IC Card v.s. RFID
資訊科技一
P9374717 李駿達
P9374711 顏世坤
Agenda

Smart Cards Technology

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

Q&A
Smart Cards Technology
CD Lee, Sam Yen
IC Card (Smart Card)


是在塑膠卡片上裝置積體電路（IC），並在卡上外接
接點，使讀寫裝置可以傳輸資料。IC卡內的積體電路
可包含微處理器（MCU） 和記憶體，只有記憶體的稱
為記憶卡（Memory Card），只能儲存資料；具微處
理器的則有運算和資料處理能力，被稱為智慧卡
（Smart Card）。
IC卡的特色有：記憶容量大，資料可重複多次寫入或
更新；資料控管功能；安全性高不易偽造，防止卡片
犯罪的損失；可採離線（off-line）作業，減少通訊
成本。國內目前在金融、醫療、電信方面，已陸續導
入IC卡的應用。
Plastic Cards

Visual identity application

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Magnetic strip (e.g. credit cards)



Plain plastic card is enough
Visual data also available in machine readable
form
No security of data
Electronic memory cards


Machine readable data
Some security (vendor specific)
Smart Cards
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Processor cards (and therefore memory too)
Credit card size
 With or without contacts.
Cards have an operating system too.
The OS provides
 A standard way of interchanging information
 An interpretation of the commands and data.
Cards must interface to a computer or terminal through
a standard card reader.
Loosely defined, a smart card is any card with a capability
to relate information to a particular application such as:

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Magnetic Stripe Cards
Optical Cards
Memory Cards
Microprocessor Cards
Magnetic Stripe Cards
Standard technology for bank cards, driver’s licenses, library cards,
and so on……
Optical Cards

Uses a laser to read and
write the card

CANPASS Contains:


Photo ID
Fingerprint
Memory Cards

Can store:

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Financial Info
Personal Info
Specialized Info
Cannot process Info
Microprocessor Cards

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Has an integrated circuit
chip
Has the ability to:



Store information
Carry out local
processing
Perform Complex
Calculations
Microprocessor Cards
Contact Smart Card
VCC
Reset
Clock
Reserved
GND
VPP
I/O
Microprocessor Cards
Contactless Smart Card
Microprocessor Cards
Combi / Hybrid Cards

Hybrid Card



Has two chips: contact and contactless
interface.
The two chips are not connected.
Combi Card


Has a single chip with a contact and
contactless interface.
Can access the same chip via a contact
or contactless interface, with a very
high level of security.
Smart Cards devices
VCC
Reset
Clock
Reserved
GND
VPP
I/O
What’s in a Card?

CLK
RFU
RAM, 3–5 Mhz clock rate
RST
Vcc 
Upcoming

GND
RFU
Vpp
I/O
Typical Smartcard at time
of our research
 8-bit CPU, 384 bytes
32-bit RISC CPU, 4 Kbytes
RAM, 50 Mhz clock
Typical Configurations
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256 bytes to 4KB RAM.
8KB to 32KB ROM.
1KB to 32KB EEPROM.
Crypto-coprocessors (implementing 3DES,
RSA etc., in hardware) are optional.
8-bit to 16-bit CPU. 8051 based designs are
common.
The price of a mid-level chip when produced
in bulk is less than US$1.
Smart Card Readers


Dedicated terminals
Usually with a small screen,
keypad, printer, often also
have biometric devices such
as thumb print scanner.
Computer based readers
Connect through USB or
COM (Serial) ports
Communication mechanisms


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Communication between smart card and reader is
standardized
 ISO 7816-4 standard
Commands are initiated by the terminal
 Interpreted by the card OS
 Card state is updated
 Response is given by the card.
Commands have the following structure
CLA

INS
P1
P2
Lc
1..Lc
Le
Response from the card include 1..Le bytes followed by
Response Code
Security Mechanisms

Password

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Cryptographic challenge Response

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Entity authentication
Biometric information

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Card holder’s protection
Person’s identification
A combination of one or more
Data storage

