Running Head: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW: CAREGIVER EDUCATION
Systematic Review: Caregiver Education for Improved Quality of Life for Clients with
Alzheimer’s and Related Dementia’s
Rosario Alvarez, Regina Eason, Comfort Orji, and Enrique Rivera
Touro University Nevada
1
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW: CAREGIVER EDUCATION
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Systematic Review: Caregiver Education for Improved Quality of Life for Client's with
Alzheimer’s
Introduction
Have you ever forgotten an item in the home, experienced trouble recalling certain
events, or remembering the name of someone you once remembered in the past? The societal
norm for an explanation of memory loss is that it’s due to the normal part of aging. Furthermore,
throughout society there have been many misconceptions of Alzheimer’s disease, but there is a
significant decline in awareness of it being a serious medical condition. The truth is that
dementia is a progressive disease that impacts many individuals 65 years or older. As Doble
(2009) state, “Dementia is not an inevitable part of normal aging nor is memory loss always the
first sign of dementia.” Therefore, there are many different cases of dementia and the most
common form of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease.
The main diagnosis of clients with dementia is the inability to perform meaningful
everyday occupations due to cognitive impairments. Health professionals have a major impact on
the clients with dementia. As a healthcare professional, it is our duty to have a better
understanding of the medical condition and provide adequate care for the client and caregiver.
The occupational therapist role with the client with dementia is to be supportive, provide
sufficient information to the caregiver, and evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention. The
purpose of providing the information to the caregiver is to let them have a better understanding
of what is to come with the progression of the condition. The interventions are client-centered
and focus on how to maintain the client’s self-care activities of daily living (ADL) despite a
decline in health.
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Organization
In this section, we will discuss the findings of the literature review. Definitions of the
constructs will be provided followed by an introduction of the study. Next, we will explain the
purpose of the study, the theoretical findings from the research, position of the hypotheses, and
provide an overview of existing theories within the study. Finally, a brief summary on how the
topic is pertinent to our research and suggestions for future research.
How the Literature was Found
In the literature review process, research articles were found using the Touro library
system which holds a large amount of databases for conducting research. The Medline (EBSCO)
search engine was used most frequently during the review of literature. The American
Occupational Therapy Journal (AJOT) was another powerful tool that members of this research
team used to gain a perspective of what type of studies are being conducted, and to identify
research that needs to be done. When using the Touro library system, key phrases from the
research question were used such as: “caregiver education for clients with dementia”, and
“improving quality of life (QOL) for individuals with dementia.” All members of the research
team conducted their own research using methods agreed upon beforehand for inclusion and
exclusion criteria. One of the inclusion criteria was that all the research articles must be recent,
with no more than 12 years of elapsed time from date of publication until present. Other reasons
for exclusion were due to lack of clarity, inferences could not be made towards the original
research question, or the information contained in the articles was not relevant.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW: CAREGIVER EDUCATION
Theoretical Framework
Theoretical Concepts of Reviewed
Literature
# of reviewed articles (N=15)
utilizing described theoretical
concepts
Name of theoretical concept
Description of concept
Person Environment Occupation
Performance Model (PEOP)
Social learning/social cognitive
Theory
Model of Human Occupation
(MOHO)
Person Environment Occupation
(PEO)
Influence of person, environment, occupation
and performance on occupational performance
and participation (Brown, 2009)
A theory which emphasizes the importance of
social context as well as behavioral and
cognitive processes of individuals in selfregulation and learning (Stern, 2009).
A model developed to understand dysfunction
and produce therapy taking into account an
individual’s motivation, performance capacity
and environmental enablers or barriers
(Brown, 2009)
Occupational performance is defined by the
overlap of person, environment and
occupation
4
# of
articles
10
8
4
2
1. In studies for which background
theory was not implicitly stated
implications of descriptors of
