Chapter 8
Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West
Pages 244 to 271
LATIN AMERICAN PEOPLES
WIN INDEPENDENCE
Section 1 – Guided Reading
INDEPENDENCE FOR HAITI
1. Why did slaves in French colony of Saint Domingue revolt?
• Whites used brutal methods to terrorize and
dehumanize them, trying to keep them powerless.
• Slaves outnumbered their masters.
2. What events led up to the General Dessaline’s declaration of
Independence for Haiti?
• Toussaint L’Ouverture became the leader of the
revolution, but the French imprisoned him.
• Then General Dessalines took over the rebellion
SOUTH AMERICAN WARS OF INDEPENCED
3. How did events in Europe lead to revolution in the Spanish colonies?
• Motivated by Enlightenment ideals, creoles finally revolted
against Spanish colonial rule when Napoleon made his
brother (who was not Spanish) King of Spain
4. What tactics did Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar use to defeat Spanish forces in South
America?
• Bolivar used surprise tactics to defeat the Spanish in
Bogota. San Martin with the help of Bernardo O’Higgins,
drove the Spanish out of Chile.
• The two leaders then met in Ecuador and San Martin left
his army for Bolivar to command – this unified
revolutionary force
• Under Bolivar, won independence for Peru
Simon Bolivar
Jose de San Martin
Bernardo O’Higgins
END OF SPANISH RULE IN MEXICO
5. What is the significance of the grito de Dolores?
• With the cry of Dolores, Padre Miguel Hidalgo
called upon peasants to rebel against Spanish rule
6. What role did Indians, Mestizos, and Creoles play in Mexico’s independence from Spain?
• Indians and Mestizos began the revolution
• Later, Creoles fearing for the loss of privileges
under a new liberal regime in Spain supported
independence.
Padre Miguel Hidalgo
EUROPE FACES REVOLUTIONS
Section 2 – Guided Reading
CAUSE AND EFFECT
1. French citizens’ armies win their revolution for liberty and equality.
• Fueled nationalist movements and revolutions
throughout Europe
2. Greeks revolt against the Ottoman Turks.
• A joint British, French, and Russian fleet defeated
the Ottomans
• Greeks gain their independence
CAUSE AND EFFECT
3. Nationalist groups in Budapest, Prague, and Vienna demand independence and selfgovernment.
• Forced resignation of Metternich triggered liberal uprisings
throughout German states
• Revolutionaries failure to unite led to the return of
conservatism
4. Charles X tries to set up an absolute monarchy in France.
• Led to riots that forced him to flee to Britain
• He was replaced by Louis-Philippe, a supporter of
liberal reforms
King Charles X
Louis-Philippe
CAUSE AND EFFECT
5. Paris mobs overthrow monarchy of Louis-Philippe
• Republican government is set up
• Factions turn to violence resulting in bloody battles
6. Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte is elected President of France and late assumes the title of Emperor
Napoleon III.
* Under this strong leadership France restored
prosperity, peace, & stability
• Dec. 1848 – Louis Napoleon
(nephew of Napoleon
Bonaparte) won the presidential
election
• 1852 – he took the title of
Emperor Napoleon III
• Built railroads
• Encouraged industrialization
• Promoted public works
programs
• Unemployment decreased &
country prospered
CAUSE AND EFFECT
7. In the Crimean War, Czar Nicholas I threatens to take over part of the Ottoman Empire.
• Russia was defeated by combined forces of France,
Great Britain, Sardinia, and the Ottomans
• After war, Alexander II began to modernize Russia
8. Alexander II issues the Edict of Emancipation.
* Serfs were legally free but remained tied to the land
through debts
Alexander II
Alexander III
NATIONALISM :
CASE STUDY: ITALY & GERMANY
Section 3 – Guided Reading
HOW DID NATIONALISM LEAD TO THE BREAKUP OF THIESE EMPIRES?
1. Austro-Hungarian
• Nationalist disputes led to the division of the empire into 2
states – Austria and Hungary
• After WWI – the empire divided into separate nations
2. Russian
• Nationalist feeling of non-Russian peoples, fueled by the
policy of Russification
• Weakened the empire which fell as a result of war &
revolution
3. Ottomans
* Conservative Turks angered by policy of granting equal
citizenship to nationalist groups caused tension – weakened
empire and then broke up empire
Austrian Empire
Emperor Francis Joseph
of Austria
Czar Nicholas II
Last Russian Czar
Expansion of the Ottoman Empire
Decline of the Ottoman Empire
HOW DID EACH OF THE FOLLOWING HELP UNIFY ITALY?