Data is stored in smart cards in
E2PROM

Card OS provides a file structure
mechanism
File types
MF
DF
DF
EF
DF
EF
EF
EF
EF
Binary file (unstructured)
Fixed size record file
Variable size record file
Access control on the files

Applications may specify the access
controls

A password (PIN) on the MF selection
• For example SIM password in mobiles


Multiple passwords can be used and
levels of security access may be given
Applications may also use
cryptographic authentication
How does it all work?
Card is inserted in the terminal
ATR negotiations take place to set
up data transfer speeds, capability
negotiations etc.
Terminal sends first command to
select MF
Terminal prompts the user to
provide password
Terminal sends password for
verification
Terminal sends command to select
MF again
Terminal sends command to read EF1
Card gets power. OS boots up.
Sends ATR (Answer to reset)
Card responds with an error
(because MF selection is only on
password presentation)
Card verifies P2. Stores a status
“P2 Verified”. Responds “OK”
Card responds “OK”
Card supplies personal data and
responds “OK”
CAT_TP and BIP
application protocol
03.48 security layer
CAT_TP
BIP*
* Mechanism originally specified by
3GPP T3 by which the ME provides
the UICC with access to the data
bearers supported by the ME and the
network
Server
How are Smart Cards Used?

Commercial Applications

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
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
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
Banking/payment
Identification
Parking and toll collection
Universities use smart cards for ID purposes and at
the the library, vending machines, copy machines,
and other services on campus.
By 2007 end all credit cards will be smart.
EMV standard
Mobile Telecommunications



SIM cards used on cell phones
Over 300,000,000 GSM phones with smart cards
Contains mobile phone security, subscription
information, phone number on the network,
billing information, and frequently called numbers.
How are Smart Cards Used?

Information Technology



Secure logon and authentication of users to PCs and networks
Encryption of sensitive data
Other Applications

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
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Over 4 million small dish TV satellite receivers in the US use a
smart card as its removable security element and subscription
information.
Pre-paid, reloadable telephone cards
Health Care, stores the history of a patient
Fast ticketing in public transport, parking, and road tolling in
many countries
JAVA cards
What is Smart Card for Government?
A Multi-Application, Multi-Tech Proximity Smart Card
A Hybrid / Composite Card
Authentication Architecture
Digital Photo
Smart
Card
Chip *
Mag Stripe on back
Barcode
Digital Photo, Biometrics, Finger Print,
Voice Print, Hand Geometry, Iris Scan,
Keyboard Dynamics, Digitized Signature,
Signature Dynamics, Personal ID,
Electronic Signature
Encryption, Compression
Public/Private Key, Digital Signature (DSS),
RSA for Off-line, Wireless, Telephony
Hardware/Software Based, Crypto Co-Processor
Uses
Pre-paid Money, Credit, Debit,
Authorizations, ID, Certificate
Secure eMail, eForms, Digital signature
* Proximity / Combi Chip are imminent - combining
smart card and radio frequency into one chip
* RF indicates Radio Frequency Chip
Source: John G Moore, GSA, 1994
E-Government Smart Card Specification


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ISO 7816, 1,2,3 compliant
• FIPS 140-2, level 3
• Java Applications
– PKI Applet
– ID PIN Verification and Management Applet
– GCA Applet
– Authentication Applet
– Biometric Authentication Applet
– Stake Holder applets (future)
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• JavaCard 2.1
• Global Platform 2 Compliant
• 64 K RAM (42K available for applets)
• DES/3DES/AES(when available)
• RSA asymmetric 1024 / 2048
• PTS speed in access of 9600 bps
• EEPROM endurance > 250,000 r/w cycles
• MIFARE Proximity (contactless) chip
– DESFire (ISO 14443-A)
– 4 k NV memory
Smart Card Applications
Identity
Management
Mobile Communications
Ticketless Travel
Loyalty Programs
Mary Carver
Building Security/Area Access
Time and Attendance
Administration
Mary Carver
Debit/Credit Card
Electronic Purse
Mass Transit
Training Management
Qualification
Certification
Distance Learning
Secure
Network Access
Information Security
Healthcare
Drivers License
Work/Entry
Permits
Parking
Advantages
In comparison to it’s predecessor, the magnetic strip card, smart
cards have many advantages including:



