify storms
Do clouds ever touch the ground?
• Fog is a cloud with its base on
or near the ground
• No physical difference with
any other cloud
• Difference is in placement and
formation
• Usually the result of warm air
moving over a cooled surface
• Can form when cool air moves
over warm water – steamy
appearance
• Forms when enough water
vapor brings about saturation
How does precipitation form in cold clouds?
• Supercooling and supersaturation –
Bergeron process
• Cloud droplets do not freeze at 0°C,
instead it must be about -40°C supercooled
• Freezing nuclei cause water droplets to freeze
• Greater than 100% humidity –
supersaturated
• Ice and water cannot exist together in clouds
• Evaporating water quickly produces
snowflakes or ice
How does precipitation form in warm clouds?
• Rainfall in clouds is well
below freezing – even in
tropics
• Collision – coalescence
process – water absorbing
particles remove moisture
forming large droplets
• Drops collide and mix with
smaller slower droplets
Does ice form in warm clouds?
• Hail
• Forms in cumulonimbus
clouds
• Starts small
• Updrafts carry hail
through supercooled
layers repeatedly
• Forms layers
Assignment!
• Cloud types and formation worksheet
• Turn in when you finish
Climate and Climate Change
Something wicked this way comes...
Group Assignment!
• Each group will be assigned 2 topics
• 1 natural source of climate change
• 1 human induced source of climate change
• Create a poster
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Tell what each source is
What do they do to cause climate change
3 ways to counteract the effects of natural climate change
3 ways to reduce impact from the human induced problems
What additional problems does this cause for the biosphere (at least 2)
• Due the day before test day (Dec 19)
What is the difference in climate and
weather?
• Weather
• State of the atmosphere at a
given time
• What atmospheric layer does
this happen in?
• Climate
• Average weather patterns over a
LONG period of time
How is climate classified?
• Köppen classification
• 3 major climate systems
• Temperate
• Tropical
• polar
What is a temperate climate?
• Moderate changes between seasons
• Distinct summers and winters
• Between 20 and 65 degrees north and south of the equator
What is a tropical climate?
• Constant warm
temperatures with high
precipitation
• Around the equator
between 0 and 25 degrees
What is a polar climate?
• Constant cold temperatures
• 24 hours of daylight in summer and 24 hours of dark in winter
• Treeless tundras or glaciers
How are humans causing climate change?
• Burning fossil fuels and cutting
down trees increases gases such as
carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide,
and ammonia in the atmosphere
• These gases act as a blanket and
retain radiation from the sun in the
form of heat – the greenhouse
effect
• Gases responsible for this effect are
greenhouse gases
• Some CO2 is necessary to keep Earth
warm enough for life
greenhouse effect - Futurama
Isn’t CO2 absorbed by the ocean?
• Yes by diffusion
• Some of this carbon reacts
with water to form weak
carbonic acid
• Makes the shells of marine
creatures thinner
• Increases vulnerability
• Decreases our food source
• How will increased CO2
affect sea level?
Are there natural phenomena that cause
climate change?
• Yes
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Sunspots
Volcanic activity
El Niño and La Niña
Shifts in orbit
Naturally fluctuating CO2 levels
How do sunspots cause climate change?
• Controversial
• Sunspots are dark spots on the
surface of the sun
• Increase in sunspots correlates to an
increase in temperature and vise
versa
• Spots are cooler spots in the sun and
area around them warms to make up
for the difference
• Less spots = more solar wind = more
clouds = less sun hitting Earth
How do volcanic eruptions cause climate
change?
• Massive amounts of gas, ash,
and aerosol released into the
atmosphere
• Ash falls rapidly
• Gas stays in the upper
atmosphere
• Sulfer dioxide reflects light back
into space – causes cooling
• CO2 causes warming –
greenhouse effect
How do El Niño and La Niña influence climate
change?
• What are trade winds like in a typical
year on the western coast of
continents?
• What do these winds do to warm
water?
• Temporary change in Pacific Ocean
around the equator
• Affects Northern hemisphere’s winter
• Area of typical thunderstorms moves
eastward
• Due to a reduction of upwelling in the
eastern ocean
What about La Niña?
• Opposite of El Niño
• Caused by cooler surface temperatures
What are the results of El Niño?
• Wet winters in southeast US
• Droughts in Indonesia and
Australia
• Weaker winds to further
reduce upwelling and cause
El Niño to grow – positive
feedback
• Irregular but generally
happen every 3-7 years
How does a shift in Earth’s orbit produce
climate change?
