European History Chapter 23 – Mass Society in an “Age of
Progress”, 1871 - 1894
Name ___________________________________Date _________Period __________Score______
Focus Questions
In this chapter, students will focus on:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The Second Industrial Revolution, and its effects on economic and social life
The roles of the socialist parties and trade unions, in improving working conditions
The main characteristics of a mass society
The role of women in society, the family, and patterns of family life
The general political trends of western Europe, and how they differed from those of
Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary
6. The relationship between economic, social, and political developments
Lecture Outline
I.
The Growth of Industrial Prosperity: New Products & New Markets
A.
Substitutions of steel for iron
B.
Chemicals
C.
Electricity
1.
Thomas Edison (1847-1931) and Joseph Swan – light bulb
2.
Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) – telephone, 1876
3.
Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) – radio waves across the Atlantic, 1901
4.
Transformation of factories
D.
Internal Combustion Engine
1.
Automobile and airplane
a.
Henry Ford (1863-1947)
b.
Zeppelin airship, 1900
c.
Wright brothers, 1903
E.
New markets
1.
Increased wages
2.
Competition
3.
Tariffs and cartels
4.
Larger factories
II. New Patterns in an Industrial Economy
A.
Economic Patterns, 1873-1914
1.
Depression, 1873-1895
2.
Economic boom, 1895-1914
B.
German Industrial Leadership
1.
Germany replaces Britain as the industrial leader of Europe
2.
New areas of manufacturing
1
C.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
European Economic Zones
1.
Advance industrial core of Great Britain, Belgium, France, the Netherlands,
Germany, western part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and northern Italy
2.
Little industrial development in southern Italy, most of Austria-Hungary
Spain, Portugal, the Balkan kingdoms, and Russia
D.
The Spread of Industrialization
1.
Industrialization in Russia and Japan
E.
Emergence of a World Economy
Women and Work: New Job Opportunities
A.
“Right to work”
B.
Ideal of Domesticity
C.
Sweatshops
D.
White-Collar Jobs
1.
Increase in white-collar jobs created a shortage of male workers opening
up opportunities for women
2.
Secretaries and teachers
3.
Freedom from domestic patterns
E.
Prostitution
Organizing the Working Class
A.
Socialist Parties
1.
German Social Democratic Party (SPD)
2.
Effects of the growth of socialist parties
3.
Second International
4.
Two divisive issues: nationalism and revisionism
B.
Evolutionary Socialism
1.
Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932)
C.
The Problem of Nationalism
1.
Variation of socialist parties from country to country
D.
The Role of Trade Unions
1.
National variations
2.
Unions and political parties
E.
The Anarchist Alternative
1.
Michael Bakunin
Emergence of a Mass Society
A.
Population Growth
1.
Decline in the death rate
a.
Medical discoveries and environmental conditions
b.
Improved publication sanitation
c.
Improved nutrition
B.
Emigration
1.
Economic motives
2.
Political motives
Transformation of the Urban Environment
A.
Urbanization of Europe
B.
Improving Living Conditions
1.
Reformers: Edwin Chadwick and Rudolf Virchow
2.
Pointed to relationship between living conditions and disease
2
3.
Buildings begin to be inspected for problems
4.
Public Health Act of 1875 in Britain
5.
Clean water into the city
6.
Expulsion of sewage
C.
Housing Needs
1.
Reformer-philanthropists focused on relationship of living conditions
to political and moral health of the nation
2.
Government support
D.
Redesigning the Cities
VII. The Social Structure of the Mass Society
A.
The Upper Classes
1.
5 percent of the population that controlled 30 to 40 percent of wealth
2.
Alliance of wealthy business elite and traditional aristocracy
3.
Common bonds
B.
The Middle Classes
1.
Upper middle class, middle middle-class, lower middle-class
2.
Professionals
3.
White-collar workers
4.
Middle-class values came to dominate
C.
The Lower classes
1.
80 percent of the European population
2.
Agriculture
3.
Urban working class: Skilled, semiskilled, unskilled workers
VIII. The “Woman Question”: The Role of Women
A.
Traditional Values
1.
Marriage the only honorable and available career
2.
Decline in the birth rate in part to some birth control
B.
Middle-Class and Working-Class Families
1.
Domesticity
2.
Leisure time and holiday traditions
3.
Daughters of working class families worked until married
4.
1890-1914: higher paying jobs made it possible to live on husband’s
wages
a.
Limit size of the family
b.
Reduced work week
IX. Education in the Mass Society
A.
Expansion of Secondary Education
B.
Universal Elementary Education
1.
States began to offer public education
2.
States assumed the responsibility for teacher training
C.
Liberal Beliefs About Education
1.
Personal and social development
2.
Needs of industrialization
3.
Need for an educated electorate
4.
Differences in education of boys and girls
D.
Female Teachers
E.
Increased Literacy
F.
Growth of Newspapers
X. Mass Leisure
A.
Amusement Parks
3
B.
C.