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Life of a smart card is longer
A single smart card can house multiple applications. Just one card
can be used as your license, passport, credit card, ATM card, ID Card,
etc.
Smart cards cannot be easily replicated and are, as a general rule
much more secure than magnetic stripe cards. it has relatively
powerful processing capabilities that allow it to do more than a
magnetic stripe card (e.g., data encryption).
Data on a smart card can be protected against unauthorized viewing.
As a result of this confidential data, PINs and passwords can be
stored on a smart card. This means, merchants do not have to go
online every time to authenticate a transaction.
Disadvantages

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NOT tamper proof
Can be lost/stolen
Lack of user mobility – only possible if user has
smart card reader every he goes
Has to use the same reader technology
Can be expensive
Working from PC – software based token will be
better
No benefits to using a token on multiple PCs to using
a smart card
Still working on bugs
Over 20 programs world-wide

Over 20 programs world-wide across the financial,
id/security, government, mobile telecom, public
healthcare, retail, and transit markets
Mobile OTA application management for USIM/SIM
cards (SIMToolKit, CAT)
US DoD CAC card
Taiwan Health Card
Moscow Social Card
Finnish National Smart Card Program
Smart Visa Card
Amex Blue Card
Etc..
OS Based Classification

Smart cards are also classified on the basis of their Operating
System. There are many Smart Card Operating Systems
available in the market, the main ones being:
1. MultOS
2. JavaCard
3. Cyberflex
4. StarCOS
5. MFC
Smart Card Operating Systems or SCOS as they are
commonly called, are placed on the ROM and usually
occupy lesser than 16 KB. SCOS handle:
• File Handling and Manipulation.
• Memory Management
• Data Transmission Protocols.
International Standardization
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

Mobile Telecom Standards
ETSI: GSM 03.48, TS 23.048
ETSI & 3G Smart Card Platform (SCP): TS 102.225,
102.226
Government Standards
US Federal Government: GSC-IS
Under review (US): FIPS 201, PIV
ISO: new part 13 of 7816 series
New Work Item from Japan: approved by ISO SC17
Work assigned to ISO SC17/WG4, editor: Japan
Scope: commands for application management in
multi application environment
Contribution: a subset of GlobalPlatform Card
Specification, endorsed by ANSI
US official contribution to ISO
Global Deployment

Over 70 million GlobalPlatform cards deployed worldwide

Additional 450+ million GSM cards globally use
GlobalPlatform technology for over-the-air (OTA)
application download

Over 30 implementations across the financial, ID/security,
government, mobile telecom, healthcare, retail, and transit
markets

Estimates predict these figures to increase dramatically in
2005 and 2006
Worldwide Industry
Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID)
CD Lee, Sam Yen
Internet of THIINGS
RFID Overview(1)

What is RFID?
 Radio Frequency IDentifier
 RFID combines the features of traditional IDs
• Barcodes : used to identify and track objects
• OCR and biometrics : enables automatic ID and verification
• Smart cards/IC card : store information and provide interactive
processing