• What is precession? How does it
affect climate?
• What is nutation? How does it
affect climate?
• Eccentricity – distance between
Earth and Sun
• Varies slightly as the barycenter of
the sun changes position
• Long term effects – triggers
beginnings and ends of ice ages
How does CO2 fluctuation change climate?
• Higher levels of CO2
contribute to the greenhouse
effect
• Higher levels = higher
temperatures
• Natural as well as human
influenced
• Volcanoes and burning fossil
fuels
• Seasonal – higher levels in the
winter… why?
Do gases do anything else to affect climate?
• Some dissolve easily
in water to make acid
rain
• Nitrogen oxide
• Sulfur dioxide
• Can be carried far by
winds and affect
areas far away from
where it developed
Are there any other human affects on our
atmosphere?
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) – only
created by humans, found in old
aerosol cans (hairspray etc…)
• Destroy ozone
• 1 CFC can destroy thousands of
ozone particles
• No longer used or made in America
• Created a large hole in ozone over
Antarctica – conditions here have
begun to improve
What are aerosols and what do they do?
• Small particles suspended
in the atmosphere
• In high amounts they can
scatter sunlight and
prevent it from reaching
Earth
• Common in any aerosol can
(hair spray, cool whip, can
cheese etc…)
• Also natural – volcanoes,
meteors
How is climate change affecting the
biosphere?
• If the climate warms faster than organisms can adapt to it they will
become extinct
• Mass extinction if we lose many species within a few centuries
• Ecosystems will lose balance as organisms die
• Insects are able to migrate to higher elevations – mosquitos
• Agriculture will become difficult as weather warms and rains decrease
What can you do to stop climate change?
• Decrease dependence on fossil fuels
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Walk or ride a bike
Eat seasonal or locally grown produce
Eat less meat
Be energy efficient – turn off lights/water
Choose renewable power
Recycle – reduce – reuse
Travel less
Stay informed
Stay involved
Support and donate to politicians who are in favor for environmental
regulations
Game board review
• Create a game board using each topic in the game board
• You will need at least 4 game pieces to play
• Incorporate spaces that will send you ahead or back in the game
• Example, land on a volcanic eruption and go back 5 spaces – land on wind
turbines and go forward 5 spaces
• Lose a turn spaces – only get off if you answer a question etc…
• Question cards
• To be answered before you can move ahead in the game – give each card a
number of spaces to go forward if answered correctly
Resources
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http://www.vtaide.com/png/atmosphere.htm
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/99826/
http://www.ux1.eiu.edu/~cfjps/1400/atmos_origin.html
http://www.yorku.ca/eye/spectru.htm
http://earth.usc.edu/~stott/Catalina/WeatherPatterns.html
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/synoptic/airmass.htm
http://capone.mtsu.edu/cdharris/GEOL100/weather/wthr-sum11.htm
http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met130/notes/chapter11/mp.html
http://hendrix2.uoregon.edu/~imamura/102/section2/chapter13.html
http://weather.about.com/od/imagegallery/ig/Weather-Image-of-the-Day/Barometer-Diagram.htm
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I0C4QR0OEH0
http://www.kidsgeo.com/geography-for-kids/0087-wind-movement.php
https://www.umass.edu/newsoffice/article/portuguese-fulbright-schuman-scholar-give
http://geology.csupomona.edu/drjessey/class/Gsc101/Fronts.html
http://www.siriusxm.ca/Weather-Services/XM-WX-Data/Surface-Analysis-Weather-Maps.aspx
http://angelinaanguish.blogspot.com/
http://www.opc.ncep.noaa.gov/product_description/keyterm.shtml
https://www.meted.ucar.edu/sign_in.php?go_back_to=http%253A%252F%252Fwww.meted.ucar.edu%252Ffire%252Fs290%252Funit7%252Fprint.htm##
http://cosscience1.pbworks.com/w/page/8286084/Lesson%207-05%20Pressure%20Centers%20and%20Winds
http://tnvalleywx.com/2012/08/20/what-the-heck-is-a-dew-point-anyways-tell-me-what-the-humidity-is/
http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/af/frnts/wfrnt/def.rxml
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/High_School_Earth_Science/Changing_Weather
http://weather.about.com/od/imagegallery/ig/Weather-Map-Symbols/Cold-Fronts-Approaching.htm
http://www.crh.noaa.gov/lmk/?n=basic-fronts
http://www.kidsgeo.com/geography-for-kids/0129-stationary-fronts.php
