Tactical Science Overview
Course Objectives
COURSE:
Tactical Science Overview
TIME:
4 Hours
INSTRUCTOR(S)
Tactical Science Course instructors who are thoroughly
familiar with the purpose of the course and the particular
focus of the various classes.
METHOD OF INSTRUCTION:
Power Point presentation, Lecture, Moderated Discussion,
Learning Games, Group Participation - Question and
Answer
MATERIALS:
Laptop computer, projector, screen or wall, handout
material, tables and chairs set up in a room suitable for the
given class size.
REFERENCES:
(See attached bibliography—full course)
INSTRUCTIONAL GOAL:
To increase the awareness and understanding of the body of
science that supports sound tactical planning and decision
making.
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES:
At the conclusion of this block or instruction, the student
will be able to:
AUTHOR:
DATE:
A.
Describe and defend tactical decisions and actions
using the correct nomenclature
B.
Describe and explain the scientific doctrines that
support tactical decisions and planning
Charles “Sid” Heal, Los Angeles Sheriff’s Department,
Commander (ret.)
December 7, 2010
REVIEWED BY:
DATE REVIEWED:
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Lesson Plan—Tactical Science Overview
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Tactical Science Overview
Course Objectives
I.
II.
ADMINISTRATIVE
A.
Instructor introduction
B.
Describe the course goals and performance objectives.
ESTABLISHING RELEVANCE
A.
The fundamental difference between education and training
1. Training helps do things better, education identifies whether we are doing the right
thing at all.
2. Training has been focused on a “skill set” while tactical science focuses on an
intuitive application of tried and true scientific principles.
B.
It is important to understand that this course is oriented toward education, not training.
1. Training provides skills while education provides knowledge
2. Training instills confidence while education explains the importance
3. Training improves methods and techniques while education improves
understanding
4. Training fosters expertise and proficiency while education fosters ingenuity
and adaptability
5. But the most important difference between training and education is that
training teaches how to do things better but education teaches how to know
what are the right things to do in the first place
III.
NEGLECTED SCIENCE?
A. The average law enforcement professional is woefully undereducated in the
understanding and application of tried and true tactical principles
B. Understanding the science allows tactical decision makers and planners to be more
imaginative and confident in making decisions and recognizing leverage points and
threats.
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1. It provides an ability to recognize the factors and influences in play and
understanding their significance.
2. It provides an ability to establish valid priorities and understand anticipated
sequences
IV.
TACTICAL SCIENCE
A. Tactical science is defined as “The systematized body of knowledge covering the
principles and doctrines associated with tactical operations and emergency
responses.”
1. Soft science similar to sociology, psychology, economics and anthropology
2. Practical science in that it reconciles scientific knowledge with practical ends
3. Applied science in that its major contribution is applying knowledge
B. At the conclusion of this block of instruction the student will be able to:
1. Understand and explain the advantages of a scientific approach to tactical
operations
2. Understand and explain the fundamental differences between education and
training and why both are necessary for effective tactical operations
3. Understand the consequences of ignorance and why a superficial understanding of
fundamental doctrinal principles can lead to disaster
C. The emphasis of this class is to provide a compelling argument that there is a body of
science that is largely overlooked by the law enforcement community that will support
sound tactical planning and decision making.
V.
NATURE OF CRISES
A. Regardless of how a particular crisis is manifested, there are always five factors
present.
1. Forewarned is forearmed—an understanding of what to expect provides
substantial, even decisive advantages.
2. Recognizing the factors and influences in play allows decision makers and planners
to be more innovative in their approach, more adaptable to changing circumstances
and less intimidated by misfortune.
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B. The emphasis of this portion is to provide the fundamental factors and influences that
are inherent in every tactical situation and explain how they interact and affect the
outcome.
VI.
MODERATED DISCUSSION—The instructors will be prepared to briefly
discuss the following subjects.
A. Too much force
1.
Provide two examples that authorities were alleged to have used too much
force
a. Arrest of Randy Weaver at Ruby Ridge, ID
b. Service of a search warrant on Branch Davidian Compound in Waco,
TX
2.Explain that regardless of the rationale, the public’s confidence and support
were thoroughly shaken by these two incidents
B. Too little force
1.
Provide two examples that authorities were alleged to have used too little
force
a. Arrest/detention of 5150 H&S suspect in Roby, Illinois
b. Arrest of tax evaders in Jordan, MT
2.