How RFID different?
 Used to identify objects and store information about the object
 Used to locate and identify objects from a distance using RF signals
 Used to detect and read things that are not in line of sight
 Data can be interactively managed and processed by the RFID chip
and RFID system
The RFID Tag Components
The RFID tag is made up of several parts:
 A microchip that stores data and modulates
and demodulates analog radio waves
 An antenna that gathers RF energy from a
reader and reflects back a signal
 A protective layer that can be used to create
a label or other type of transponder
How it works
 The reader emits radio waves
 The tag coverts the radio waves into
electricity to power up the microchip
 The microchip modulates and demodulates
the antenna and sends backs long and short
waves or waves of different amplitude
 The reader converts these waves into a string
of ones and zeros
 A computer turns the ones and zeros into
digital information
RFID Overview(3)
• Web service vs RFID service
Web Service
RFID Service
DNS
www.nida.or.kr
203.254.110.10
203.254.110.10
4.3.2.1.rfid.or.kr
object information server’s domain name
RFID
ODS
object info server’s IP address
object info
Homepage (HTML)
Web server
object info server
ODS: Object Directory System
RFID Operation (Passive Tags)
APPLICATION
INTERROGATOR
RF TAG
Tag Physical Memory
Decoder
AIR
Application Program Interface
Encoder
INTERFACE
DEVICE
COMMANDS
APPLICATION
COMMANDS
APPLICATION
RESPONSES
Command /
Response
Unit
Tag
Driver
and
Mapping
Rules
Logical
Memory
Map
COMMANDS
RESPONSES
DEVICE
RESPONSES
Logical Memory
DATA PROTOCOL
PROCESSOR
PHYSICAL
INTERROGATOR
Note: The Logical Memory Map in the
Tag Physical Memory is given by the
Tag architecture and the mapping rules
in the Tag Driver. All the information in
the Logical Memory is represented in
the Logical Memory Map
ISO/IEC 15961
ISO/IEC 15962
ISO/IEC 15962
Annexes
ISO/IEC 18000
The RFID reader also has
several parts:
 A digital signal
processor and a
microcontroller
 An internal or external
antenna
 A network or serial
port connection
 Input/output ports for
linking to other devices
RFID’s Unique Capabilities
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No “line of sight” required to read tags
Simultaneous communication with multiple tags
Each Item is unique; prevents double counting
Bulk reading capability
Can store information directly on tags
High memory capacity
Long read ranges
Performance not limited by harsh environments versus
bar codes
Are All Tags The Same?
Basic Types:

Active
Tag transmits radio signal
Internally powered memory, radio &
circuitry
 High Read Range (300 feet)



Passive
Tag reflects radio signal from reader
Reader powered
 Shorter Read Range (4 inches - 15 feet)


Active RFID
Active tags transmit an RF signal (instead of
reflecting the signal)
 Active tags have longer range than passive tags
 Most active tags have batteries, though
emerging technology may provide active
transmission WITHOUT batteries.

Passive RFID



Passive tags (also referred to as “field disturbance
devices”) reflect and modulate radio waves
received by the tag from the interrogator.
Passive devices have ranges of 1 to 4 meters
depending upon national regulations
Passive tags do not require an on-board power
source, but some do have batteries to support
sensors and faster response times.
RFID Operation (Passive Tags)
Sequence of Communication
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Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands
Reader and tag communicate via RF signal
Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request
from the host application)
Carrier signal sent out through the antennas
Carrier signal hits tag(s)
Tag receives and modifies carrier signal



“sends back” modulated signal (Passive Backscatter - FCC
and ITU refer to as “field disturbance device”)
Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to
the Reader
Reader decodes the data

Results returned to the host application
How far, how fast, how much,
how many, attached to what?
Frequency
Regulation
Range
Data Speed
Comments
120 – 150 kHz
18000-2
(passive)
Basically unregulated
< 1m
Low
Animal identification and
factory data collection
13.56 MHz
18000-3
(passive)
ISM band, differing
power levels and duty
cycle
< 1m
Low to moderate
Popular frequency for I.C.
Cards (Smart Cards),
Libraries
433 MHz
18000-7
(active)
Non-specific Short Range
Devices (SRD), Location
Systems
1 – 100 m
Moderate
Container Security and
Tracking. Asset tracking
for U.S. DoD (Pallets) –
Active
860 – 960 MHz
18000-6
(passive)
ISM band, increasing use
in other regions, differing
power levels and duty
cycle
2–5m
Moderate to high
MH 10.8.4 (RTI), AIAG B11 (tires), EPC (18000-6C),
DoD Passive
2450 MHz
18000-4 Mode 1
(passive)
ISM band, differing
power levels and duty
cycle
1–2m
High
IEEE 802.11 b/g, Bluetooth,
cordless telephones
Minimum Requirements
Passive Technology
Active Technology
How far
3 meters
How far
100 meters
How fast
10 mph
How fast
35 mph
How much
256 bitsNote
How much
256 bytesNote
How many
500 tags/second
How many
500 tags/minute
Technology
860-960 MHz
ISO/IEC 18000-6
UHF Gen 2 (Type C)
EPC Class I, II, III
Technology
433 MHz
ISO/IEC 18000-7
EPC Class IV
RFID Scenario(1)
RFID Scenario(2)
Supply chain process from Metro Distribution Chain Center
Implementation Issues


