THE DYNAMIC LAND ECOSYSTEM MODEL (DLEM) AND
ITS APPLICATIONS IN NORTH AMERICA
Ming-Liang Liu (mingliang.liu@wsu.edu)
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, WSU, Pullman, WA
Prior Institute:
International Center for Climate and Global Change Research
Ecosystem Dynamics and Global Ecology Laboratory
Auburn University, Auburn, AL
October 14, 2011
1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
•
Hanqin TIAN
•
Chi ZHANG
•
Guangsheng CHEN
•
Chaoquan LU
•
Wei REN
•
Xiaofeng XU
•
Jia YANG
•
Supported by NASA IDS, NASA LCLUC, DOE NICCR
2
OUTLINE
• Model Introduction – Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM)
• Recent Improvements
• Validations
• Applications
• Discussions
3
INTRODUCTION
•
Regional Earth System Model
http://www.pnnl.gov/atmospheric/iresm/modeling.stm
4
MODEL (DLEM)
Chen et al., 2006; Liu et al., 2008; Ren et al., 2007a; Ren et al., 2007b; Ren et al., 2011b; Tian et al., 2011; Tian
et al., 2010a; Tian et al., 2010b; Tian et al., 2010c; Xu et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2007
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6
INPUT
MODEL
Driving Factors
Climate
CO2 Related:
.Temperature
.Precipitation
.Radiation
.Relative Humidity
.Carbon Storage
.Harvest
.Ecosystem Respiration
.Net Primary Productivity
.Net Ecosystem Exchange
.Export of DOC and POC
Atmospheric Compositions
.CO2
.O3
.Nitrogen Deposition
Land Use
.Deforestation
.Urbanization
.Harvest
.Fertilization
.Irrigation
Other Disturbances
.Wildfire
.Disease
.Climate Extremes
Soil
Controlling Factors
OUTPUT
.Physical Properties
.Chemical Properties
.Depth
Geomorphology
.Elevation
.Slope
.Aspect
River Network
.Flow Direction
.Accumulative Area
.River Slope
.River Length
.River Width
Vegetation Functional Type
Cropping System
Non-CO2 GHG;
Dynamic
Land
Ecosystem
Model
.CH4 Emissions
.N2O Emissions
Water Related;
.Surface Runoff
.Subsurface Flow
.Evapotranspiration
.Soil Moisture
.River Discharge
Nitrogen Related:
.Nitrogen Storage
.Mineralization Rate
.Nitrofication Rate
.Denitrification Rate
.Export of TN
7
IMPROVEMENTS
• From single land cover to cohort structure
• Rainfall disaggregation
• Multi-soil layer, TOPMOD, Ground water - CLM methods
• River routine
8
•
From single land cover to cohort structure
vegetation cover, impervious surface, lake, stream,
sea, bare ground, and glacier
9
•
Rainfall disaggregation
Sivakumar & Sharma, 2008
Connolly et al., 1998
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•
Multi-soil layer, TOPMOD, Ground water - CLM methods
Liu et al., 2008
Niu et al., 2007, 2009
Beven & Kirkby, 1979
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Precipitation
Canopy Evaporation
Rain
Sublimation
Snow
Water-surface Evaporation
Evaporation
Liquid
Interception
Snow
Canopy
(1, 2, …n types)
Transpiration
Water Uptake
Throughfall
Impervious surface
Surface
Runoff
Water body
(lake, stream)
Discharge
Sublimation
Soil Evaporation
Surface Runoff
Melt
Snow cover
Infiltration
Saturated
area
Zone of aeration
Redistribution
Recharge
Water Table
Zone of saturation
Soil
Recharge
Aquifer
Hydrological processes simulated by DLEM
Drainage Runoff
12
•
River routine
13
Scheme of C & N yield and export in the DLEM
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VALIDATIONS
• Field observations, e.g. AmeriFlux network
• River gauges
• Model-data fusion data sets, e.g. up-scaled observations
• Other regional model results
15
Model Validations
Distributions of AmeriFlux towers for model validation
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1200
Dai et al., 2009
1000
River Discharge (km3/year)
VALIDATIONS
Simulated
USGS_Mississippi+Afalatchalaya
800
600
400
200
0
1928
1938
1948
1958
1968
1978
1988
1998
2008
Year
Comparison of simulated discharges with
reconstructed historical discharge and USGS
observations (MARB)
The comparison of simulated ET vs observations
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Rosemount G19 Alternative Rotations (cropland)
Missouri Ozark (Deciduous Broad-leaf Forest)
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WATERSHED 18 WITHIN THE COWEETA BASIN,
NORTH CAROLINA, USA
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4500
4000
Observations
Simulated
3500
3000
Connecticut
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
2003
8000
7000
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2005
2006
2007
2008
2005
2006
2007
2008
Observations
Simulated
6000
5000
Hudson
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
2003
12000
10000
2004
Observations
Simulated
8000
Delaware
6000
4000
2000
20
0
2003
2004
30000
25000
Observations
Simulated
20000
Susquehanna
15000
10000
5000
0
2003
2004
6000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2005
2006
2007
2008
2005
2006
2007
2008
Observations
Simulated
5000
4000
Potmac
3000
2000
1000
0
2003
2004
6000
Observations
5000
Simulated
4000
James
3000
2000
1000
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0
