MEMBERSHIP IN WHO The membership is open to all countries with non-self governing territories as associate members. 1948- 56 member countries. 1998- 191 members & 2 associate members. India became a member on 12th Jan 1948. SUBMITTED BY JASIRA.KOLLOLI GUIDED BY dr. MEHAMOOD MOOTHEDATH dr. AZEELA INDEX INDEX Introduction Origins of WHO Important dates in the history of WHO & Oral Health Unit The constitution of WHO Memberships in WHO The staff of WHO Structural organization of WHO The first World Health Assembly Regionalization of WHO The Headquarters & Regional Offices of WHO Member countries of WHO in South East Asia Region Budget & finance of WHO Purposes of WHO The WHO agenda The work of WHO Role of WHO in Public Health WHO Oral Health Unit WHO Publications & Journals Languages of WHO The World Health Day INTRODUCTION The world health organization is a specialized agency within the charter of the United Nations, which is non political in its functions.It is the directing & coordinating authority for health which was established in the year 1948 by 61 Governments “for the purpose of co-operation among themselves & with others to promote the health of all people. WHO - FLAG THE ORIGIN OF WHO The charter of United Nations was adopted & signed at San Francisco Conference in May 1945.At this conference, Brazil & China suggested the establishment of an International Health Organisation. The economical & social council convened an International Health Conference for the summer of 1946,& a preparatory committee met previously in Paris to draft a constitution .The 18 members of Technical Preparatory Committee, whose chairman was Dr.Rene Sand of Brussels, a pioneer of social medicine with Dr.Brock Chisholm, a Canadian psychiatrist & administrator who became the first Director General of WHO. THE World Health Conference met in New York for month in June/July 1946,& adopted the Constitution of the future WHO. Thus the WHO was officially born on the 7th April 1948,when the 26th govt. (out of the 61 who signed it)formally ratified it in its national parliament. THE IMPORTANT DATES IN THE HISTORY OF WHO & ORAL HEALTH UNIT MEMBERSHIP 1946- Constitution of WHO was approved by IN WHO International Health Conference of 51with Nations The membership is open to all countries non-selfin New governing York territories as associate members. 1948of WHO at Geneva 1948-Birth 56 member countries. 1961published the 1st Directory 1998-WHO 191 members & 2 associate members. of Dental nd edition India became a member on 12th Jan 1948. Schools(2 in 1967) 1969a) 22nd World Health Assembly adopted a resolution in favor of water fluoridation for dental caries prevention b)Global Oral Data Bank was initiated 1977- 30th World Health Assembly fixed target of health for all by the year 2000. 1978a)Joint WHO & UNICEF International Conference adopted a declaration on primary health care as the key to attaining health for all by 2000. b)31st World Health Assembly reinforced dental caries prevention. 1979- The global goal for dental caries was established at less than 3 DMFT at the age of 12 years. 1981a)WHO unanimously adopted the global strategy for health for all by the year 2000. b)The United Nations General Assembly endorsed the global strategy & urged collaboration with the WHO by other concerned international organization. 1987- International program started to help developing countries create a national oral health plan. THE CONSTITUTION OF WHO “The state parties to this constitution declare, in conformity with the charter of the United Nations, that the following principles are basic to the happiness, harmonious relations & security of all people; a) Health is a state of complete physical, mental & social well being & not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. b) The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race , religion, political belief, economic or social condition. c) d) e) The health of all people is fundamental to the attainment of peace & security & dependent upon the fullest co-operation of individuals & states The achievement of any state in the promotion & protection of health is of value to all. Healthy development of the child is of basic importance; the ability to live harmoniously a changing total environment is essential to such development. The extension to all people of the benefits of medical , psychological &related knowledge is essential to the fullest attainment of health. d) Informed opinion & active co-operation on the part of the public are the utmost importance in the Improvement of the health of people. h) Governments have a responsibility for the health of their peoples, which can be fulfilled only by the provision of adequate health & social measures. c) MEMBERSHIP IN WHO The membership is open to all countries with MEMBERSHIP IN WHO non self governing territories as associate members 1948 – 56 member countries 1998 January - 191 members & 2 associate members India became a member on 12th January 1948 The membership is open to all countries with non-self governing territories as associate members. 