4. Camillo di Cavour
• Prime Minister for the Sardinian King
• Worked to expand empire through war, alliances, & help of
nationalist rebels
• Succeeded & unified Italy
5. Giuseppe Garibaldi – Leader of the “Red Shirts”
• Captured Sicily & united the southern areas of Italy
• Conquered Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
6. King Victor Emmanuel
• Brought northern & southern regions of Italy together
• Took over the Papal States & unified Italy
Victor Emmanuel II - King of Sardinia
Count Camillo di Cavour
1st Prime Minister of Italy
Giuseppe
Garibaldi
HOW DID EACH OF THE FOLLOWING LEAD TO GERMAN UNIFICATION?
7. Policy of Realpolitik
• Policy of tough politics allowed Otto Von Bismarck to
expand Prussia and achieve dominance over Germany
8. Seven Weeks’ War
*Victory over Austria gave Prussia control over Northern
Germany
9. Franco-Prussian War
• Victory over France motivated southern Germany to accept
Prussian leadership
Otto von Bismarck
Wilhelm I
B. Explain how Otto Von Bismarck brought about the crowing of King William I of Prussia as
Kaiser of the Second Reich
- Through a policy of “blood and iron”, Otto
eliminated Austria as a rival
- Provoked a war with France
- Achieved Prussian dominance over northern &
southern Germany
- Created the Second Reich ruled by Kaiser William I
REVOLUTIONS IN THE ARTS
Section 4 – Guided Reading
1. How did the ideas of romanticism contrast with Enlightenment ideas?
• Emphasized emotions over reason
• Untamed nature over natural laws and order
• Idealized the past
2. How were the ideas of romanticism reflected in literature?
•
•
•
•
•
Romantic writers glorified & heroic actions
Passionate love
Revolutionary spirit
Nature
Supernatural
EXAMPLES OF …
Romanticism in Literature (not on worksheet)
• Poetry was the highest form of expression
• Johann Wolfgang von Goethe…
• One of the earliest & greatest romantic writers ~ German
• The Sorrows of Young Werther – 1774 novel
• Sensitive man whose love for a married woman drives him to suicide
• Jakob & Wilhelm Grimm…
• German brothers
• Collected fairy tales
• created a dictionary & grammar of the German language
• Victor Hugo…
• French
• Wrote Les Miserables & The Hunchback of Notre Dame
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Wilhelm & Jakob Grimm
Snow White
Hansel & Gretel
Rapunzel
Cinderella
Rumpelstiltskin
Victor Hugo
The Gothic Novel –
(not on wk. sheet)
 Often took place in medieval
Gothic castles
 Filled with fearful, violent, &
sometimes supernatural events
 Frankenstein by Mary Shelley
 Monster created by body parts of
dead humans
3. How was romanticism reflected in art?
• Romantic painters focused on the beauty of nature,
love, religion, and nationalism
4. How did romanticism affect the music of the time?
• Romantic themes helped to popularize music and
celebrate heroism and nationalism
The Lady of Shalott
by painter John William Waterhouse
Liberty Leading the People is a painting by Eugène Delacroix commemorating the July
Revolution of 1830, which toppled King Charles X of France.
Chalk Cliffs on Rügen Caspar
By David Friedrich
Christ on the Sea of Galilee
By French artist
Eugene Delacroix
Ludwig van Beethoven
Felix Mendelssohn
5. What trends or events led to a shift from romanticism to realism?
• Industrialization
• Interest in scientific method
• Invention of the camera
6. How did photography exemplify the art of the new industrial age?
* The camera made it possible start
Jean-Baptiste Siméon Chardin
Woman Cleaning Turnips
Jean-François Millet
The Sower
Gustave Courbet
Stone-Breakers
Louis Daguerre
1838 view of the Boulevard du Temple, a busy street in Paris.
Oldest well-documented daguerreotype featuring human subjects
William Talbot
Window in the South Gallery of Lacock
Abbey made from the oldest photographic
negative in existence, 1835
7. What were some themes common to realist novels?
• Struggle for wealth and power
• Grim lives of the working class
8. What did realist novelists hope to accomplish with their exposes?
• They hoped to bring about social reform and improve
working and living conditions
Emile Zola
Charles Dickens
B. Define impressionism and describe the impressionist painting by Claude Monet on page 703
of your textbook.
- Impressionism – artistic style in which artists aim to
capture their “impressions” or feelings about a subject.
Rather than depict realistic details.
- Monet’s use of color and light
- Mood he conveys
Haystacks ~ series
La Promenade, la femme à l'ombrelle Woman with a parasol
Claude Monet
The Waterlilies [triptych]
Claude Monet [French, 1840-1926]
1914-26 / Oil on canvas
Three panels, Each 6' 6 3/4" x 13' 11 1/4"
Overall 6' 6 3/4" x 41' 10 3/8"
Location: MOMA, New York City..
Le Moulin de la Galette
Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette
still life with peaches
Pierre-Auguste Renoir –
Self portrait
"New Orleans Cotton Exchange" (Portraits in an Office),
1873 Musee des Beaux-Arts, marked the beginning of the official
recognition of Impressionism as a significant art movement.
Edgar Degas – Self Portrait
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