Read zone control
Application of tags

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

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Where in the process
Where on the container
How are the labels being applied
Use ISO standards
EPC requires pre-population of data at the recipient (X12 856 /
EDIFACT DESADV / XML) or access to the EPCIS
Back-up in case of tag failure
Recycling
Data concerns
Return on investment
RFID Standardization-ISO(1)

Automatic Identification in ISO
Identification of Things
TC122/Ad Hoc Group
Packaging
TC23/SC19/WG3
Animals
TC104/SC4/WG2
Container
JTC1/SC17
Personal ID
JWG
Supply Chain App
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC31/WG4
Automatic Identification and
Data Capture Technique
TC: Technical Committee
JTC: Joint Technical Committee
SC: Sub-Committee
WG: Woking Group
ISO: International Organization for Standards
TC204
Transportation
TC68/SC6
Financial Transaction
Application Standards
Radio Frequency Identification - Open Standards
 ISO 10374 - Freight containers — Automatic identification
 ISO 18185 - Freight Containers - Radio-frequency communication protocol
for electronic seal
 ISO 11784 – Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Code Structure
 ISO 11785 – Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Technical Concept
 ISO 14223-1 – Radio-Frequency Identification of Animals - Advanced
Transponders - Part 1: Air Interface
 ISO 21007-1 – Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio
Frequency Identification Technology - Part 1: Reference Architecture and
Terminology
 ISO 21007-2 – Gas Cylinders - Identification and Marking Using Radio
Frequency Identification Technology - Part 2: Numbering Schemes for Radio
Frequency
 ANSI MH10.8.4 - RFID for Returnable Containers
 AIAG B-11 - Tire & Wheel Identification Standard
 ISO 122/104 JWG - Supply Chain Applications of RFID





ISO 17363 - Freight containers
ISO 17364 - Returnable transport items
ISO 17365 - Transport units
ISO 17366 - Product packaging
ISO 17367 - Product tagging
RFID Standardization-ISO(2)

ISO/IEC JTC1/SC31/WG4
ARP: Application Requirement Profile
SG: Sub-Group
SG1
Data Protocol: Application Interface
Data Protocol: Data Encoding Rules and Logical Memory Functions
ISO/IEC 15961:2004, 2004.10
ISO/IEC 15962:2004, 2004.10
SG2
Unique Identification for RF Tag
IOS/IEC 15963:2004, 2004.10
SG1
Part1: Reference Architecture and Definition of Parameters to be standaized
IOS/IEC 18000-1: 2004, 2004.9
ISO/IEC
Part2: Parameters for Air Interface Communications below 135kHz
ISO/IEC 18000-2: 2004, 2004.9
Part3: Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 13.56MHz
ISO/IEC 18000-3: 2004, 2004.9
Part4: Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 2.45GHz
ISO/IEC 18000-4: 2004, 2004.9
Part6: Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz
ISO/IEC 18000-6: 2004, 2004.9
Part7: Parameters for Air Interface Communications at 433MHz
ISO/IEC 18000-7: 2004, 2004.9
ARP
Application Requirements Profiles
Implementation Guidlines – Part1: RFID-Enabled Labels
Implementation Guidlines – Part2: Recyclability of RF Tags
Implementation Guidlines – Part3: RFID Interrogator/ Antenna Installation
ISO/IEC TR 18000:2004.10
ISO/IEC 24729-1, Now
ISO/IEC 24729-2, Now
ISO/IEC 24729-3, Now
Technology Standards
Radio Frequency Identification Open Standards
 ISO/IEC 18000 - RFID for Item Management





Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz
Part 3 - 13.56 MHz
Part 4 - 2450 MHz
Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz
Part 7 - 433.92 MHz (active)
Data Standards