Music and Dance Halls
Thomas Cook (1808-1892)
1.
Pioneer of mass tourism
D.
Sports
1.
Became organized with rules
2.
Professional sports
XI. Western Europe: The Growth of Political Democracy
A.
Reform in Britain: William Gladstone
1.
Reform Act of 1867: Suffrage extended
2.
Redistribution Act of 1885: Reorganized the election boroughs
3.
Salaries paid to members of the House of Commons, 1911
a.
More people could run for office
B.
Reform in France
1.
Universal male suffrage in 1871
2.
Radical republicans formed an independent government
a.
The Commune: Fighting between the Commune and the government
b.
Louis Michel (1830-1905)
3.
Establishment of the Third Republic, 1875
C.
Spain
1.
Parliamentary government
2.
Worker unrest and conservative ideals
D.
Italy
1.
Had pretentions of great power status
2.
Sectional differences in Italy
3.
Chronic turmoil beyond the government’s control
XII. Central & Eastern Europe: Persistence of the Old Order
A.
Germany
1.
Trappings of parliamentary government
2.
1871 constitution
3.
Emperor commands the military in Prussian tradition
4.
Bismarck’s conservatism
a.
Social Democratic Party, Social welfare programs
B.
Austria-Hungary
1.
Austrian constitution of 1867
2.
Problem of minorities worsened with universal male suffrage, 1907
C.
Russia
1.
Alexander III, 1881-1894: Overturns reform and returns to repressive
measures
2.
Nicholas II, 1894-1917: Believed in absolute rule
I have learned, in whatsoever state I am, therewith to be content Philippians 4:11
4
CHAPER 23 SUMMARY
A Second Industrial Revolution occurred in the latter nineteenth century, a revolution of
steel, chemicals, electricity, and the internal combustion engine. Higher wages fueled internal
markets. Tariffs replaced free trade and cartels monopolized production. Germany became the
industrial leader as Britain was overly cautious in adopting new technologies. Europe was divided
into an industrialized north and a poorer south and east, and, world-wide, European manufactured
goods and investment capital was exported abroad in exchange for raw materials.
The status of women improved somewhat in service and white-color jobs as typists and
clerks. Prostitution remained an avenue for survival for many women. Working-class political
parties, such as Germany’s Social Democratic Party, were established. The Second International,
1889, hoped to coordinate Marxist socialist parties, but unity floundered on the shoals of
nationalism as well as disagreements between the advocates of the revolutionary class struggle and
those who envisioned socialism being achieved democratically. Trade unions were most successful
in Britain. The anarchist movement was another response to industrial capitalism.
Europe’s population reached to 460 million by 1910. Due to economic reasons, many
migrated from the poorer east and south to the industrialized north. They also hoped to escape
ethnic and religious persecution. In the industrial north, urban populations constituted up to 80
percent of the total. Urban conditions improved because of building codes and better housing,
cleaner water, and new sewage systems. Governments often took the lead in contrast to earlier
laissez-faire, but wealthy reformer-philanthropists also established model houses and new garden
towns. Old city walls were torn down and workers commuted by trains and streetcars to the new
suburbs. In redesigned cities, such as Paris and Vienna parks and wide roads were built.
The standard of living generally improved. The elite were 5 percent of the population but
controlled 30-40 percent of the wealth, as old landed wealth merged with the new industrial
wealth. The middle classes, with their values of hard work and propriety, encompassed the upper
middle class professionals down to the lower middle class white-collar clerks and bank tellers.
Family togetherness was the aim, with a new focus upon the child. The lower classes made up 80
percent of the population, but with rising wages many workers adopted middle class values.
Industrialism reinforced traditional female inferiority; women stayed at home while men went out
to work. The birthrate dropped as families limited the number of children.
Because of expanding voting rights and the need to have an electorate educated in national
values, most states assumed responsibility for mass compulsory education up to the age of twelve.
Literacy rates reached almost 100 percent in northern Europe, leading to a demand for mass
newspapers, filled with sports and sensationalism. New leisure hours, including the weekend, led
to new mass entertainment; the music hall and dance halls were popular, as was organized tourism
for the middle classes. Sports were also organized, on an amateur basis in the elite schools and
professionally as in American baseball.
By the end of the century, most British males had the vote. In France, the Third Republic
was established in spite of opposition from monarchists, army officers, and the Catholic clergy.
Italy was troubled by regional differences, political corruption, and ever-changing governments.
The traditional order lasted longer in central and eastern Europe. In Germany, where the popularly
elected Reichstag lacked power, Bismarck implemented social welfare programs to seduce the
workers away from socialism. After the assassination of Russia’s Alexander II, the reactionary
Alexander III (r. 1881-1894) and Nicholas II (r.1894-1917) opposed all reforms.
