Introduction to the Internet and WWW
Johannes Gutenberg's invention of the printing press advanced changes in economy and commerce, politics, society, literature and ultimately in ideology that marked the beginning of the Renaissance.
The WWW is ushering in the next generation of publishing, bringing together hypertext, multimedia and global networking. ,The Web is growing at an astounding rate and is changing the publishing worlds by making it possible for anyone to publish information to people around the world.
Evolution of the Internet
Arpanet – The predecessor of the Internet named after the U.S. Department of Defense’s
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), which sponsored its development. One objective of the ARPANET project was to create a computer network that would allow researchers located in different places to communicate with each other. Another objective was to build a computer network capable of sending or receiving data over a variety of paths to ensure that network communications could continue even if part of the network was destroyed, such as in a nuclear attack or by a natural disaster.
World Wide Web – The collection of Web pages available through the Internet. Project started in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee at the CERN high-energy physics laboratory. The goal of the project was to find a way to share research and ideas with other employees and researchers scattered around the world, {hypertext is a term coined by Ted Nelson back in the sixties that refers to text containing connections to other documents, so that a reader can click on a word or phrase to get additional information about a related topic.; hypermedia is a more inclusive term for documents that include information in multimedia formats, such as sound and video.)
Technically, the WWW refers to the abstract cyberspace of information. The Internet typically refers to the physical side of the network - the hardware consisting of cables and computers. The foundation of the Internet and WWW is the use of protocols, the language and rules by which computers communicate.
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol) is the suite of networking protocols that lets different types of computers communicate and is the underlying protocol of the Internet.
The WWW is not just one type of protocol. The Web connects several protocols together, including
FTP, telnet, WAIS(Wide-Area Information Servers) and more.
Web publishing works under the client-server model. A Web server is a program running on a computer that is set up to served documents to other computers that send requests for the documents. A Web client is a program that lets the user request documents from a server.
Browser allows the client to connect to a computer specified by a network address, called a URL, by sending a request to that computer's Web server for the Web document.

Mosaic - Released by the National Center for Supercomputing in November 1992 – marked the beginning of the Web' s popularity.
All Web clients and servers must be able to speak HTTP in order to send and receive hypermedia documents. The success of the Web is partly due to the ability of Web clients to handle multiple application protocols that allow users to access to many Internet protocols, such as anonymous
FTP, Gopher, and WAIS data servers. HTTP also gives the system its multimedia capabilities.
Users are people who use the Internet for activities, such as to look up a telephone number, browse through an online catalog, make an online purchase, download a music file, or send an email.
Internet Service Provider (ISP) – A business or other organization that provides Internet access to others, typically for a fee.
Internet Content Provider – A person or an organization that provides Internet content.
Application Service Provider (ASP) – A company that manages and distributes software-based services over the Internet.
Web service – A self-contained business application that operates over the Internet.
Infrastructure companies are the enterprises that own or operate the paths or “roadways” along which Internet data travels.
There are a variety of hardware and software companies that make and distribute the products used with the Internet and Internet activities. Companies that create or sell the software used in conjunction with the Interent (such as Web browsers, e-mail programs, e-commerce and multimedia software, and Web development tools). Companies that make the hardware (modems, cables, routers, servers, PCs, and smart phones) that are used in conjunction with the Internet.
Many other organizations influence the Internet and its uses. Governments have among the most visible impact; their laws can limit both the information made available via Web servers located in a particular country, as well as access to the Internet for individuals residing in that country.
Key Internet organizations are responsible for many aspects of the Internet. The Internet Society
(ISOC) provides leadership in addressing issues that confront the future of the Internet and oversees the group responsible for Internet infrastructure standards, such as which protocols can be used and how Internet addresses are constructed. ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers) is charged with such responsibilities as IP address allocation and domain name management. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is a group of over 450 organizations dedicated to developing new protocols and specifications to promote the evolution of the Web and to ensure its interoperability. In addition, many colleges and universities support Internet research and mange blocks of the Internet’s resources.
Myth 1: The Internet is free.
Myth 2: Someone controls the Internet.