http://ec.gc.ca/meteoaloeil-skywatchers/default.asp?lang=En&n=149C159E-1
http://www.rossway.net/occludedfrnt.htm
http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/af/frnts/ofdef.rxml
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidity
http://www.exo-terra.com/en/products/analog_hygrometer.php
http://www.crh.noaa.gov/lsx/?n=summerweathersafetyweek
Resources
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http://www.kidsgeo.com/geography-for-kids/0070-adiabatic-temperature-changes.php
https://www.google.com/search?q=adiabatic+temperature+change&espv=210&es_sm=93&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=m9qhUrGiHdKfkQfX7oC4Dw&ved=0CAkQ_AUoAQ&biw=1366&bih=642#facrc=_&imgdii=_
&imgrc=LKTzpOxCNyoFaM%3A%3BEiJB4D4AlOL4IM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fapollo.lsc.vsc.edu%252F~wintelsw%252FMET1010LOL%252Fchapter06%252Fadiabatic01.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fapollo.lsc.vsc.e
du%252F~wintelsw%252FMET1010LOL%252Fchapter06%252F%3B472%3B475
http://web.gccaz.edu/~lnewman/gph111/topic_units/moisture/moisture_stabil_prec/moisture_stabil_prec2.html
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/140263/Condensation-precipitation-and-the-rain-shadow-effect-resulting-from-orographic
http://cogitansiuvenis.blogspot.com/2012/11/secession-either-america-stands-or.html
http://www.geography.hunter.cuny.edu/~tbw/wc.notes/4.moisture.atm.stability/frontal_wedging.htm
http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met130/notes/chapter6/lift_converge.html
http://jobspapa.com/localized-convective-lifting.html
http://www.greenheck.com/library/articles/12
http://tripwow.tripadvisor.com/slideshow-photo/thunderhead-rolling-in-from-the-ocean-by-travelpod-member-katelin-mooloolaba-australia.html?sid=10193132&fid=tp-7
http://forums.x-plane.org/?showtopic=63387
http://ed101.bu.edu/StudentDoc/Archives/ED101fa06/angelad/clouds.html
http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Atmosphere/clouds/cirrocumulus.html
http://weather.ou.edu/~smglenn/clouds.html
http://campbellsclouds.wikispaces.com/Altocumulus
http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Atmosphere/clouds/stratus.html
http://www.nauticed.org/sailingcourses/view/weather
http://smashingpicture.com/pod-28-epic-cumulonimbus/
http://www.jarrodjones.com/2013/01/beating-bi-polar-part-1-of-3/fog/
http://rayganssle.com/Images/Lake-Allatoona/Foggy-morning-2005-10-17/index.html
http://www.kidsgeo.com/geography-for-kids/0112-bergeron-process.php
https://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/edu/k12/.preciptypes
http://www.physics.byu.edu/faculty/christensen/physics%20137/Figures/Precipitation/Collision-Coalescence%20Process.htm
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/sjt/?n=svrwx_awareness
http://scijinks.nasa.gov/weather-v-climate
http://www.touristmaker.com/climate/temperate.html
http://www.touristmaker.com/climate/temperate.html
http://www.glogster.com/phyocherry/cool-temperate-climate/g-6mgs3cqi97iiupengcf9sa0
http://www.weather-climate.org.uk/13.php
Resources
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http://www.weather-climate.org.uk/13.php
http://www.klccconventioncentre.com/Malaysia-@-Climate.aspx
http://madmikesamerica.com/2012/03/climate-change-something-wicked-this-way-comes-2/
http://www.earthtimes.org/climate/north-south-polar-ecology-racking-embargoed/1235/
http://florida.sierraclub.org/miami/clim_GEGW.asp
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/earth/natural_disasters/volcano
http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~imamura/122/lecture-3/stellar_spectra.html
http://www.egu.eu/medialibrary/image/14/karymsky-volcano-2004/
http://www.gma.org/surfing/weather/elnino.html
http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2008/lanina.html
http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/la-nina/38971
http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/students/iceage/iceage2.htm
http://www.louisg.net/astronomie.htm
http://johncarlosbaez.wordpress.com/2011/02/04/carbon-dioxide-puzzles/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2taViFH_6_Y
http://www.tokresource.org/tok_classes/enviro/syllabus_content/5.8_acid_deposition/index.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletion
http://climatechange.wikispaces.com/5.+Aerosols
http://mcbi.marine-conservation.org/what/ocean_acidification.htm
http://evergreenpower.wordpress.com/
http://www.davidsuzuki.org/what-you-can-do/top-10-ways-you-can-stop-climate-change/