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Unit 3: Industrial Revolutions
Aim #1: How did the Industrial Revolution develop in England?
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The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in 1750  18th century
o The first largest city in England before Industrialization was London. It was the only city
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Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?
o The Industrial Revolution began in England because:
A. Raw materials: coal and iron
B. Water Power: trade and energy
C. Great Source of manufactured goods (received raw materials like cotton from the
colonies)
1. Colonies are a market that United Kingdom could sell to
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The first two industries to industrialize in England were:
1. textiles (fabric)
2. Iron Tools
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Two early sources of energy
1. Water  wheel turns water (change from man power – people turned themselves)
2. Wind  turns the water to make energy for factories
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How was energy made/changed over time?
1. Human power
2. Water/Wind
3. Steam
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How did water power machines like the spinning jenny (sewing machine) and power loom (advanced sewing
machine) have on home based industries (sewing done in the home)?
o The first sewing machines relied on human power/ labor  took a long time = higher prices
o Sewing machines found in factories made clothing faster and quicker making prices decrease
Compare and Contrast Cottage Industry (made in the home) vs. Factory Industry
Cottage Industry (Home)
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Safer
Better working conditions
Were able to talk to each other while they worked
More casual (laid back) and less structured
Factory Industry
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More machines
More crowded (more workers)
Unsanitary (not clean) conditions
Dangerous
Owners did not care if you got hurt or worked long
hours
Did not allow people to talk  time is money
People repeated the same task over and over  start
to go crazy and make mistakes (this led to injuries)
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Why was water and wind energy a problem?
o Not a reliable source of energy!
o Example: during the winter, ports could freeze. On a warm day there was not wind to turn the mill.
o Effect: you would lose business and not make a lot of materials
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What invention replaced wind and water energy?  Steam Engine
o Steam Engine used coal as fuel  no longer needed to be located near water
o Production needed to take place all year (this could not be done when factories relied on water and
wind for energy)
o The steam engine allowed production to take place all year long
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Why were coal and iron (natural resources) so important to industrialization?
o Coal was used for fuel and energy to power the machines example: steam engine and railroads
o Iron/Ore: used to make machines and factories
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What factors led to urbanization (the growth of cities)?
o Definition of urbanization  movement from rural (farm) to urban areas (cities)
o Increased population due to the Agrarian (Agricultural) Revolution.
 People start to live longer
o New machinery = more food and agriculture.
o People no longer need to work on farms because of new farm technology
 Seed Drill
 Iron Plough
o Machinery = mass production  this requires a new need for workers
o More workers begin to work in the factories.
o People start to move to cities to work there (people need jobs)
o More people = consumer economy (to buy products)
Aim #2: Why was Great Britain the first nation to industrialize?
What natural and geographic features helped Great Britain to industrialize?
Natural Resources
Why?
1. Major Rivers
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Trade and Energy
2. Major Coal Mines
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Fueled the machines (examples)
1. steam engine
2. Railroad
3. Iron/Ore
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Used to build factories and machines
4. Irregular Coastlines
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Natural ports (protected from wind
and waves)
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What change in population developed in England increase since 16th century (1500’s)?
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Population started to increase exponentially (significantly)
What factors led to an increase in population?
1. Advancements in technology  more food production = more food for people to eat. This helped to increase life
expectancy
2. Better farming
3. More variety of food imported into England  due to the Columbian Exchange
- this allowed people in Britain to have a more stable and well-rounded diet
How did an increase in population help to support industrialization (development of factories)?
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English Agrarian Revolution  development of new technology for farming. This helped to make things faster
and Cheaper
o Examples of farming technology:
 Cotton Gin
 Seed Drill
 Iron Plow
 Crop Rotation
 More workers  requires a larger demand for products
 Consumer (to buy) Economy – more people = more people who buy things
What new inventions helped to increase production (to make) in factories?
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Steam Engine
Spinning Jenny
Power Loom
Before these inventions, machines were powered by (in order)
o Human power  people controlled and managed the machine
o Wind and Water power difficult weather conditions made it hard to produce materials all year long
o Steam Power  used coal to fuel all the machines
How did Britain gain raw materials / make money during the 17th and 18th century?
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Mercantilism  colonies are a market that United Kingdom can sell manufactured goods to
o This helps England make lots of money
American colonies  sold cheap raw materials to Great Britain and then bought their manufactured goods at
higher prices
o After the 13 colonies gain independence from the American Revolution, Great Britain develops new
colonies:
 India
 South Africa
 China
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How did a stable government in Great Britain help to encourage investment (spending money on
businesses/factories/production)?