Explain that regardless of the rationale, the public’s confidence and support
were equally shaken by these two incidents
C. Where is the middle?
1.
There are many other examples that can be used for comparison.
a. The Rodney King aftermath compared with that of the O.J. Simpson
Trial
b. The Y2K scares
c. The Anthrax scares after 9-11
2.
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Without some understanding of the factors and influences in play, there is
no way to recognize when some particular tactic is applicable and when it is
simply a recipe for disaster.
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3.
Unlike skills, which have been developed specifically for a particular set of
circumstances, concepts are context free, which allows them broad
application
a. There is nothing more valuable than a good theory (Carl Lewin)
because, while they do not provide a definitive resolution, they provide
guidance and understanding.
b. Because principles, concepts, precepts, axioms, adages, sayings,
proverbs, etc. have been crafted by experts, they allow a novice to
exploit the lessons learned without having to actually experience them.
4.
Understanding the factors allows valid priorities to become conspicuous.
a. The “nine principles of war” as applied to the three types of crises
b. The importance of legitimacy (the 10th principle of war) from which the
public will ultimately judge everything from the amount of force used to
the effectiveness of the operation.
Note: This portion concludes with a moderated discussion on the advantages of understanding
tactical science, to include:

Providing a formidable civil defense and accompanying reduction of civil exposure
and damages

Identifying vulnerabilities and flaws in policies, protocols, supervision and training

Anticipating changes in strategy in tactics for low probability but high consequence
events.

Developing countermeasures for:
o Anti and Counter-Terrorist responsibilities by local law enforcement
o Responding to active shooters
o Responding to massed attack
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Tactical Science Course Bibliography
Note: Some works are cited more than once since they were used as source material in more than one class.
Tactics, Science or Art?
 Common Sense Training: A Working Philosophy For Leaders, Lt.Gen. Arthur S. Collins,
Jr., Presidio Press, 1982
 The Art of War, Baron De Jomini, West Point Military Library, Originally published 1862
 The Art of War, Niccolò Machiavelli, 1965 (original publication 1521) Warfighting,
MCDP-1, United States Marine Corps, 1997
 The Book of Five Rings: The Real Art of Japanese Management, Miyamoto Musashi,
Bantam Books, 1982
 Warfighting: Maneuver Warfare in the U.S. Marine Corps – edited by Lt.Col. H.T.
Hayden, 1995
Nature of Crises
 Warfighting, MCDP 1, United States Marine Corps, 1997
 Warfighting: Maneuver Warfare in the U.S. Marine Corps – edited by Lt.Col. H.T.
Hayden, 1995
Nine Principles of War
 "How Would You Move Mount Fuji?" by William Poundstone (Microsoft interview
question).
 Capital “W” War: A Case for Strategic Principles of War, Perspectives on Warfighting,
Number Six – Dr. Joe Strange, Marine Corps War College, 1998
 Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Fire Fighters and EMS Responders, International Fire
Chiefs Association, Final Report - June 2007, Diane L. Elliot, MD, FACP, FACSM and
Kerry S. Kuehl, MD, DPH.
 Occam’s razor - The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Third
Edition.
 Rethinking the Principles of War, edited by Anthony D. McIvor, Naval Institute Press,
2005
 Sharping the Warriors Edge - The Psychology and Science of Training by Bruce K. Siddle,
2001 (basis for Simon game exercise).
 Sound Doctrine by Charles “Sid” Heal, 2000.
 The Art of Maneuver: Maneuver Warfare Theory and Airland Battle, by Robert Leonhard,
1994.
 The Art of War By Sun Tzu, translated by Lionel Giles.
 The Foundations of the Science of War by Colonel J. F. C. Fuller, D.S.O.
 The Foundations of the Science of War, J. F. C. Fuller, (Fort Leavenworth, Kans.: US
Army Command and General Staff College Press, 1993).
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The Military Maxims of Napoleon - Compiled by General Burnod, First published in 1827.
Copyright Expired.
The Nine Principles of War, as defined in the Army Field Manual FM-3 Military
Operations.
The Strategy of the Fighter Pilot (John R. Boyd) by Keith H. Hammonds, 2002.
