BSC 2011
Fall 2007
Dr. Herrera
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BSC 2011 Integrated Principles of Biology II
Fall Semester 2007
Section 6992: Period 10
Lecturer: Dr. J. C. Herrera, Zoology
Office: 3175 McCarty Hall A
Office Hours: TWTh 2nd period until 9/27, after which time they will
change, and by appointment
Phone: 213-2498, Email: herrera@zoo.ufl.edu
Discussion Leader:
Office: Silvia Lomascolo
Email: slomascolo@zoo.ufl.edu
Office Hours: TBA
Course Home Page: http://nersp.nerdc.ufl.edu/~herrera/bsc.html
Additional Help:
Core Biology Office: Tangelyn Mitchell, 210 Carr Hall, 392-1565
Coordinator of Biological Sciences: Dr. Kent Vliet, 392-1566
Email: kent.vliet@zoo.ufl.edu
• Lectures
• Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, 10th Period (5:10pm). McCarty C
100 (MCC 100)
• Discussions
• Friday, 10th Period. MCC 100; May include lectures as needed.
• Textbook
• Campbell, et al., 7th Edition, "Biology"; you are responsible for using
the correct edition. “Copies on Reserve at the Marston Science
Library - Ask at the circulation desk.”
• Examinations: All machine-graded exam questions must be
answered with a #2 pencil. NO MAKE UP EXAMS WITHOUT
PRIOR PERMISSION. In case of illness, a note from your physician
is required. A personal matter requires a note from the Dean of
Students (P202 Peabody Hall). ANY MAKE UP EXAMS MAY BE IN
AN ESSAY FORMAT. Each lecture exam is worth 175 points. Total
points possible = 700. Grade is based on the student's total score
relative to the class curve and class mean. NO EXTRA CREDIT IS
ALLOWED. Exams are not cumulative.
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Academic Honesty: The Honor Code reads: “We, the members of the
University of Florida community, pledge to hold ourselves and our peers to
the highest standards of honesty and integrity”. You must sign your exam
papers to confirm that you neither gave nor received unauthorized aid in
taking the exam.
EXAMS WILL BE GIVEN ON THE FOLLOWING DATES. ATTENDANCE
IS MANDATORY.
Exam I: Friday, September 14, In Class Period – McCarty C 100 (MCC 100)
Exam II: Friday, October 12, In Class Period - McCarty C 100 (MCC 100)
Exam III: Friday, November 9, In Class Period – McCarty C 100
(MCCC100)
Exam IV: -- Sec. 6992 (10th period): December 10, 8:00 – 9:00 PM
Location: TBA
Many students experience test anxiety and other stress related problems.
“Self help guides for students are available through the Counseling Center
(301 Peabody Hall, 392-1575) and at their website:
http://www.counsel.ufl.edu
Stress: For students with test anxiety or stress-related problems, self help
guides are available at the Counseling Center, 301 Peabody 392-1575, and
at www.counsel.ufl.edu http://www.counsel.ufl.edu/.
• Note: Attendance is required. “Makeup” notes are not
available. You are expected to be in class. You are
responsible for all announcements made in lecture
and/or posted on the class webpages. Exam issues may
be addressed for one week only after each exam. You
may not review previous exams, other than the final,
after the semester has ended. Challenges to exam
questions must be submitted in writing. Scantrons are
not available for individual student review. There is no
extra credit. Please do not request individual special
treatment at the end of the semester because we do not
adjust grades for individuals for ANY reason. Plan to do
well on all exams from the beginning of the semester. All
email correspondence must be from your ufl.edu
account, must have your full name in the body of the
email, and in the subject line you must identify the
course in which you are enrolled. Emails not meeting
these requirements may not be answered.
• What is the relevance of science to your own
life? We introduced the course last semester
by listing some of the current issues, in the news
today, with which science helps us understand,
cope with, and/or make decisions about our
world. Common topics of concern often include:
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Stem cell research
Cloning
Biological warfare
Global warming
Pollution
Biology = the study of life
Properties of life:
• Review some of the basic properties of
life. Review your notes from last semester
or take a look at Chapter 1.
• Much of 2010 is about mechanisms for
maintaining homeostasis, the workings of
the cell and the physiology of larger
organisms.
• More than half of 2011 concerns genetics.
Genes contain all the information to build even
complex organisms and code for all the
chemistry and structure necessary for
physiological processes. We will talk about the
cellular basis of reproduction, how genes are
passed from parent to offspring, and how genes
control physiology.
• The rest of the course covers evolution, which
at its simplest level is a change in gene
frequency (genetics again) and ecology, looking
at biology on larger scales than just individual
organisms. We will discuss populations,
communities and ecosystems.
I. All life is based on the cell:
A. The cell: the fundamental unit of life.
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Cell Theory
1. all living things are made of cells
2. all cells arise from other cells
3. a cell can divide, to form new cells
-----The ability of cells to divide is the basis
of reproduction, growth, development,
maintenance and repair.