intervention or conditions were
utilized.
2. Studies typically employed more
than one theoretical base.
3. Only research conducted since
2000 was included and therefore
portrays modern views of theory.
Purpose of Study
The purpose of this study is to bring various articles together to bridge the gap between
caregiver education and translating that into an improved QOL for the individual with
Alzheimer’s disease. In the literature, research on the topic of caregiver education to improve
QOL for the person being cared for is vague and only briefly discusses the topic without any
significant depth, which is why this review hopes to clarify and refine this topic. However, one
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can infer from the research studies that one of the main objectives is to ultimately improve the
QOL of the caregiver so it can translate to the person being cared for. For the most part,
quantitative studies which measure a specific intervention such as: Martin-Carrasco and
colleagues (2009) who introduced a psychoeducational program to reduce the caregiver burden,
and Neely, Vikstrom, and Josephsson (2009), who measured a memory intervention in dementia,
was the most common type of research material found.
Main Research Question/Objective
The research question is as follows: Does occupational therapy education to caregivers
improve the QOL for clients diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias?
Reasons why Research Question is Important
Theoretical reason.
In any professional field, the requirement of research is essential to keep the profession
viable and moving with the current state of the world. To guide practice, theory is fundamental in
making the profession credible, reliable, and relevant. Theory also helps organize “information
into a coherent body, explain events that have occurred, and predict events that may happen”
(Salkind, 2009, p. 3). Moreover, theory is the foundation to research and is used readily in
occupational therapy (OT).
A popular theory within OT is the Person-Environment-Occupation theoretical model
(PEO), which helps to explain and bring together the role “uplifts” can play in the “transactional
relationship between caregivers and care recipients, their occupations, and environments”
(Donavan & Corcoran, 2010, p. 591). In much the same way, this study is bringing compiled
data to tie ideas together to show in an expository fashion if caregiver education improves the
QOL of individuals with Alzheimer’s.
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Practical reasons.
Because this study is novel in the way it looks specifically at caregiver education to
improve QOL for care recipients, it will give practicing therapist, students, and populations of
interest a better understanding of the dynamic that is involved in translating education to
improved QOL. Thus, weaving this concept into future interventions will help expand
knowledge and provide better care for individuals not only with an Alzheimer’s diagnosis, but
for anyone that needs caregiver services.
Hypotheses
What Do You Hope to Find From this Literature?
From the literature we hope to find information that is related to the research question in
order to deduce that caregiver education does positively affect the QOL of the care recipient, and
in this particular literature review, individuals with Alzheimer’s disease. It is essential not to look
for a verbatim answer to our research question, but rather to get a general idea of where the
research is leading, and then make inferences based on the data.
The PEOP model was one of the theoretical frameworks used to guide the hypotheses of
this literature review. The PEOP model uses the context of the individual to affect their
occupational performance/output, in much the same way, the people involved in the individual’s
context can either work to benefit or negatively affect occupational performance. Therefore,
caregiver education through occupational therapy can be used to benefit the client because
caregiver’s are directly associated with the client’s immediate environment.
MOHO is another widely used theoretical model in occupational therapy, that helps the
therapist better understand the dysfunction of the client to develop interventions that incorporate
the individual’s motivation, performance capacity, and any environmental barriers (Kielhofner et
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al., 2009). For this literature review, MOHO helps guide our hypothesis to infer that by
thoroughly educating caregiver’s on proper ways to care for care recipient’s, they will improve
their own QOL, as well as, the QOL of the person they are caring for.
Operational Definitions of Constructs
Name of
Construct(s)
Dementia
Operational Definition
“Deterioration in cognitive functioning that renders a
person unable to meet the diverse intellectual demands
of everyday life (Doble, 2009, p. 216).”
“Often manifest bizarre behaviors or inappropriate
behavior. Inability to make necessary association