Envisioning and Achieving the End State
 Anticipating the Good, Bad and the Ugly: An Early Warning Approach to Conflict and
Instability Analysis, 1975-2015, Center for Army Analysis, 2001
 Armed Conflict in the 21st Century: The Information Revolution and Post-Modern
Warfare, Steven Metz, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College 2000
 Corralling the Trojan Horse: A Proposal for Improving U.S. Urban Operations,
Preparedness in the period 2000-2025, Dr. Russell We. Glenn, RAND Corporation, 2001
 Decisive Warfare: A Study in Military Theory, Reginald Bretnor, Stackpole Books, 1969
 Fighting for the Future, Ralph Peters, Stackpole Books, 1999
 Forward into Battle: Fighting Tactics from Waterloo to the Near Future, Paddy Griffith,
Presidio Press, 1992
 Future War: Non-Lethal Weapons in the Twenty-First-Century Warfare, Colonel John B.
Alexander, St. Martin’s Press, 1999
 Future Warfare, Maj.Gen. Robert H. Scales, Jr., U.S. Army War College, 1999
 How to Make War: A Comprehensive Guide to Modern Warfare for the Post-Col War
Era, James F. Dunningan, William Morrow and Company, 1993
Terrain Analysis
 Rifle Platoon in the Defense, The Basic School Extension Course, United States Marine
Corps, 1978
 Rifle Platoon in the Offense, The Basic School Extension Course, United States Marine
Corps, 1978
 Tactics, MCDP 1-3, United States Marine Corps, 1997
 The Art of War, Sun Tzu, edited by James Clavell, Delta Paperbooks, 1983
 The Art of War, Sun Tzu, translated Samuel B. Griffith, Oxford University Press, 1982
Maneuvering in Time
 Boyd: The Fighter Pilot Who Changed the Art of War, Robert Coram, Little Brown
Publishers, 2002
 Heavy Matter: Urban Operations’ Density of Challenges, Dr. Russell W. Glenn, RAND
Corporation, 2000
Crisis Decision Making
 A Natural History of the Senses, Diane Ackerman Ph.D, Vintage Books, 1995
 A Primer on Decision Making: How Decisions Happen, James G. March, The Free
Press, 1994
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An Alchemy of Mind: The Marvel and Mystery of the Brain, Diane Ackerman Ph.D,
Scribner, 2004
Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking, Malcolm Gladwell, Little Brown &
Company, 2005
Bounded Rationality: The Adaptive Toolbox, edited by Gerd Gigerenzer and Reinhard
Selton, Dahlem Workshop Reports, 1999
Building Organizational Decision Support Systems, Grace M. Carter, Michael P. Murray,
Robert G. Walker, Warren E. Walker, Academic Press, 1992
Calculated Risks, Gerd Gigerenzer, Simon & Schuster, 2002
Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge, Edward O. Wilson, Alfred A. Knopf Publishing,
1998
Creative Problem Solving, Donald J. Noone, Ph.D., Barron’s 1993
de Bono’s Thinking Course, Edward de Bono, Facts on File, Inc., 1994
Force Under Pressure: How Cops Live and Why They Die, Lawrence N. Blum, Ph.D,
Lantern Books, 2000
Fuzzy Logic, Daniel McNeill and Paul Freiberger, Touchstone, 1993
Human Error, James Reason, Cambridge University Press, 2007
Inevitable Illusions: How Mistakes of Reason Rule Our Minds, Massimo
Piattelli-Palmarini, John Wiley & Sons, 1994
Information Anxiety 2, Richard Saul Wurman, Que Publishing, 2001
Information Anxiety, Richard Saul Wurman, Doubleday, 1989
Infosense: Turning Information into Knowledge, Keith Devlin, W.H. Freeman and
Company, 1999
Intuition at Work: Why Developing Your Gut Instincts Will Make You Better at What You
Do, Gary Klein, Ph.D, Doubleday, 2003
Lateral Thinking, Edward de Bono, Harper & Row, 1973
Make the Most of Your Mind, Tony Buzan, Simon & Schuster, 1977
Make the Most of Your Mind, Tony Buzan, Simon & Schuster, 1984
Making Decisions Under Stress: Implications for Individual and Team Training, edited
by Janis A. Cannon-Bowers and Eduardo Salas, American Psychological Association,
1998
Making Hard Decisions: An Introduction to Decision Analysis, Robert T. Clemen,
Duxbury Press, 1996
Mind Hacks: Tips & Tools for Using Your Brain, Tom Stafford & Matt Webb, O’Reilly
Publishers, 2004
Mindsighting: Mental Toughness Skills for Police Officers in High Stress Situations,
Michael J. Asken, Ph.D, Mindsighting, 2005
On Combat: The Psychology and Physiology of Deadly Conflict in War and in Peace,
Lt.Col. Dave Grossman, PPCT Research Publications, 2004
On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society, Lt.Col. Dave
Grossman, Little Brown and Company, 1996
On War, Carl Von Clausewitz, Penguin Books, 1968 (originally published 1832)
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Sharpening the Warriors Edge - The Psychology and Science of Training by Bruce K.