1948- 56 member countries. 1998- 191 members & 2 associate members. India became a member on 12th Jan 1948. MEMBER COUNTRIES IN WHO THE STAFF OF WHO Among the technical staff , many are medical & public health specialists, but nursing , pharmacy, dentistry, veterinary medicine, sanitary engineering, biology, chemistry, economics, statistics & library science are also represented. The only staff specified by constitution of the organization are the Director General & 6 Regional Directors. The Director General is assisted by a Deputy Director General & 5 Assistant Director General. The current DG is Dr.Margaret Chan (9 Nov 2006) Former DGs include Lee Jong-Wook(2003-06), Gro Harlem BrandHand(1998-2003),Hiroshi Nakajima(1988-98),Halfdan J Mahler(197388),Marcolino Gomes Candan(1953-73) & Brock Chis holm(1948-53) Anders Nordstorm was acting DG for 6 months in 2006 following the death of Lee while in office. MEMBERSHIP IN WHO The membership is open to all countries with non-self governing territories as associate members. 1948- 56 member countries. 1998- 191 members & 2 associate members. India became a member on 12th Jan 1948. Former Directors of smallpox eradication program Dr. Margaret Chan STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF WHO 1)The World Health Assembly/ Parliament 2)The Executive Board / Cabinet 3)The Secretariat THE WORLD HEALTH ASSEMBLY This is the “Health Parliament” of nations & supreme governing body of organization. It meets annually, usually May, &generally at headquarters in Geneva(14th Assembly met at New Delhi-1961) Functions, i. To determine international health policy & programs. ii. To review the work of past year. iii. To approve the budget needed for the following year. iv. To elect member states to designate a person to serve for 3 years on the executive Board &to replace the retiring members. THE EXECUTIVE BOARD • • • • 30 -31 members, providing that no fewer than 3 are to be elected from each regions. Board meets at least twice a year, generally in January &shortly after the meeting of the World Health Assembly Main work is to give effect to the dicisions & policies of the Assembly The board also has the power to take actions in an emergency THE SECRATARIATE Headed by DG •4475 international public servants(1985) • Primary function is to provide member states with technical & managerial support for their national health development prorammes. • The secretariat composed of several divisions(31 Dec 1985-14 divisions) • THE FIRST WORLD HEALTH ASSEMBLY The 1st World Health Assembly met in Geneva in June/July 1948 & decided that the WHO should formally come into existence on 1st Sept 1948. Geneva was chosen as the headquarters& it was also decided to push ahead with regionalization. REGIONALIZATION OF WHO A characteristic feature of WHO is its decentralization. It has 6 regional organizations, each consisting of a Regional Committee & a Regional Offices The Regional Offices were set up between 1948 & 1952. THE HEADQUARTERS OF WHO Situated in Geneva, Switzerland • Responsible for establishing technical & administrative policies & procedures that are applicable throughout the organization. • THE REGIONAL OFFICES Responsible for formulating of a regional character & for monitoring regional activities. •The Regional Director is the technical &administrative head of the regional office. • No. COUNTRY HEADQUARTERS 1 South East Asia Region New Delhi, India 2 Eastern Mediterranean Region Alexandria, Egypt 3 Region of the Americas Washington D.C.,USA 4 African Region Brazzaville, Congo 5 Western Pacific Region Manila , Philippines 6 European Region Copenhagen , Denmark HEAD QUARTERS AT GENEVA THE SOUTH EAST ASIA REGION The headquarters of the SEARO is in New Delhi(World Health house, Indraprastha, Delhi) DATE OF JOINNING COUNTRY POPULATION 19,May, 1972 1982 12, Jan, 1948 23, May, 1950 Bangladesh Bhutan India Indonesia 143.8 2.2 1049.5 217.4 8, March, 1982 5, Nov, 1953 1, July, 1948 Korea Maldives Islands Myanmar 22.5 0.3 48.9 2, Sept, 1953 Nepal 24.6 7, July, 1948 26, Sept, 1947 Sri Lanka Thailand 18.8 62.2 To help governments strengthen their