Citizens’ Accessibility with Sustainable
Transport Modes as basis when Defining
the Right Mix of Measures
– the Accessibility Index
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Hanna Wennberg, Trivector Traffic AB, Sweden
Erika Knobblock, City of Malmö, Sweden
DEVELOPING AN ACCESSIBILITY INDEX
Overarching goal of the mobility policy in the City of Malmö:
Walking, cycling and public transport
are the first hand choices for transport.
Objectives:
Develop a normative accessibility index based on relevant measurements
Use maps to illustrate sustainable accessibility based on a number of
criteria for sustainable transport modes
Assess the impact of measures undertaken
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Accessibility with sustainable transport modes (relative to car) is
crucial for more sustainable transport systems
There are several ways to measure accessibility, but no accepted
method to sum up different measurements
ACCESSIBILITY – A DEFINITION
The ease of access or how
easily people can reach desired
activities:
Macro-level – geographical
accessibility and land-use patterns
Meso-level – availability and quality of
transport modes
Micro-level – occurrence of various
environmental barriers (poor standard)
Individual accessibility
– accessibility of individuals
Robustness
or groups – sustainable,
reliable, safe, meet various
needs etc.
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Place-specific accessibility
Freedom of
of areas
choice – be
– accessibility
able to choose between
several modes with good
accessibility
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MEASURING ACCESSIBILITY
Travel time
Distance
Density
Relative attractiveness,
e.g. travel time ratio
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Selected accessibility measurements
are based on previous research, e.g.
the EU project ISEMOA
(www.isemoa.eu) and “Enkla
tillgänglighetsmått” (funded by
Swedish Transport Administration).
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Access to activities
you rarely do or to
activities more "on
the road"
Access to leisure/
recreation, work,
friends, grocery
store, care centre.
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Children's
accessibility is the
most important!
Haugen K (2011) The Advantage of ‘Near’: Which Accessibilities Matter to Whom? EJTIR 11(4):368-388.
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Calculation principle
• 226 areas in Malmö collect
scores based on eight criteria
for accessibility with sustainable
transport modes
• The accessibility index is the
mean value for the eight criteria
Score
5
Level of accessibility
Good accessibility
4
3
Average accessibility – ”acceptable level”
2
0
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1
Poor accessibility
6
8 CRITERIA
1. Travel time by walking to 10 destinations
2
2. Travel time by cycling to 10 destinations
1
6
3. Travel time ratio bicycle/car to 10 destinations
1
4. Travel time ratio PT/car to 3 destinations (city centre, nearest
shopping mall, nearest major node in public transport)
2
5. Distance to nearest bus stop (with good headway)
1
6. Distance to nearest major node in public transport
3
7. Distance to nearest carpool
1
8. Range of travel opportunities, i.e. access to several
sustainable modes with good accessibility (freedom of choice)
1
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6
7
1. Nearest child care
3
2. Nearest school
3
3. Nearest care centre
2
4. Nearest grocery store
2
5. Nearest park/recreational area
2
6. Nearest public facility for sports/exercise
1
7. Nearest play ground (only theme level)
1
8. City centre
3
9. Nearest community centre
3
10. Nearest shopping mall
2
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10 DESTINATIONS
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Share of citizens in Malmö living in
areas with different accessibility levels:
59 %
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of the citizens in Malmö have at
least an acceptable accessibility
with sustainable modes.
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Distance (m)
Travel time (min)
Score
- 250 m
- 3,75 min
5
250-499 m
3,75 - 7,5 min
4
500-999 m
7,5 - 15 min
3
1000-1499 m
15 - 22,5 min
2
1500-1999 m
22,5 - 30 min
1
2000 - m
30 - min
0
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1. Travel time by walking to 10
destinations
10
Distance (m)
Travel time (min)
Score
- 1 km
- 3,75 min
5
1-2 km
3,75 - 7,5 min
4
2-4 km
7,5 - 15 min
3
4-6 km
15 - 22,5 min
2
6-9 km
22,5 - 33,75 min
1
9 - km
33,75 - min
0
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2. Travel time by cycling to 10
destinations
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Travel time ratio (bicycle/car)
Score
-1
5
1 (more than 1) - 1,25
4
1,25 - 1,5
3
1,5 - 1,75
2
1,75 – 2
1
2-
0
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3. Travel time ratio bicycle/car to
10 destinations
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5. Distance to nearest bus stop
(with good headway)
Distance (m)
Score
-199 m
5
200 - 299 m
4
300 - 399 m
3
400 - 499 m
2
500 - 599 m
1
600- m
0
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Only bus stops with at least:
• 30 minutes headway on weekdays
at 06-00, Saturdays at 07-00 and
Sundays at 07-22 AND
• 10 minutes headway on weekdays
at 06-09 and 15-18
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8. Range of travel opportunities,
i.e. access to several sustainable
modes with good accessibility
(freedom of choice)
1: Travel time by walking to 10 destinations
2: Travel time by cycling to 10 destinations
6: Distance to nearest bus stop
7: Distance to nearest major node in PT
Criteria
Score
Mean score 4,5 AND no score < 3
5
Mean score 3,5 AND no score < 3
4
Mean score 3 AND no score < 3
3
Mean score 2
2
Mean score 1
1
Mean score < 1
0
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Aggregate of four criteria:
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HOW THE CITY OF MALMÖ USES THE INDEX
Status reports
Compare different investment options
Compare accessibility between areas and
for population groups
Evaluate effectiveness of various measures
Monitor progress over time
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RIGHT MIX OF MEASURES
LOW
HIGH
POOR
Physical +
communicative
measures
Physical measures
GOOD
Communicative
measures
Maintain…
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Accessibility with
sustainable modes
Use of sustainable modes
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Scores for the 10 destinations (1. travel time by walking to 10 destinations, 5-7.
distances to nearest bus stop, nearest major node in PT, and carpool):
Nearest child care
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Share of children (0-6)
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Hanna Wennberg, Trivector Traffic
hanna.wennberg@trivector.se
+46 10 456 56 08
Erika Knobblock, City of Malmö
© Trivector
erika.knobblock@malmo.se
+46 72 181 27 68
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