Siddle, 2001 (basis for Simon game exercise).
Simple Heuristics That Make Us Smart, Gerd Gigerenzer,Peter M. Todd and the ABC
Research Group, Oxford University Press, 1999
Sources of Power: How People Make Decisions: Gary Klein. Ph.D, MIT Press, 1999
Team Performance Assessment and Measurement: Theory, Methods, and Applications,
Michael T. Brannick, Eduardo Salas, Carolyn Prince, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1997
The Compleat Strategyst, J.D. Williams, Dover Publications, 1966
The Humane Interface, Jef Raskin, Addison-Wesley, 2000
The Mechanism of Mind, Edward de Bono, Penguin Books, 1969
The Power of Intuition: How t use Your Gut Feelings To Make Better Decisions at Work,
Gary Klein, Doubleday, 2004
The Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making, Scott Plous, McGraw-Hill, 1993
Thinkertoys, Michael Michalko, Ten Speed Press, 1991
Thinking Better, David Lewis Ph.D, and James Greene, Rawson Wade, 1982
Thunderbolt Thinking, Grace McGartland, Bard Press Books, 1994
Tools for Thinking and Problem Solving, Moshe F. Rubenstein, Prentice-Hall, 1986
use Both Sides of your Brain, Tony Buzan, Plume Books, 1990
Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know, Thomas H.
Davenport, Laurence Prusak, Harvard Business School Press, 1992
Strategy and Tactics
 Advanced Tactics, The Basic School Extension Course, United States Marine Corps, 1979
 Amphibious Operations, The Basic School Extension Course, United States Marine Corps,
1974
 An Attack on Duffer’s Downtown, Russell W. Glenn, RAND Corporation, 2001
 Battle Leadership, Captain Adolf Von Schell, The Benning Herald Publishing, 1988
 Campaigning, FMFM 1-1, United States Marine Corps, 1990
 Combat Techniques, Warfighting Skills Program, Marine Corps Institute, 1991
 Combined Arms, Warfighting Skills Program, Marine Corps Institute, 1990
 Ground Combat Operations, OH 6-1, Marine Corps Combat Development Command,
Quantico, VA 1988
 Makers of Modern Strategy: Military Thought from Machiavelli to Hitler, edited by
Edward Mead Earle, Princeton University Press, 1971
 Maneuver Warfare Handbook, William S. Lind, Westview Special Studies in Military
Affairs, 1985
 Mao Tse-Tung on Guerrilla Warfare, Samuel B. Griffith II, 1992
 Marine Corps Leadership, Warfighting Skills Program, Marine Corps Institute, 1990
 Marine Rifle Company/Platoon, FMFM 6-4, United States Marine Corps, 1981
 Masters of War: Classical Strategic Thought, Michael I. Handel, Routledge Publishing,
2005
 Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain, (MOUT), FM 90-10, Headquarters, U.S.
Army, 1979
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Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain, MCWP 3-35.3, United States Marine Corps,
1998
Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain, United States Marine Corps, 1980
Operations on Urban Terrain, Marine Corps Institute, Marine Barracks, Washington D.C.,
1984
Operations, FM 100-5, Headquarters, Department of the Army, 1986
Rifle Company Tactics, The Basic School Extension Course, United States Marine Corps,
1973
Rifle Platoon in the Defense, The Basic School Extension Course, United States Marine
Corps, 1978
Rifle Platoon in the Offense, The Basic School Extension Course, United States Marine
Corps, 1978
Roots of Strategy, Stackpole Books, 1985
Small Unit Tactical Problems, Warfighting Skills Program, Marine Corps Institute, 1989
Spec Ops: Case Studies in Special Operations Warfare: Theory and Practice, William H.