ISO/IEC 15418 - Application Identifiers & Data Identifiers
ISO/IEC 15434 - Syntax
ISO/IEC 15459 - Unique Item Identification
ISO/IEC 15961 - Data Protocol: Application Interface
ISO/IEC 15962 - Data Protocol: Data Encoding Rules and
Logical Memory Functions
 ISO/IEC 15963 - Unique Identification for RF Tags
Conformance Standards
 ISO/IEC 18047 - RFID device conformance test methods (at)





Part 2 - 125 - 150 kHz
Part 3 - 13.56 MHz
Part 4 - 2450 MHz
Part 6 - 860 - 960 MHz
Part 7 - 433.92 MHz (active)
RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(1)

EPCglobal (EPC: Electronic Product Code)

History
• Developed by Auto-ID center, an academic
research project headquartered at MIT with five
universities around the globe
• VerSign initiative

Work scope
• EPCglobal Network
• EPCglobal Services
RFID Standardization-EPCgobal(2)

EPCglobal specifications and ratified standards
Spec/Stardnard
Project Title
Remarks
900MHz Class 0 RF Identification Tag
Specification
EPCglobal
Specification
13.56 MHz ISM Band Class 1 RF Identification
Tag Interface Specification
RF and tag requirements for
each band
860 MHz – 930 MHz Class 1 RF Identification
Tag Radio Frequency & Logical
Communication Interface Specification
EPC Tag Data Standard Version 1.1 rev 1.26
Ratified EPCglobal Standards
Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface
Protocol Standard version 1.0.9
Tag data encoding schemes
Physical/logical requirements
for passive RFID systems
RFID Components and Standardization
Antenna Reader
Memory map
RFID Tag
Tag drivers
Identification code
Application
Host
Data protocol
processor
Data collection
Event handling
READER/HOST
INTERFACE
Application condition
ISO/IEC
object identification
code - WG2,
EPCglobal
Data protocol
ISO/IEC
AIR interface
tag identification code
- ISO/IEC 15963
WG4/SG2
WG4/SG1
Management
protocol
15961, 15962
ISO/IEC
18000-1 ~ 7
WG4/SG3
UHF GEN2
EPCglobal
TR18001,24729
WG4/ARP
Auto-ID Reader
Protocol
EPCgobal
Event handling
ALE
EPCglobal
Object
information
search
ONS, EPCIS
EPCglobal
Standards Organizations
International
International Telecommunications
Union (ITU) (United Nations)
International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC)
International Organization for
Standardization (ISO)
Universal Postal Union
(UPU) (United Nations)
ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1
(JTC 1)
TC 122
Packaging
TC 104
Freight Containers
SC 31
Automatic Data Capture
ITU-T (fka CCITT)
Telecommunications
SC 17
IC Cards
WG 1 - Symbology
WG 2 - Data Content
TC 122/104 JWG
SC Apps RFID
SC 6
Telcom &
info exch
btwn systems
WG 3 - Conformance
WG 4 - RFID
WG 5 - RTLS
TC 8
Ships & Marine Tech
Regional
Comité Européen Normalisation
(CEN)
ITU-D (fka BDT)
Telecommunications
Development
Comité Européen Normalisation
Electrotechnique (CENELEC)
ECMA
ODETTE
ITU-R (fka CCIR & IFBR)
Radio-frequency Issues
Comité Européen Postal &
Telegraph (CEPT)
National
Standards Assoc of
China (SAC)
British Standards
Institution (BSI)
MHI
GS 1
AIM
Deutches Institut
fur Normung (DIN)
ANSI
AFNOR
CEA
IEEE
INCITS
JISC
Other
T6 B10
Industry
DoD
ATA
CEA
AIA
HIBCC
AIAG
GS 1
Other
VDA
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31 Structure
International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC)
International Organization for
Standardization (ISO)
ISO/IEC Joint Technical
Committee 1 (JTC 1) - IT
ISO/IEC JTC 1