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Helps to organize funding for factories and businesses
Peace and prosperity leads to more spending
o People are able to spend more money if they are not in war. If you are not in war, you have more money
to spend on business opportunities
People are more likely to invest / spend money if the government is in stable,
o This is because they know they will be in control of the money they make
 Stable government = more confidence people know they will get back the money they spend
plus (+) more if they know their government is stable and structured
 Since the Glorious Revolution 1688, England/Britain enjoyed a stable constitutional monarchy.
 The risk outweighs the potential for profits
 Example: factories were not developed in France until Napoleon came to power because this
was the first time there was control and order in France.
How did a growing Middle Class (bourgeoisie) support the growth of factories and business?
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Middle Class are the workers, investors, and consumers (to take in and buy things)
Primary consumers (they will buy the products made) because prices for products made in the factories
decreases
they will take money and invest in new companies/factories/ capital (money $)
Aim #3: What were the impacts of rapid urbanization in England?
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Very little interaction between the Bourgeoisie (Middle Class) and working class (poor live paycheck to
paycheck)
- Why?  cities were separated based on socio-economic status
What does Engels claim is the attitude of the bourgeoisie toward the working class?
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Friedrich Engels felt that the Bourgeoisie did not care or want anything to do with the working class.
“They were utterly indifferent to the working class and did not care if they starved or not.
Only cared that the working class helped them make money.
What unsanitary (not clean) features does Engels describe of the living conditions of the working class?
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Working class houses were run down – garbage
toils (outhouses)  pools of urine and feces surrounding homes
People would walk into homes and bring in human waste (there were no floors in the homes)
What is one impact the unsanitary living conditions had on the people and the environment?
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Harbored disease  cholera (found in the drinking wells in the center of the down)
Very bad smell  led to modern sewers
Rapid urbanization to cities made it difficult for police and government to keep up with increasing
Describe the actual dwellings of the urban poor/working class?
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Filthy, dirty, gross, broken panes and window frames
Mud floors  brought feces into their homes
What is Engel’s attitude towards these living conditions? How can you tell?
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Part of the Bourgeoisie
o he was a factory owner who paid his workers well (not common for this time)
Writing to bring attention to this
Muckraker
This time is a period of great achievement, but it is also a period of great negativity as well
Change the apathy of Bourgeoisie to empathy
What impression does Dickens give of urban life during the Industrial Revolution and how does he use imagery to
convey his point of view?
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City looks like a monster
Smoke from factories looks like a snake
Machine is like an insane animal/ depressing
Dickens paints a picture that humans are being de-humanize/act like a machine
What evidence is there that a hierarchy exists even among the poor working class?
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Rich live in houses
Poor live in cellars  urine and feces outside homes
How does Tocqueville’s account of the environment compare with that of Dickens and Engels?
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Pollution is dirty and disgusting
Similar dirty
Working class are slaves to the machines  becoming robotic
What does he mean by “here is the slave (working class), there the master (bourgeoisie)?”
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The working class are slaves to the machine and bourgeoisie are the masters
How does Tocqueville’s description of the mood of the people compare with Dicken’s account?
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People are dragged down sad
Dehumanized
What does “from this filthy sewer pure gold flows” mean?
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People are lifeless
Economy is prosperous
Contradiction – amazing machines, we can do things with new machines, but are equally destroying humans and
the environment
Summary:
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very little interaction between the Bourgeoisie and Working class
o The Bourgeoisie had little sympathy for the working and living conditions of the working class  only
cared that they helped them to make $
Working class are very poor – live pay check to pay check
o Their homes are filthy, dirty, and run down
Cities were unsanitary and bred diseases like cholera (which were located in the drinking water)
Engels wanted to bring attention to the terrible working and living conditions of the working class
Dickens compares urban life in cities during the Industrial Revolution to a monster
Very polluted cities
Machines were like animals
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working class were slaves to the machine
Major discrepancies between the wealthy and the poor (rich live in houses) and the poor lived in cellars
The working class were slaves to the bourgeoisie and the machines
Day to day life was monotonous
Aim #4: What were working conditions of the urban “working class”? Why?
Describe health risks and economic difficulties coal miners typically faced. Is this a primary or secondary source? How
can you tell?
Life for Coal Miners:
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Miners were vulnerable to black lung disease (miners asthma)  coughed up blood
Miners had to pay for their own tools, fell into debt  relatives carried the burden of their death when
they died
Describe 3 health problems textile factory workers faced. What group was particularly at risk for these health
problems? Why?