without the appropriate stimulus of an object before
them. Frequently confused with memories of the past
(Lewis, 2003, p. 137).”
Caregiver Role
“Fill the role of collaboration in the intervention
with Dementia &
process of the client, identify barriers and support for
Caregiver
occupational participation, adapt the environment,
Education
adjust activity demands, and guide compensatory
strategies.” The caregiver education includes education
about dementia, strategies to adapt activities or
compensate for declining performance in areas of
occupation of the client (Brown & Stoffel, 2011, p.
235).”
Occupational
“Identify an individual’s occupational performance
Therapy Role with baseline. Elicit specific information about the
Clients with
individual’s premorbid levels of occupational and social
Dementia
functioning from the individual and other relevant
informants (Doble, 2009, p. 227).”
Intervention
“Occupational therapists evaluate physical, sensoryStrategies Useful
perceptual, cognitive, psychosocial, ADLs, and
with Dementia
pertinent information from family to determine client’s
Clients
functional level. Recommend activities such as
counseling, relaxation techniques, compensate for
functional deficits by rearranging the environment and
the use of adaptive equipment for self-care activities if
necessary (Lewis, 2003, p. 143).”
QOL of the
QOL is the personal context of satisfaction within your
Caregiver & Client environment. The caregiver of the client with dementia
with Dementia
generally their QOL is affected due to the condition of
the client.
Reference
Doble
(2009)
Lewis
(2003)
Brown &
Stoffel
(2011)
Doble
(2009)
Lewis
(2003)
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Synthesis and State of the Literature
We found that the literature addressing educating the caregiver to promote QOL in a
client with dementia is mostly agreeable. Most of the literature agrees that the QOL of the
caregiver is related to the QOL of the client (Dooley & Hinojosa, 2004). OT interventions
including home evaluations, home assessments that include activities of daily living and
instrumental activities of daily living, recommendations, and tailored activity prescriptions
promoted client abilities and reduce behavioral disturbances as well as improved the QOL and
general health status for both client and caregiver (Hasselkus & Murray, 2007, Letts et al., 2011).
In the study, the interventions are done in conjunction with the caregiver and OT, to promote
caregiver education and improve client satisfaction with activity engagement, as well as assisting
caregivers with the occupational demands of the caregiving responsibilities to retain a sense of
unity and purpose (Hasselkus & Murray, 2007, Letts et al., 2011).
Adherence to the OT recommendation produced improvements in QOL for client and
lowered the burden felt by the caregiver (Dooley & Hinojosa, 2004, Letts et al., 2011). Educating
the caregiver on providing certain care was also beneficial. Researcher found that educating the
caregiver on using flexible and collaborative approaches such as using cognitive dementia
rehabilitation and implementing the knowledge gained on how other caregivers optimize uplifts
was associated with caregiver well-being and enhanced treatment outcomes that benefited the
client (Dooley & Hinojosa, 2004; Donovan & Corcoran, 2010; Neely, Vikstrom, & Josephsson,
2009).
Another factor of consensus on improving the QOL of clients with dementia is to provide
the family, caregivers and client, with a Pyschoeducational Intervention Program (PIP) and/or a
multicomponent intervention including support groups, tailored counseling, and education
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simultaneously. This led to statistically significant improvements in QOL for caregivers by
decreasing caregiver burden, and improved the life of the client by helping the client stay home
longer, be with peers, support their self-esteem, and improve their coping skills (Belle et al.,
2006; Black et al., 2010; Martin-Carraasco et al. 2008; Sorensen, Waldorff, & Waldemar, 2008).
A study that did not find similar results with counseling found that an intervention
consisting solely of structured family meetings did not reduce caregiver burden of their health
related QOL and did not prevent depression or anxiety disorders (Joling et al., 2012).
Main Findings/Conclusions/Discussion
Source
Banerjee et al.
(2009)
Belle et al. (2006)
Black et al. (2009)
Summary
Developed Stroud/ADI
Dementia Quality Framework,
a cross national population
framework for assessing QOL,
impact of services and policies
on people with dementia and
their caregivers.
Tested the effects of a
structured multicomponent
intervention on QOL and
clinical depression in
caregivers of people with
dementia. Also tested rates of
institutional placement of care
recipients in 3 diverse racial
groups.
Investigated the social,
physical, psychosocial, and
financial impact of dementiarelated conditions on
caregivers’ QOL.
Main Findings