5
AP European History Chapter 23
6
1870
Germany
1875
___Formation of
the German
Social
Democratic party
1880
1885
1890
1895
___First street _________________________________
car in Berlin Germany’s Social Welfare legislation
___________________________________________________________________________
Bismarck as German chancellor
Second ministry of Gladstone
Britain
__________________________
___Britain’s first public
France
__Paris Commune
power station
____Compulsory primary education in France
__________________________________________________
Russia
Reign of Tsar Alexander III
__Bells invention
of the telephone
___First birth control clinic
___Emergence of mass newspapers
Time Line
7
ESSAY
1. Examine the relationships between science, mechanization of industry, and social
changes. Do these adaptations represent the totality of the Second Industrial
Revolution?
ANS:
2. What do we mean by the phrase “mass society” and how was the growth of this mass
society related to changes in the urban environment?
ANS:
3. To what extent did the emergence and development of socialist parties and trade unions
meet the needs of the working classes between 1871 and the end of the century?
ANS:
4. Discuss the structure of European society between 1870 and 1894. Why do historians focus
so much attention on the middle class during this period?
ANS:
5. By the late nineteenth century, to what extent were women actively changing the social,
cultural, economic, and political dimensions of Western Civilization?
ANS:
6. Compare and contrast middle-class and working-class families. How do you explain the
similarities and the differences?
ANS:
8
7. How were the promises and problems of the new mass society reflected in education and
leisure?
ANS:
8. Between 1871 and 1894, two major domestic political issues involved the achievement of
liberal practices and the growth of political democracy. To what extent were these realized
in Great Britain, France, Spain, and Italy?
ANS:
9. Was nineteenth century liberalism a hindrance or a help to the development of political
democracy in western civilization? Be specific.
ANS:
10. Compare and contrast eastern and western Europe in the latter decades of the nineteenth
century.
ANS:
IDENTIFICATIONS
1. the “weekend”
ANS:
2. Coney Island and Blackpool
ANS:
3. “day-trippers”
ANS:
9
4. Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan
ANS:
5. Alexander Graham Bell
ANS:
6. Guglielmo Marconi
ANS:
7. Internal combustion engine
ANS:
8. Gottlieb Daimler
ANS:
9. Henry Ford
ANS:
10. Wilbur and Orville Wright
ANS:
11. cartels
ANS:
10
12. the assembly line
ANS:
13. Second Industrial Revolution
ANS:
14. Sweatshops and “sweating”
ANS:
15. White-collar jobs
ANS:
16. Contagious Diseases Acts
ANS:
17. Wilhelm Liebknecht and August Bebel
ANS:
18. Social Democratic Party
ANS:
19. Jean Jaures
ANS:
11
20. May Day
ANS:
21. Marxist “revisionism”
ANS:
22. Eduard Bernstein
ANS:
23. Michael Bakunin and anarchism
ANS:
24. Public Health Act of 1875
ANS:
25. V. A. Huber
ANS:
26. Octavia Hill
ANS:
27. plutocrats
ANS:
12
28. Consuelo Vanderbilt
ANS:
29. domestic servants
ANS:
30. Lord Tennyson’s The Princess
ANS:
31. Aletta Jacob and “family planning”
ANS:
32. Boy Scouts
ANS:
33. “yellow press”
ANS:
34. music halls and dance halls
ANS:
35. Thomas Cook
ANS:
13
36. the Football Association and National American Leagues
ANS:
37. Reform Act of 1884
ANS:
38. Irish Home Rule
ANS:
39. France’s Third Republic
ANS:
40. the Commune
ANS:
41. General Georges Boulanger
ANS:
42. Spanish-American War
ANS:
43. Cuba and the Philippines
ANS:
14
44. the Reichstag
ANS:
45. Kulturkampf
ANS:
46. Bismarck’s welfare legislation
ANS:
47. William II
ANS:
48. Magyarization
ANS:
49. Alexander III and Nicholas II
ANS:
50. Russification
ANS:
15
Isaiah 42:16 I will lead them in the paths that they have not known: I will make darkness light before them,
Whatsoever you do, do all to the glory of God –I Corinthians 10:31
If you have faith as a grain of mustard seed, nothing shall be impossible unto you Matthew 17:20
16
Name ___________________________Period ___________Date___________ Chapter 23
AP European History
Questions & Ideas
Notes
17
Name ___________________________Period ___________Date___________ Chapter 23
AP European History
Questions & Ideas
Notes
18
Name ___________________________Period ___________Date___________ Chapter 23
AP European History
Questions & Ideas
Notes
19
Name ___________________________Period ___________Date___________ Chapter 23
AP European History
Questions & Ideas
Notes
20
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 23
21
Focus Questions and Answers AP European History
Chapter 23
Name_________________________________________Period______________Date_____________Score___________
1. The Second Industrial Revolution, and its effects on economic and social life
22
2. The roles of the socialist parties and trade unions, in improving working conditions
23
3. The main characteristics of a mass society
24
4. The role of women in society, the family, and patterns of family life
25
5. The general political trends of western Europe, and how they differed from those of
Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary
26
6. The relationship between economic, social, and political developments
27
Spill over Focus Questions & Answers European History Chapter 23
28