Subcommittee 31
WG 1
Data Carrier
WG 2
Data Structure
Convener
S. Ackley (US)
Convener
T. Yoshioka (JP)
WG 3
Conformance
Convener
C. Biss (US)
Secretariat
GS 1
WG 4
RF Tags
Convener
H. Barthel
Code 39
DAI
Linear Print Quality
Air Interface
ITF
Data Syntax
2D Print Quality
Unique RF Tag ID
MaxiCode
Unique ID
Printing Specs
Data Matrix
Test Specs BC Printers
Defs. Logical Mem Map
Application Interface
Encoding Rules
EAN/U.P.C.
Test Specs BC Readers
Code 128
Test Specs BC Verifiers
PDF417
QR Code
RFID Performance
Symbology Identifiers
RFID Conformance
WG 5
RTLS
Convener
M. Harmon
API
2450 MHz
433 MHz
GLS
Near Field
SC 31/WG 4 (RFID) Technology Projects
ISO Designation
Title
Status
Information technology - AIDC techniques - RFID for item management
ISO/IEC 18000, Part 1
Part 1 - Definition of parameters to be standardized
Published 2004-08-06
Revision in process
ISO/IEC 18000, Part 2
Type A - ISO 11785 based
Type B - Yoshikawa RF
Part 2 - Parameters for air interface communications below 135 kHz
Published 2004-07-30
Revision in process
ISO/IEC 18000, Part 3
Mode 1 - ISO/IEC 15693 based
Mode 2 - Magellan based
Part 3 - Parameters for air interface communications at 13.56 MHz
Published 2004-08-06
Revision in process
ISO/IEC 18000, Part 4
Mode 1 - Intermec based
Mode 2 - Siemens/NEDAP based
Part 4 - Parameters for air interface communications at 2.45 GHz
Published 2004-05-31
Revision in process
ISO/IEC 18000, Part 6
Type A - BTG based
Type B - Intermec/Philips based
Type C - UHFGen2 (v1.0.9) based
Part 6 - Parameters for air interface communications at 860-960 MHz
Published 2004-08-15
Amendment FDIS Ballot
2006-03-03 thru 2006-05-03
Revision beginning 2006-03
ISO/IEC 18000, Part 7
Savi based
Part 7 - Parameters for active air interface communications at 433 MHz
Published 2004-05-31
Revision in process
ISO/IEC 15961
Data protocol: Application interface
Published 2004-10-15
Revision in process
ISO/IEC 15962
Protocol: Data encoding rules and logical memory functions
Published 2004-10-15
Revision in process
ISO/IEC 15963
Published 2004-09-01
Unique Identification of RF Tag
ISO/IEC 24752
System Management Protocol
ISO/IEC 24753
NP Approved 2005-04-05
NP Approved 2005-04-07
Air Interface Commands for Battery Assist and Sensor Functionality
ISO/IEC TR 24729
Implementation guidelines: Part 1: RFID-enabled labels, Part 2:
Recyclability of RF tags, Part 3: RFID interrogator/antenna installation
NPs Approved 2005-01-12
The Layers of Logistic Units
(Radio Frequency Identification - RFID)
Layer 5
Movement Vehicle
(truck, airplane, ship, train)
Layer 4 (433 MHz)
ISO 17363
(Freight containers)
Container
(e.g., 40 foot Sea Container)
Layer 3 (860-960 MHz)
(Other 18000 with TPA)
Unit Load
“Pallet”
ISO 17364
(Returnable transport items)
Unit Load
“Pallet”
Layer 2 (860-960 MHz)
ISO 17365
(Transport units)
Transport
Unit
Transport
Unit
Transport
Unit
Transport
Unit
Layer 1 (860-960 MHz)
ISO 17366
(Product packaging)
Pkg
Pkg
Pkg
Pkg
Pkg
Pkg
Pkg
Pkg
Layer 0 (860-960 MHz)
(13.56 MHz with TPA)
ISO 17367
(Product tagging)
Item
“TPA” - Trading Partner Agreement
Item
Item
Item
Item
Item
Item
Item
Item
Item
Item
Concept Source: Akira Shibata, DENSO-Wave Corporation
Item
Item
Item
Item
Item
Three tags - different purposes
Supply
Chain Tag ISO 17363
Electronic Seal ISO 18185
Container ID Tag ISO 10374.2
Sealing and anti-tamper capability
Bolt Seal Security Tag