Myth 3: The Internet and World Wide Web are identical.
Getting set up to use the Internet
Type of device:
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Desktop, Notebook, or Tablet PCs
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Internet appliances – devices that are designed specifically for accessing the Internet
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Mobile devices – mobile web use (or wireless Web)
Type of connection and Internet Access
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Dial-up connection – a type of Internet connection in which the PC or other device must dial up and connect to a service provider’s computer via telephone lines before being connected to the Internet.
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Conventional dial-up Internet access – Dial-up Internet access via a conventional dial-up modem and standard telephone lines.
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ISDN Internet access – Dial-up Internet access that is faster than conventional dial-up, but still uses standard telephone lines.
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Direct connection – an always on type of Internet connection in which the PC or other device is continually connected to the Internet.
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T1 line – fast, direct Internet access via a leased high-speed dedicated line.
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Cable Internet access – fast, direct Internet access via cable TV lines.
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DSL Internet access – fast, direct Internet access via standard telephone lines.
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Satellite Internet access – fast, direct Internet access via the airwaves suing a satellite dish and a satellite modem.
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Fixed wireless Internet access – fast, direct Internet access available in large metropolitan areas via the airwaves and a radio transceiver.
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Mobile wireless Internet access – Internet access via wireless communications network, such as the ones used with cellular phones.
Searching the Internet
Search sites – Web sites that enable users to search for and find information on the Internet – typically locate pages using a keyword search (in which the user specifies keywords for the desired information) or a directory search (in which the user selects categories corresponding to the desired information). Both types of searches use a search database. Search site databases are generally maintained by automated spider programs; directory databases are typically maintained by human editors. Metasearch engines uses multiple search engines, some search sites are natural language sites, and many search sites use a combination of search options.
Discussion group – a type of Internet communications that enables individuals to post messages on a particular topic for others to read and respond to.
Chat room – a type of internet communications that allows multiple users to exchange written messages in real time.
Instant Messaging (IM) – a form of private chat set up to allow users to easily and quickly exchange real-time typed messages with the individuals they specify.

Videoconferencing – The use of computers, video cameras, microphones, and other communications technologies to conduct face-to-face meetings over the Internet.
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) – The process of placing telephone calls via the Internet.
Peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing – The process of sharing resources directly between users via the
Internet.
Portal – A Web site designed to be designated as browser home page; typically can be customized to display personalized content.
Web-based training (WBT) – Instruction delivered on an individual basis via the World Wide Web.
Distance learning – a learning environment in wich the student is physically located away from the instructor and other students; commonly, instruction and communications take place via the
Internet.
Blog – a Web page that contains short, frequently updated entries in chronological order, typically by just one individual; also called a Web log.
Wiki – a collaborative Web page that is designed to be edited and republished by a variety of individuals.
E-Portfolio – a collection of an individual’s work accessible through a Web site.
Internet filtering – using a software program or browser option to block access to particular Web pages or types of Web pages.
Cookie – a small file stored on a user’s hard drive by a Web server; commonly used to identify personal preferences and setting for that user.
Spyware – any software program that is installed without the user’s knowledge and that secretly gathers information about the user and transmits it through their Internet connection.
Web bug – a very small (usually invisible) image on a Web page that transmits data about the Web page visitor to a Web server.
The advantages of web publishing are: o anyone can play o the online nature of web products o low cost o hyperlinks encourage readers to jump around and experience products in personalized ways
The disadvantages of web publishing are: o developing web pages requires certain skills

o you have to commit to keeping your pages constantly updated with fresh material o requires lots of time and work o ensuring that your document presents a consistent look over a wide variety of computer platforms
Internet Presence Providers (IPPs) are the organizations whose servers host web pages.
Goals, audience, and competition should be considered before publishing on the web.
Goals, reaching others, site design, IPPs, testing, coding, promotion, maintenance should be considered during the planning stage of developing a web publishing plan.
A web flowchart describes how web pages relate to each others.
A web storyboard is an ordered series of sketches that show what each page in a web presentation should look like.
Most web pages today are coded in hypertext markup language (HTML).
HTML Editor is a program that simplifies the writing of Web pages by automatically generating
HTML statements to accomplish user-specified tasks.
HTML Wizard is a program that automatically generates an HTML document from screen selections made by the user.
HTML Converter is a plug-in program that is designed to produce HTML code from different documents already created in other formats.