health services. To promote better teaching standards in medicine and its related professions. To inform, advice and help in the field of health. To promote in cooperation with other specialized agencies where necessary- the improvement of nutrition, housing, sanitation,recriation,economic or working condition& other aspects of environmental hygiene. To promote cooperation among scientific and professional group which advance the cause of good health. To promote maternal and child health and welfare and foster the ability to live harmoniously in a changing environment. To foster activities in the field of mental health especially those affecting the harmony of human relations. To promote and conduct research in field of health. To stimulate the irradiations of epidemic, endemic and other diseases. To propose international conventions and agreement in health matters. To develop internationals standers for food, biological and pharmaceutical products. To assess in developing and informed public opinion among all peoples on matters of health. To study and report on administrative and social techniques affecting public health and medical care from preventive and curative points of view, including hospital services and social security Promoting development Fostering health security Strengthening health systems Harnessing research, information and evidence Enhancing partnership Improving performance Prevention and control of specific diseases The global irradiation of smallpox is an outstanding example of international health cooperation's. It is now directing the global battle against AIDS Development of comprehensive health services. WHO’s most important single function is to promote and support national health policy development of comprehensive national health programes'. • Family health Family health is one of the major program activities of WHO since 1970,and is broadly subdivided into maternal and child health care, human reproduction, nutrition and health education Environmental health A number of programmers have been developed such as “WHO Environmental Health Criteria Program” And “WHO Environmental Health Monitoring Programes” towards improving environmental health Health statistics WHO publishers “International Classification Of Disease” which is updated every 10 year. The 10 revision of ICD came into effect from first January 1993 • Biomedical research The WHO does not it self do research, but stimulate and coordinate research work. • Health literature and information The WHO library is one of the satellite centers of the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval system(MEDLARS )of the US National Library Of Medicine. Corporations with other organizations WHO collaborates with the UN and with the other speacialed agencies, and maintained various degrees of working relationship. Providing leadership on matters critical to health and engaging in partnership work joint action is needed. Shaping the research agenda and stimulating the generation, translation and Dissemination of valuable knowledge. Setting norms and standards and promoting and monitoring their implementation. Articulating ethical and evidence base policy option. Providing technical support, catalyzing change and building sustainable institutional capacity. monitoring the health situation and assessing health trends. • Established in 1956 • The who oral health programs have developed and expanded considerably over the last 2 decades. • WHO plays an important role in the advancement of oral epidemiology. • The WHO has published a manual titled ” ORAL HEALTH SURVAYS:BASIC METHODS which deals extensively with the procedures and steps in carrying out an oral survey, identification of dental caries ,periodontal diseases , malocclusion , fluorosis, etc. • • • • WHO has also published “GUIDE TO ORAL HEALTH EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS” which can be used for more elaborate oral health surveys. Another manual entitled “APPLICATON OF THE INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OFDISEASES TO DENTISTRY & STOMATOLOGY” ,it facilitates the collection of data from records related to the rarer oral conditions The WHO has established a GLOBALORAL EPIDEMIOLOGY DATA BANK , from which data are available in response to a variety of questions WHO International Collaborative Study on Dental Manpower Systems is another special program of WHO Another program established is WHO ORAL DISEASE PREVENTIVE PROGRAMME One of the main objectives of the this program is to develop model preventive programs That can be recommended for use in countries or