2003
2004
VERIFICATION OF C&N EXPORT
DIN export from Mississippi river basin
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5/26/1981
5/19/1981
5/12/1981
5/5/1981
4/28/1981
4/21/1981
3.5
4/14/1981
4/7/1981
3/31/1981
3/24/1981
3/17/1981
3/10/1981
3/3/1981
2/24/1981
2/17/1981
2/10/1981
2/3/1981
1/27/1981
Total Nitrogen Concentration (mgN/L)
4
Simulated TN (mg/L)
obs_TN
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Date
Simulated vs. observed TN of the Potomac river
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APPLICATIONS
• The Gulf of Mexico
• The Eastern Coast
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DATA
 DEM, slope: HRDRO1K data sets
 Lake, river fractional data: SRTM-Water Body Data; GLC2000; Global Lakes
and Wetlands Database (GLWD)
 Soil data: ISRIC-WISE derived soil properties with 5×5 arc-minute
resolution
 Climate: North America Regional Reanalysis (NARR) data from NCEP
 River networks: 5 arc-minute global river networks (Graham et al., WRR,
1999)
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Study area and land cover in 2005 (land cover shows the dominant type in each 5 arc-minute grid)
Sub-basins: EC: East Coast of GOM; MARB: Mississippi-Atchafalaya River Basin; TB: Texas Basin;
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RGB: Rio Grande Basin; WSC: Western and Southern Coast of GOM
Land use conversions during 1901-2005
(The different color shows the dominant conversion in each 5 arcminute grid and total change is larger than 5% of grid area)
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Anomalies of ET, runoff, and precipitations during 1901-2008 (unit: mm per year)
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30
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EASTERN COAST
Eastern Coast Study Area
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LAND-USE/LAND-COVER
Land use, 2005
Land use conversions, 1901-200536
CLIMATE CHANGE
% per Century of precipitation
°C per Century
Trend in annual temperature and precipitation, 1901-2008
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SPATIAL PATTERN OF RUNOFF
Mean annual runoff, 1901-2008 (mm/year)
Trend in annual runoff, 1901-2008 (% per Century)
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DISCHARGE
650
Discharge (km3)
Trend (1971-2008)
5 year Mov. Avg.
600
550
Discharge (km3)
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
1901
1911
1921
1931
1941
1951
Year
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
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EXPORT OF TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON
4
TOC
Average
5 per. Mov. Avg. (TOC)
TOC flux (TgC/year)
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
1901
1911
1921
1931
SS
1901-1970
1971-2008
Change (%)
1941
1951 1961
Year
1971
1981
1991
2001
GOM
MAB
SAB
GS
0.045
0.438
0.743
0.682
0.028
0.049
0.524
0.891
0.617
0.026
8.95% 19.83% 20.01% -9.49% -6.91%
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TOC YIELD AND TREND
Mean TOC yield, 1901-2008 (gC/m2/year)
Trend in TOC yield, 1901-2008 (gC/m2/year/year)
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EXPORT OF NITROGEN
0.45
DIN
Linear (DIN)
Linear (TON)
0.4
TON
5 per. Mov. Avg. (DIN)
5 per. Mov. Avg. (TON)
Nitrogen export (TgN/yr)
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
1901
1911
1921
1931
1941
1951 1961
Year
1971
1981
1991
2001
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TOTAL NITROGEN YIELD AND TREND
Mean TN yield, 1901-2008 (gN/m2/year)
Trend in TN yield, 1901-2008 (gN/m2/year/year)
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Mean TN export, 1901-2008 (Thousand ton N
(109
gN)/year)
DRIVING FORCES - ON TN EXPORT
Anomaly of TN export (TgN/year)
0.4
ALL
0.3
ALL_noppt
ALL_notemp
Climate
Land-use
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
1901
1911
1921
1931
1941
1951
1961
Year
1971
1981
1991
2001
Estimated anomaly of TN export under different simulation experiments
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OTHER APPLICATIONS
•
NACP – Site and regional model-data comparison
•
North America GHG emissions
•
Southeast of US
•
China GHG budget
•
Monsoon Asia
•
Global
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The annual mean leaching and exports of nutrients from land surface of North America during 1961-1990 as
estimated by Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model with Nutrients Export (DLEM-NE)
A. TN leaching from inland watershed (gN/m2/year)
B. TN export from each 0.5° ×0.5° grid to downstream grid (Metric ton N/grid)
C. TOC leaching from inland watershed (gC/m2/year)
D. TOC export from each 0.5° ×0.5° grid to downstream grid (Metric ton C/grid)
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NEE Seasonal cycle (Howland)
Image credit: Dan Ricciuto
Preliminary resultsof model-data Inter-comparison for the NACP Site-LevelInterim Synthesis