Conditions faced by worker and children
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Backs bent awkwardly all day
Children most at risk for these dangers – small and used to take spools out of the machine
Cost money to make safer machines – just warned not to get hurt
Children still growing – hurts them if not developing naturally
What is the authors overall attitude concerning early Industrial working conditions?
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Working class faced bad working conditions but the bourgeoisie was providing them with jobs – better then
starving to death
Bourgeoisie should be considered heroes not villains
In the end, having jobs was better than starving and having no money
Creation of Labor Unions
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How did labor unions benefit workers?
Workers should come together and unite. How? More power if people were together  shows strength
Tactics used  strike (people stop working) / keep business from making money
What did Labor Unions fight for?
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Improving and providing education for children around working hours (teach technical skills / education that
would allow them to have social mobility)
want representation in government (people will fight and represent their needs in government)
Better care and safer working conditions on the job
Were these goals realistic?
No- government sided with the employers. Workers were arrested and placed in jail
Yes – these things exist today because of their efforts and goals
Who are the “two parties” Smith is talking about in the first paragraph? How do their goals differ?
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Bourgeoisie (Middle Class) and proletariat (working class)
Factory owners do not want to pay for high wages want to pay them as little as possible
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Working class – want to be paid as much as possible
o They are battling on 2 different ideas
Which of the two parties does Smith see as having the advantage? Why?
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Workers are going to lose – not allowed to do what employers can do legally
o Illegal to have labor unions (arrested for joining a union)
Owners have the advantage – they could organize
o Workers will not be successful – it will take a long time to break down owners
o They are all living paycheck to paycheck – can last long by staying on strike. Owners, on the other hand,
could last 1-2 years
o Workers are battling a war they can’t win
Aim 5: How did economists justify laissez-faire policies? Do you agree?
11/7/14
Law of supply and demand
Demand Curve
What happens to the demand as price goes up and down? What kind of relationship is this?
 When P D and when P and D (when price goes up demand goes down…)
 This is an Inverse Relationship
Supply Curve
What happens to the amount of goods companies are willing to supply/create as the price goes up and down? What
kind of relationship is this?
 S P and when S P (when supply goes up price goes up)
 The supply increases as the price goes up
 Direct Relationship
Define the equilibrium price of a product?
 Company wants higher prices and the company will then make more products
 Customer – The higher prices go the less people want to buy
 The equilibrium price is where the supply and demand meet.
 It is where consumers and manufacturers are okay with the product.
Is government regulation (laws) necessary to create the equilibrium price of a product?
 No
Adam Smith referred to the natural development of equilibrium price as “the invisible hand of supply and demand.”
What did he mean?
 This is the point where both consumer and manufacturers are happy
 There are no rules that need to apply. It happens naturally.
 There is an unspoken agreement between the seller and the customer
 If customers are not buying products at high prices, then the seller knows to lower the prices
 Smith stated: “By promoting his self-interest, he frequently promotes that of the society”
 Basically Greed = Good
Review questions:
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The primary factor in maintaining low wages for the working class during the industrial age in England was
the surplus supply of workers.
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A large surplus of workers = low wages (there is no demand for workers)
Laissez-faire economists of the 18th-19th centuries favored no regulation of business by government.
How did Adam Smith justify his beliefs against government setting minimum wages and regulating business safety?
Do you agree with his justification? Explain.
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Invisible hand of supply and demand determine product prices and wages naturally
If workers don’t like their working conditions or wages they are free to quit that job and look for another
The cost of replacing skilled workers would eventually lead owners to make factories safer.
These two reasons justify Adam Smith’s beliefs.
How did Malthus feel about government helping the poor? Why? Do you agree? Explain
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To fix economy, the government should not help the people.
Let the poor die off and then wages will rise and everyone will be happy!
What event in Ireland in 1847 seemed to support Malthus’ prediction?
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He predicted that people would starve.
The potato famine seemed to support his belief.
Why haven’t Malthus predictions of worldwide famine completely come true?
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Advancements of technology increased food production and supply
Aim #6: Was Marxism an inevitable outcome of industrialization
What has shaped the course of history?
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Class struggles  history controlled by 1 group over another
Difference between socio-economic classes
Those in charge and those who would like to be
Examples:
Egypt
Caste System
Feudalism
Encomienda System
Estate System
How was social hierarchy shaped by industrialization?
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Industrialization led to 2 groups – Bourgeoisie (Middle Class) and the Proletariat (working class)
What is the relationship between the proletariat and bourgeoisie?