areas with different disease levels and with Different progression patterns BUDGET & FINANCE OF WHO The scale to the assesment of the budjet is based broadly on population and income per head . The united state of America -32% USSR- 12% United kingdom-7% India-2% Besides its regular budjet, WHO receives voluntary contributions THE WHO PUBLICATIONS & JOURNALS KEY PUBLICATONS: a) b) c) d) e) The World Health Report International Travel &Health International Health Regulations The International Classification of Diseases International Pharmacopeia WHO JOURNALS: a) b) c) Bulletin of the WHO Weekly Epidemiological Record WHO Drug Information THE WHO ORAL HEALTH ASSESSMENT FORM THE who ORAL health Assessment form 1997 is a universally accepted & used recording methodology for oral health surveys. It includes 1) Survey identification information 2) General information 3) Extra oral examination 4) TMJ assessment 5) Oral mucosa 6) Enamel opacities/hypoplasia 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) Dental fluorosis CPI Loss of attachment Dentition status & treatment need Prosthetic status Prosthetic need Dent facial anomalies Need for immediate care & referral Notes LANGUAGES OF WHO English French Working languages Chinese Russian Spanish Official languages THE WORLD HEALTH DAY The Constitution of WHO came into force on 7th April 1948 & since then 7th April every year is celebrated as “World Health Day” . Every year a theme is selected & global attention is focused on that particular theme. WORLD HEALTH DAY THEMES YEAR : WORLD HEALTH DAY THEME 1950 - Know your own health services 1951 - Health for your child& the world’s children 1952 - Healthy surroundings make healthy people 1953 - Health is wealth 1954 - The Nurse: Pioneer of health 1955 - Clean water means better health 1956 - Destroy disease carrying insects 1957 - Food & health 1958 - Ten years of health progress 1959 - Mental illness & mental health in the world today 1960 - Malaria irradiation-A world challenge 1961 - Accidents need not happen 1962 - Preserve sight-Prevent blindness 1963 - Hunger: Disease of millions 1964 - No trace of Tuberculosis 1965 - Small pox-constant alert 1966 - Man & his cities 1967 - Partners in health 1968 - Health in the world of tomorrow 1969 - Health,Labour & productivity 1970 - Early detection of cancer saves life 1971 - A full life despite diabetes 1972 - Your heart is your health 1973 - Health begins at home 1974 - Better food for a healthier world 1975 - Small pox-point of no return 1976 - Foresight prevents blindness 1977 - Immunize & protect your child 1978 - Down with high B.P 1979 - A healthy child-A sure future 1980 - Smoking or health :The choice is yours 1981 - Health for all by the year 2000 1982 - Add life to years 1983 - Health for all by 2000:The count down has begun 1984 - Children's Health : Tomorrow’s wealth 1985 - Healthy youth: our best resource 1986 - Healthy living-everyone a winner 1987 - Immunization-A chance for every child 1988 - Health for all-All for health 1989 - Let’s talk health 1990 - Our planet-our health; Think globally, act locally 1991 - Should disaster strike-Be prepared 1992 - Heart beat the rhythm of life 1993 - Handle life with care-Prevent violence& negligence 1994 - Oral health for a healthy life 1995 - Target 2000, A world without polio 1996 - Healthy cities for better life- A challenge 1997 - Emerging infectious disease- Global alert &global response 1998 - Safe Motherhood :Pregnancy is precious-Let’s make it special 1999 - Healthy aging, healthy living, start now 2000 - Safe blood starts with me-blood saves life 2001 - Mental Health : Stop exclusion –Dare to care 2002 - Move for health 2003 - Healthy environment for children 2004 - Road safety is no accident 2005 - Make every mother and child count 2006 - working together for health 2007 - Invest in health, build a safer future 2008 - Protecting health from climate change 2009 - Save lives – Make hospitals safe in emergencies 2010 - 1000 cities,1000 lives 2011 - Anti microbial resistance and its global spread 2012 – Aging & Health International health has come to comprise those problems in the field of health, which require consideration and action by more than one country. Such problems may be dealt with officially by governments or unofficially by national or international voluntary assosiations . WHO plays an important role in this REFERENCES Essentials of Preventive & Community Dentistry -Soben Peter Park’s Preventive & Social Medicine Text Book of Community Dentistry -Satish Chandra -Shaleen Chandra Ashok’s Public Health & Preventive Dentistry Internet