The Stroud/ADI Dementia
Quality Framework:
Enables broader societal and
personal elements of QOL to
be included in analysis
Helps evaluate programs,
policies and services
Validity across cultures
A structured multicomponent
intervention adapted to
individual risk profiles can
increase the QOL of ethnically
diverse dementia caregivers.
Providing adequate and
accessible support systems and
appropriate interventions to
caregivers has the potential to
alleviate this burden ensuring
that patients can remain in the
community longer and ease the
burden of the caregiver and
demands on the health care
system.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW: CAREGIVER EDUCATION
Cerga-Pashoja et al.
(2010)
Donovan &
Corcoran (2010)
Dooley & Hinojosa
(2004)
Letts et al. (2011)
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Evaluate the effectiveness of
exercise as a therapy for
behavioral and psychological
symptoms of dementia.

Described care-related
thinking and action processes
of long-term caregivers who
report positive effects to caring
for a spouse with dementia.

Examined adherence to
occupational therapy
recommendations in increasing
QOL of persons with
Alzheimer’s disease and
decreasing burden for
caregiver.
Studies the effectiveness of
occupational therapy
intervention to promote health,
QOL, and client and caregiver
satisfaction.







Walking is a feasible,
sustainable and cost effective
way of exercising.
Dynamic walking may
encourage not just physical
activity but psychosocial
support from the caregiver as
well.
Optimizing uplifts is
associated with caregiver wellbeing and enhanced treatment
outcomes.
OTs have the unique expertise
to help caregivers develop and
modify daily tasks to
emphasize the positive aspects
of care and in doing so
promote occupational
performance of the caregiver
and client.
Adherence to OT
recommendations derived from
individualized assessments
produced significant
improvements in QOL for
client and lowered the burden
felt by caregiver.
Community-based
interventions reported
significantly better QOL and
general health status for both
client and caregiver.
Home assessments followed by
written recommendations and
follow-up visits found
significant group effects.
Tailored activities reduced
behavioral disturbances and
caregiver burden while
improving client activity
engagement.
Environmental and
compensatory strategies
appeared to improve health
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and QOL for both client and
caregiver.
Martin-Carrasco et
al. (2009)
Evaluated the benefits of a
Psychoeducational
Intervention Program (PIP) on
caregiver burden.


Neely, Vikstrom, &
Josehsson (2009)
Sorenson, Waldorff,
& Waldemar (2008)
Examined the effectiveness of
a collaborative memory
intervention for persons with
dementia and their spousal
caregivers.

Identified and analyzed an
intensive structured
psychosocial intervention
program with tailored
counseling, education, and
support groups for home-living
patients with Alzheimer’s
disease and their spousal
caregivers.