Electronically secures ocean containers, air
cargo ULD containers, trailers,
Monitors presence and integrity of bolt seal,
generates alarm upon bolt removal or
breakage
Re-usable tag
Reduces manual inspections
Minimizes theft, loss and tampering
ASC MH10 PINS
Today
Container
Reader/
Communicator
Customs
Proposed
On Board
Unit (OBU)
10374.2 Tag
17364 Tags
18185 Tag/Seal
Fingerprint Reader
17365 Tags
Transportation Worker ID Card (TWIC)
with Fingerprint Biometric
ISO/IEC 14443
17363 Tag
Chassis Tag
TC 204 Standard
Tractor Tag
TC 204 Standard
On Board
Unit (OBU)
Tomorrow
Customs
Part of CALM
Network
Road Side
Unit (RSU)
EPCglobal and ISO
ISO Requirement
EPC UHF Gen2 v1.0.9
Standard to cover the widest possible set of
applications for a common protocol
Restricted to “EPC-only” data structures
Top-down architecture
Bottom-up architecture
Standard to embrace global applications
Restricted to EPC applications
Active tags to comply with ISO/IEC 18000-7
No accommodation for active tags
Extensible commands, e.g., sensors, write
No extensibilities beyond Class 1
RAND
EPCglobal’s I.P. not disclosed, “royaltyfree”
AFIs for multi-application use
No AFIs
Consistent and common use of Tag ID, Item
ID Object ID, Chip ID, etc.
Usages are not mainstream and are
confusing
???
IC Card Comparison
Maximum
Data Capacity
Processing
Power
Cost of
Card
Cost of
Reader and
Connection
Magnetic Stripe
Cards
140 bytes
None
$0.20 $0.75
$750
Integrated Circuit
Memory Cards
1 Kbyte
None
$1 - $2.50
$500
Integrated Circuit
Processor Cards
8 Kbytes
8-bit cpu,
moving to
16- and 32bit
$7-$15
$500
Optical Memory
Cards
4.9 Mbytes
None
$7 - $12
$3,500 $4,000
RFID vs Smart Card
RFID
Smart Card
No need for contact
or line-of-sight
Contact and Contactless (short
distance)
Data retrive
Can scan entire pallets at once
Need to issue command for
response for data request
Communication
Simultaneous communication
with multiple tags
One at a time
speed
Greater speed
Lack of user mobility
Size
Size – a grain of rice
Credit Card size
Storage
64 – 128 bits
EEPROM: 8K - 128K bit.
Cost
2005: $0.05 per tag; hundreds of
dollars per reader
2008: $0.01 per tag; several
dollars per reader (?)
Typical costs range from $2.00 to
$10.00.
RFID
Smart Card
Application
Multiple data storage, but no applet.
multiple applications- Just one card
can be used as your license, passport,
credit card, ATM card, ID Card, etc.
rewrite
EPC tags, are read-only
Also have rewritable tags (containing
EEPROM)
Rewritable
Processing
Power
Little computational power
-A few thousand gates
-Static keys for read/write permission
-No real cryptographic functions
available
Capable of processing, not just storing
information
- Smart cards can communicate with
computing devices through a smart
card reader
- information and applications on a
card can be updated
Security
EPC tags, no computing power for
basic cryptographic
More expensive tags can perform
basic cryptographic algorithms, such
as symmetric-key encryption and
challenge-response identification
protocols
Chip microprocessor and Co-processor
supports DES, 3-DES, RSA or ECC
standards for encryption,
authentication, and digital signature
for non-repudiation.
Error
Correction
The anti-collision protocol
used in HF tags is generally a
variant of the classic ALOHA
protocol. ALOHA-based RFID
reading leaks less information
than most UHF tree-walking
protocols.
Current Chip Operating
Systems (COS) perform their
own error checking
Usage
General Merchant
Personal use
Proprietary
Features
On expensive tag could
handle some encryption
feature
include Chip Operating
System and System
Development Kits