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Proletariat are enslaved and bourgeoisie is the slave masters – make money off the proletariat
Did not interact – hostile at war with each other
How did the discovery of America change industry?
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Speeding up business
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Making things more expensive – more money
allowed industry to grow
cause Bourgeoisie to grow
How did industrialization impact the working class? How does Marx feel about this?
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Made it worse – makes proletariat lose character
Before there was the cottage industry, now man to the machine
Proletariat are slaves  no charm, individuality, or creativity
Don’t want to but have to keep up with the machine
Turning human beings into machines
What is the goal of all modern industry and technology? How does Marx feel about that?
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To make more money – profit
felt this was embittering
Proletariat live in terrible conditions, While Bourgeoisie makes money
Marx wanted the working class to create unions (break the law and unite)
What obstacles did worker unions face?
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Riots
unions were illegal – thrown in jail (government did not support labor unions)
Controversial  Marx wants them to break the law
Government saw labor unions as causing chaos and anarchy
How can the Proletariat improve their situation?
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Proletariat should have a revolution and overthrow Bourgeoisie
supported a bloody revolution
Overthrow Bourgeoisie  Proletariat Working Class Revolution
What is the main theory of communism?
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Abolition (getting rid of) private property  move away from laissez-faire
Government owns EVERYTHING!
Allowed property
Too much power to own a coal mine
1 man controlling everything is evil for 1 person to have  does not support monopolies
How have people criticized communist ideas about property and how does Marx respond?
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If government controls everything – people will get lazy and not work because they get something anyway
people have the right to own property
people should/would get lazy
Marx said that Bourgeoisie is already lazy – people will take pride in work if it doesn’t reflect paycheck – teacher
Marx believed in different salaries but felt there should be parameters  put a limit to what you make
Was Marx a nationalist? How can you tell?
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No, want all workers to unite
workers revolution of all countries
Nationalist – strong pride for one’s country
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What role does religion play in society and what should be done about it?
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Religion is a drug that kept working class down
Religion is a sign of an oppressed creature
Aim #7: What happened to Marx’s predicted revolution?
How did workers respond to their terrible working conditions? What were they demanding?
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Unionized  demanded better pay, shorter working hours, and safer conditions
Did the formation of labor unions support or contradict Marx’s predictions regarding Capitalism? Explain.
Yes:
- Marx’s wants them to fight back
- Government sided with laissez-faire at 1st  good for the country
No:
- Labor unions were arrested and beat up  government would NOT want this
How did the British Parliament respond to labor unions at first? Why do you think the responded this way?
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Outlawed unions / arrested workers
Factories had a lot of power and wealth
How did the British government modify their Laissez-faire approach to industry?
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British government moves away from supporting business and changed rules
Legalized right of union to strike
1847 Act – Limited women and children work day to 10 hours
Sadler Report – ends Child Labor  sad – what was happening  exposed kids being beaten to keep up with
factory production
Sadler Report brought exposed the terrible conditions children faced to the Bourgeoisie - only ones would were
literate and could afford newspapers
Why was the First Education Act of 1870 a vital step in promoting social mobility (move up in social class) for the
Proletariat?
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Education was key to advancing and improving life  ability to move up and down
How is a mixed economy a compromise between Laissez-faire capitalism and Marx’s Communism? Would you classify
life in the U.S. as leaning more towards Capitalism or Socialism? Explain.
Capitalist: we compete for wealth and social class
Socialism: welfare programs and government regulation
Summary:
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No revolution because things got better – working class moves up to Bourgeoisie
Government starts to make laws and made things better
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Marx’s Revolution- was short circuited because Government to make things better
Aim #8: How has the global hierarchy been shaped by industrialization/modernization?
What did we learn about how we live?  Massive in discrepancy between different classes
Is there a connection between wealth and health
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wealthier  more likely to have medicine/better wealth
Direct Relationship between wealth and health
Size = population
Colors:
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Brown – Europe
Red – Asia  China and Japan
1810: Everyone sick and poor
1948: Difference between countries were greater
1950’s-1960’s: Africa and Asia have Industrial Revolution
1970’s – Asia and Latin America  life improving because they are having an Industrial Revolution
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Door between West and Rest is closing  people moving to wealth corner
What’s the cost of wealth and health?
- War more effective  makes war deadlier (advancements in machinery and weaponry)
- Sanitation
- Injuries to workers
- Inequalities
- Overpopulation
- Global Warming  starting to change but not fast enough