McRaven, Presidio Press, 1996
Strategy, MCDP 1-1, United States Marine Corps, 1997
Tactical Fundamentals, Warfighting Skills Program, Marine Corps Institute, 1989
Tactics, MCDP 1-3, United States Marine Corps, 1997
The 33 Strategies of War, Robert Greene, Viking Books, 2006
The Defense of Duffer’s Drift, E.D. Swinton, Avery Publishing Group, 1986
Urban Operations, FM 3-06, Headquarters, Department of the Army, 1979
Operations
 Combat Communications, FM 24-1, Headquarters, U.S. Army, 1976
 Command and Control, MCDP 6, United States Marine Corps, 1996
 Communication Plans and Orders, Marine Corps Institute, Marine Barracks, Washington
D.C., 1984
 Operations Against Guerrilla Units, Marine Corps Institute, Marine Barracks, Washington
D.C., 1980
 Organized Behavior in Disaster, Russell R. Dynes, Disaster Research Center, Ohio State
University, 1974
 Patton’s Principles, Porter B. Williamson, Management and Systems Consultants, 1979
The Planning Process
 Centers of Gravity & Critical Vulnerabilities: Building on the Clausewitzian Foundation
So That we can All Speak the Same Language, Perspectives on Warfighting, Number Four,
Second Edition - Dr. Joe Strange, Marine Corps War College, 1996
 Clausewitz, Michael Howard, Oxford Publishers, 1983
 Managing Complexity During Military Urban Operations: Visualizing the Elephant –
Russell W. Glenn, RAND Corporation, 2004
 Planning, MCDP 5, United States Marine Corps, 1997
 Police Disaster Operations, Allen P. Bristow, Charles C. Thomas Publishing, 1972
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
Policing and Mass Casualty Events, Volume 3 of the Proceedings of the Futures Working
Group, edited by Joseph A. Schafer & Bernard H. Levin, 2007
Plans
 Centers of Gravity & Critical Vulnerabilities: Building on the Clausewitzian Foundation
So That we can All Speak the Same Language, Perspectives on Warfighting, Number Four,
Second Edition - Dr. Joe Strange, Marine Corps War College, 1996
 Clausewitz, Michael Howard, Oxford Publishers, 1983
 Managing Complexity During Military Urban Operations: Visualizing the Elephant –
Russell W. Glenn, RAND Corporation, 2004
 Police Disaster Operations, Allen P. Bristow, Charles C. Thomas Publishing, 1972
 Policing and Mass Casualty Events, Volume 3 of the Proceedings of the Futures Working
Group, edited by Joseph A. Schafer & Bernard H. Levin, 2007
Class Exercise – Planning & Case Study
 Police, school district defend drug raid, CNN.com article, November 10, 2003.
 Sharping the Warriors Edge - The Psychology and Science of Training by Bruce K. Siddle,
2001.
 Sound Doctrine by Charles “Sid” Heal, 2000.
 Sources of Power – How People Make Decisions by Gary Klein, 1999.
 The Anatomy of Fear and How it Relates to Survival Skills Training by Darren Laur, 2002.
 The Complete Wargames Handbook: How to Play, Design & Find Them, James F.
Dunnigan, William Morrow, 1992
 The Expert Mind by Philip E. Ross, 2006
 The Fear Factor: When the Brain Decides It's Time to Scram by Nikhil Swaminathan,
Scientific America.com, 2007.
 The Problem with Being Human: Implications for Law Enforcement Training, Tactics and
Testimony by Audrey L. Honig, PhD., 2007.
 Training Adaptable Leaders: Lessons from Research and Practice, U.S. Army Research
Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, Report #1844.
 War Games: The Secret World of the Creators, Players, and Policy Makes Rehearsing
World War III Today, Thomas B. Allen, Naval Institute Press, 1987
 What Promotes Peak Performance in Lethal-force Conflicts (part 2 of 2), Force Science
Research Center, Force Science News #75, 2007.