Peter Thornton, Kevin Schaefer

NACP Synthesis Management Team

Ameriflux and Fluxnet Canada Investigators

Modeling Team Investigators

Dan Riccuito, Barbara Jackson
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Net Ecosystem Exchange
Inverse Models
Forward Models
Temperate North America
Regional Interim Synthesis
Breakout Discussion Report
NACP Interim Synthesis Workshop
Oak Ridge, TN, November 9-11, 2009
By W. Mac Post
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DISCUSSIONS
•
Coupling with water quality model and regional climate model
•
Social-economic data/model
•
Model-data fusion
•
Super computer technology
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CO2,s
O2,s
NH3,s
H2CO3*
(M/L)
HCO3(M/L)
N2,S
CO32(M/L)
photosynthesis
R
O2
P
hydrolysis
ana
NH3
N uptake
Phytoplankton
a (mg Chla/m3)
excr
Den..
POC & PON
Cp
Np
(g(C,N)/m3)
Nitri.
acdnc
egestion
Nitri.
NO3-
N2
Den..
dissolution
1-εh
εh
NO2-
NH4+
DOC & DON
Cd
Nd
(g(C,N)/m3)
aca
R
Herb. Zooplancton
Zh (g(C,N)/m3
azhnc
excr
egestion
εc
1-εc
R
LEGEND
excr/death
Nitrogen (N) flux
Carn. Zooplancton
Zc (g(C,N)/m3)
settling
Oxygen (O) flux
Carbon (C) flux
azcnc
C&N flux
Sediments
Chemical equilibrium
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http://www.yearofplenty.org/2010/10/index.html
THANK YOU!
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http://hill.chem.wsu.edu/PhotoGallery/Pullman