B. What is a cell?
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1. All cells are bound or enclosed by a
membrane
2. All cells contain DNA at some stage in
their lives (e.g., a red blood cell
eventually loses its DNA at maturity)
C. There are two major types of cells:
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1.
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b.
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2. Eukaryotic cells
a. all other forms of life
b. subdivided by internal membranes into organelles
c. have chromosomes organized within a nucleus
d. may (e.g. plants) or may not (e.g., animals) have a
cell wall
Prokaryotic cells
bacteria and blue green algae (cyanobacteria) only
have no internal membrane-bound organelles
nearly all have cell walls
D. The ability to reproduce is characteristic of
living things, and this ability has a cellular
basis.
• 1. All cells arise from preexisting cells. Cells
divide to form new cells.
• 2. Cell reproduction: In the cell cycle, a cell
duplicates its contents, and then divides in two.
The two main phases of the cycle are interphase
and "m"-phase which includes mitosis (division
of the nucleus) and cytokinesis (division of the
cytoplasm).
II. The Roles of Cell Division
A. Reproduction, growth, development and
repair
100 µm
• 1. Unicellular
organisms:
reproduces an
entire organism.
(a) Reproduction. An amoeba,
a single-celled eukaryote, is
dividing into two cells. Each
new cell will be an individual
Figure 12.2 A
organism (LM).
• 2. Multicellular organisms:
reproduction, plus cell division allows:
• a. Growth and development from the
fertilized egg (zygote)
• b. Maintenance and repair
200 µm
20 µm
(b) Growth and development.
(c) Tissue renewal. These dividing
This micrograph shows a
bone marrow cells (arrow) will
sand dollar embryo shortly
give rise to new blood cells (LM).
after the fertilized egg divided,
Figure 12.2 B, C forming two cells (LM).
• 3. Cell division: the distribution of
identical hereditary material (DNA to two
daughter cells.
• The cell:
a. Precisely replicates DNA
b. Allocates the two copies of DNA to
opposite ends of the cell
c. Separates into two daughter cells
B. Distribution of identical sets of
chromosomes to daughter cells
• 1. The genome: total set of genes in a
cell of a particular species
The genomes of bacteria are small,
while the genomes of other species are
larger.
2. Chromosomes:
allow the duplication and
distribution of the large
genomes of eukaryotes.
Figure 12.3
50 µm
• 3. Eukaryotic Chromosomes: supercoils
of DNA-protein complex (chromatin).
Each chromosome has:
• a. A single, long, molecule of DNA,
segments of which are the genes.
b. Various proteins which maintain the
structure of the chromosome or are
involved with the expression of genes,
DNA replication, and DNA repair
• 4. Each species: has a characteristic
number (e.g., human somatic cells have
46); gamete cells (sperm or ova) have half
the number of chromosomes of somatic
cells (e.g., human gametes have 23)
• 5. Chromosomes: are in different states
at different stages of the cell cycle.
• a. Interphase: loosely folded; not visible.
• b. Mitotic phase: highly folded and
condensed; visible with a light microscope
(basis of karyotype)
6. The genome is duplicated: for cell division. Now, each
chromosome = two sister chromatids attached at the
centromere.
0.5 µm
A eukaryotic cell has multiple
chromosomes, one of which is
represented here. Before
duplication, each chromosome
has a single DNA molecule.
Once duplicated, a chromosome
consists of two sister chromatids
connected at the centromere. Each
chromatid contains a copy of the
DNA molecule.
Mechanical processes separate
the sister chromatids into two
chromosomes and distribute
them to two daughter cells.
Figure 12.4
Chromosome
duplication
(including DNA
synthesis)
Centromere
Separation
of sister
chromatids
Centromeres
Sister
chromatids
Sister chromatids
III. Cell division (M phase) has two
steps: mitosis and cytokinesis.
A. Mitosis – nuclear division - sister
chromatids pulled apart into two sets of
chromosomes, one at each end of the cell.
B. Cytokinesis – division of the
cytoplasm into two separate daughter
cells, each containing 1 nucleus with 1
set of chromosomes.
• 1. Animal cells - cytokinesis = "cleavage"
• 2. Plant cells - cytokinesis by cell plate
formation, a cell wall forms from the cell
plate.
• Not all cells undergo cytokinesis
following mitosis.
IV. Human Life Cycle
Adult inherits 46 chromosomes
Meiosis in gonads halves
chromosome number
Key
Haploid gametes (n = 23)
Haploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
Sperm cell (23 chromosomes)
Ovum (23 chromosomes)
Sperm
Cell (n)
FERTILIZATION
MEIOSIS
Fertilization restores the
chromosome number to 46
Zygote (46 chromosomes)
Mitosis produces genetically
identical daughter cells.
Mitosis is responsible for
growth and development
into an adult, plus cellular
repair.
Ovum (n)
Ovary
Testis
Mitosis and
development
Figure 13.5
Multicellular diploid
adults (2n = 46)
Diploid
zygote
(2n = 46)
• Note: chromosome, chromatid,
chromatin – this course includes
several sets of words which are very
similar – be sure you know the
differences among each set of similar
words.