Gathering & Using Intelligence
 Combat Intelligence, OH 2-1-1, Marine Corps Combat Development Command, Quantico,
VA 1983
 Combat Intelligence, The Basic School Extension Course, United States Marine Corps,
1979
 Intelligence, MCDP 2, United States Marine Corps, 1997
 Introduction to Combat Intelligence, Marine Corps Institute, Marine Barracks,
Washington D.C., 1994
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Military Blunders: The How and Why of Military Failure, Saul David, Carroll & Graf
Publishers, 1997
Military Misfortunes: The Anatomy of Failure in War, Eliot A. Cohen and John Gooch,
Random House, 1991
Logistics
 Logistics, MCDP 4, United States Marine Corps, 1997
 The Soldier’s Load and The Mobility of a Nation, Col. S.L.A. Marshall, Marine Corps
Association, 1980
Fighting in Five Dimensions
 Networks, Terrorism and Global Insurgency, edited by Robert J. Bunker, Routledge
Publishing, 2006
 Non-State Threats and Future Wars, editor Robert J. Bunker, 2003
 Reading Athena’s Dance Card: Men Against Fire in Vietnam, Russell W. Glenn, Naval
Institute Press, 2000
 Urban Battle Command in the 21st Century, Russell W. Glenn, Gina Kingston, RAND
Corporation, 2005
Battlespace Dynamics & Asymmetric Strategy
 Guns Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies, Jared Diamond, W.W. Norton,
1999
 MAGTF Operations Commander and Staff Planning Guide, Command and Staff College,
United States Marine Corps, 1994
 Peacekeeping, Peacemaking and Peace-Enforcement: The U.S. Role in the New
International Order, Donald M. Snow, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War
College, 1993
 Ready for Armageddon, Proceedings of the 2001 RAND
Arroyo-Joint-ACTD-CETO-USMC Nonlethal and Urban Operations Program Urban
Operations Conference, RAND Corporation, 2002
 Small Wars Manual, United States Marine Corps, 1940, Sunflower University Press,
1940
 Strategic Nonviolent Conflict: The Dynamics of People Power in the Twentieth Century,
Peter Ackerman & Christopher Kruegler, Praeger Publishing, 1994
 Swarming on the Battlefield; Past, Present and Future, Sean J.A. Edwards, RAND
Corporation, 2000
 Terrorism Counteraction, OH 7-14 (FOUO) Marine Corps Combat Development
Command, Quantico, VA 1984
 The Pentagon’s New Map: War and Peace in the Twenty-First Century, Thomas P.M.
Barnett, G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 2003
 The Sling and the Stone: On War in the 21st Century, Col. Thomas X. Hammes, Zenith
Press, 2004
 Unit Terrorism Counteraction, Field Circular/Operational Handbook, FC 100-37-1/OH
7-14.1, Marine Corps Combat Development Command, Quantico, VA 1985
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Managing a Dynamic Tactical Problem
 Occam’s razor - The American Heritage Dictionary of the English.
 OODA Loop (Boyd Cycle) by Colonel John R. Boyd.
 Sharpening the Warriors Edge - The Psychology and Science of Training by Bruce K.
Siddle, 2001.
 The Art of War By Sun Tzu, translated by Lionel Giles.
 The Fear Factor: When the Brain Decides It's Time to Scram by Nikhil Swaminathan,
Scientific America.com, 2007.
 The Foundations of the Science of War by Colonel J. F. C. Fuller, D.S.O.
 The Information-Based Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) and the Principles of War by
Major Leonard G. Litton, USAF, 2000 (Principle of Legitimacy).
 The Military Maxims of Napoleon - Compiled by General Burnod, First published in 1827.
Copyright Expired.
 The Nine Principles of War, as defined in the Army Field Manual FM-3 Military
Operations.
Dynamics of a Tactical Decision
 Occam’s razor - The American Heritage Dictionary of the English.
 Sharping the Warriors Edge - The Psychology and Science of Training by Bruce K. Siddle,
2001.
 Sound Doctrine by Charles “Sid” Heal, 2000.
 Sources of Power – How People Make Decisions by Gary Klein, 1999.
 SWAT Operational Guidelines and Standardized Training Recommendations, California
Peace Officers Standards and Training, POST2005TPS-0369.1.
 The Art of War By Sun Tzu, translated by Lionel Giles.
 The Information-Based Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) and the Principles of War by
Major Leonard G. Litton, USAF, 2000 (Principle of Legitimacy).
 The Nine Principles of War, as defined in the Army Field Manual FM-3 Military
Operations.
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