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1865-1900 the United States experienced a surge of industrial growth
Marked beginning of second industrial revolution
In the late 1800's steel helped spur a second industrial revolution
It was used to build railroad tracks, bridges, and tall city buildings

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Steel was around long before the second industrial revolution
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Advantages
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 Strength
Flexibility – could be bent without cracking
 problems converting steel from iron ore – removing the impurites
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Long slow expensive process
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Henry Bessemer in Great Britain and William Kelly in the United
States: Developed new process

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Bessemer Process: put out more steel in a day than old technology could in a week
Production required iron ore – most came from the
Iron Range of Minnesota
One of the major consumers of steel were the railroads
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Construction
Led to countless other inventions
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 Automobile
Appliances
Etc.

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The development of a process to refine oil also affected industrial practices
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Refined crude oil replaced whale oil and could be turned into kerosene
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Eventually – gasoline, diesel fuel and many other products
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Edwin Drake found oil in
Pennsylvania. It was referred to
Drake’s Folly. Pumped out 20 barrels a day.

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Led to intense drilling.
Black Gold
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Elijah McCoy made a significant contribution to the industrial use of oil
 Invented a lubricating cup that fed oil to parts of a machine while it was running

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Innovations in the steel and oil industries lead to a surge of new advances in the transportation industry
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This lead to a massive expansion in the railroad network laid the groundwork for air flight and the automobile Workers build the Central Pacific Railroad

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Made travel more efficient
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Closer contact with each other
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It allowed isolated regions to link up with the rest of the United
States

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The availability of cheaper steel encouraged railroad companies to lay thousands of miles of new track
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This led to a more efficient network of rail transportation
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This made it possible to lengthen tracks and make travel a lot less expensive

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Transcontinental
Railroad was completed in 1869
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Central Pacific and
Union Pacific Railroads were joined
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This would allow for towns to spring up and existing towns to transform into lager cities.
The Central Pacific and the Union
Pacific Meet at Promontory Point,
Utah.

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Innovations in oil led to development of motors and the creation of a new mode of transportation
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Gasoline powered engine led to the creation of a more practical self propelled vehicle
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It was limited however since the only ones to have them were the wealthy 1 st practical automobile - 1893

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Internal combustion engine
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Dec. 17 th 1903 Orville
Wright made the first piloted flight of 12 seconds and 120 feet
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This received little public attention
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As word spread more people tried their hands in the new technology

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Samuel Morse: invented a means of communicating over wires with electricity
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Morse Code
Businesses recognized this tool and used it to place orders
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Dramatically cut the time necessary to communicate over long distances
Western Union became one of the largest telegraph companies
Western Union Telegraph Office

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Patented by
Alexander Graham
Bell
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“The Talking
Telegraph”
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One of the greatest marvels
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Businesses turned their attention to the telephone and replaced the telegraph

Woman with an early typewriter - 1893
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Christopher Sholes in
1867
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Would quickly produce easily legible documents
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His design was the first to be marketed
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Provided work opportunity for women in typing pools

Thomas Edison with the 1 st phonograph
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Edison made his mark in electricity, light bulbs, phonographs, and early motion picture cameras.
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He went into the invention business full time
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Made the promise that he and his crew would deliver an invention every ten days
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Over 1,000 patents

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Business structure
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Shares of ownership are sold to raise money for the business
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Shareholders receive a percentage of the profits through dividends
Shareholders have limited liability
Very stable as it can last many generations – a corporation does not end when an owner dies

• Carnegie used knowledge of business to reduce production costs.
• Vertical Integration – he owned all phases of the steel production process
• From ore to the finished product – he controlled the whole process
Steel Mill - Ohio
Andrew Carnegie

STANDARD OIL TRUST
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Rockefeller used horizontal integration – owned all of one part of the production process
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Oil Refining
Was able to control the industry because no one else could refine oil
John D. Rockefeller

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Following the civil war, Vanderbilt bought up railroads in the northeast
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Used smaller lines to create direct shipping routes between major cities
Owned 4,500 miles of track and was worth
$100,000,000 at his death in 1877 Cornelius Vanderbilt

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Made a fortune in the railroad industry
Westinghouse Air Brake
Co.
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7000 rail cars were equipped with brakes
He made it possible for trains to carry more as well as travel faster

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Another successful railroad tycoon
Designed railcars to be more comfortable for passengers on longer trips
Tried to create a company town
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Build a factory and a town around it
Residents grew dissatisfied when he became too controlling Pullman’s sleeping car

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People wanted trusts to be outlawed
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Trust – a group of companies controlled by one board of directors (created powerful cartels and monopolies)
With no competition the product and prices were not be good for consumers
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Sherman Antitrust Act: Outlawed all monopolies and trusts that restrained trade

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Many new workers were immigrants
 they came to make a living
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 to provide dowries for daughters purchase land gain work for their sons
African Americans joined them in the workforce
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Most of the industries would not offer blacks jobs
-they were stuck in the dirtiest and most dangerous jobs

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Most women worked because family needed money
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The number of children working also increased for the same reason
It wasn’t hard work but it was monotonous because they would do the same thing all day.

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12 hour shifts
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1-2 dollars a week wages
Dangerous machines – spinning/moving parts
No sick-leave, vacation, unemployment, workman’s compensation
Workers were viewed as part of the machine
Conditions were worse for unskilled workers
Children sorting and tying tobacco

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Labor Union – organization whose purpose is to improve working conditions and pay for its members
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Provided one voice in negotiations with management
Taylor strike in New York City

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Workers wanted a change
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Strike – work stoppage in protest of something
Knights of Labor: White male union. Eight hour work day, equal pay for equal work, and an end to child labor.
Leadership of the Knights of Labor

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In 1886 the nation experienced a time period of many intense strikes
Many of these strikes were violent
Haymarket Riot - Chicago
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McCormick Harvesting Machine Company
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Demand and eight hour work day
Numerous deaths caused by the strike

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New union formed by Samuel Gompers
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Worked to advance the interests of skilled workers
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Plumbers, pipefitters, machinists, carpenters

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Workers went on strike in the steel industry.
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Guards were hired and the workers would clash with them
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Pullman Strike led to people not working and not riding in the trains
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Government put a halt to the strike