Psychosocial training of
caregivers can minimize
caregiver distress and help
them develop problem-solving
strategies.
The results support the
efficacy of a PIP in reducing
levels of burden experienced
by caregivers and the results
also support a reduction in
burden improves QOL and
perceived health for both client
and caregiver.
The active participation of the
caregiver mattered in cognitive
dementia rehabilitation.
Caregivers working together
with their spouse can use
acquired knowledge in a new
context and their spouse with
dementia can benefit from this.
Caregivers were able to cope
better with the challenges their
partner’s disease involved, and
they were able to face
everyday life and social
relations with more serenity
and competence.
Clients found the intervention
supported their self-esteem,
and supported them in coping
with challenges of managing
everyday life and social
relations.
Main Findings of Review
Research demonstrated that clients with dementia require a safe and supportive
environment, prescribed activities to maintain function, modifications to home and activities, and
could also benefit from simple exercise such as walking. These interventions in turn provide the
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client with dementia and the caregiver a better QOL and are all interventions that an
occupational therapist could provide.
Inferences/Conclusions from the Literature
Within the literature much of the research has concluded that family caregiving for
clients with dementia can be somewhat of a challenge. The family caregiver plays a major role
for the client with dementia and impacts the QOL within the environment. According to Belle
and colleagues (2006), they tested the effects of multicomponent interventions on QOL and
clinical depression in caregivers with three diverse racial groups. They concluded that the rate of
clinical depression among caregivers in the intervention group was statistically significantly
lower than that of the control group. Furthermore, the research suggested that minimal support
and attention may have positive effects on caregivers. However, when reviewing some of the
research it also suggested that with the help of a support system, maintaining a safe environment,
home modifications, and providing interventions for the client with dementia, lessened the
burden of the caregiver and improved their QOL.
According to Sorenson and colleagues (2008), the research concluded that the individual
experiences of a caregiver of a client with dementia have similar challenges. If the caregivers are
provided with psychological counseling along with being involved in a support group, they are
most likely to better cope within their environment. Therefore, the QOL will improve
significantly for caregiver and client with dementia. One study recommended occupational
therapy services be provided to the client with dementia and the caregiver, so that there will be a
significant improvement in the QOL for both (Dooley & Hinojosa, 2004). According to Dooley
& Hinojosa (2004), the research concluded that the unique value of occupational therapy services
for client with dementia and the caregiver will be beneficial in their overall QOL.
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Findings in Light of Research Objective
Based on the review of literature, it is evident that the topic of caregiver education is a
fundamental component in providing QOL to the care recipient. In light of this finding, the
research also points to the positive and negative effects a caregiver can have on the individuals
they care for based on their own QOL. As emphasized by Dolley and Hinojosa (2004), QOL for
the caregiver is closely tied with QOL to the care recipient. Not only does a positive QOL for the
caregiver translate into how positive the recipient’s perception of QOL will be, but also the
negative aspect of QOL, such as burden and depression which is closely related to how negative
the client’s QOL is. This is where an intervention designed to educate caregiver’s on the cause
and effect relationship they have on the overall QOL for the people they care for would be very
helpful in reducing the negative qualifiers of QOL that affect both parties.
In the literature a direct correlation with caregivers and the susceptibility of developing
depression due to the occupation of providing care to persons with Alzheimer’s and related
dementia's was discussed (Black et al., 2009; Dooley & Hinojosa, 2004, Belle et al. 2006).
Therefore, from the aforementioned study, it is clear that if a negative qualifier such as
depression is felt by the caregiver, the care recipient will experience a negative qualifier as well,
or a reduction in QOL due to the QOL experienced by their caregiver. Not only was depression a
common theme throughout this review, but also: emotional burden, helplessness, and stress
which all tend to affect the caregiver in negative way.
It is clear that education is a strong intervention strategy that not only helps improve
QOL for everyone involved in the caretaker process, but it also transcends the classic definition
of QOL to a more personal and global one that involves: independence; enjoyment of daily
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activities; maintaining identity; respect; spirituality; communication; love; and the ability keep
relationships.
As of 2010, 9.9 million Americans provide “unpaid caregiving” for people with
Alzheimer’s and dementias (Donavan & Corcoran, 2010, p. 590) translating to the majority of
the people providing care as the family members themselves. This could be an indicator as to
why there is so much emotional distress associated with caring for an individual with Alzheimer
or related dementia's, because of the emotional attachment component involved and further
research would need to be conducted to understand this phenomenon better.
Gaps in the Literature and Suggestion Areas for Future Research
Based on this literature review gaps in the literature include a need for more research in:

Multicomponent interventions with an eye on effectiveness at the community level (Belle
et al., 2006)

The use of modern, universal frameworks of quality of life impact on population
(Banerjee et al., 2012)

The effect of community accessible support and interventions on caregiver skill as well
as healthcare system burden ( Black, 2012; Dooley, 2004)

The relationship between caregiver wellness and positive approaches to caregiving
(Donovan & Corcoran, 2010)

Links between client quality of life and psychosocial influence as well as effective
interventions for the promotion of continued social participation (Cerga-Pashoja, 2010;
Letts, 2011; Neely, 2009; Sorenson, 2008)

Effectiveness of spousal collaboration (Neely et al., 2009)
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Also, in searching for literature to answer the question posed by this literature review, it
seems that more research may be beneficial in directly testing if occupational therapy for
caregivers improves the QOL of the care receivers or those who have been diagnosed with
Alzheimer’s and/or other dementias. The results of such research could aid in planning for the
growing population of individuals at higher risk for dementia. This planning could in turn
promote better community QOL and decrease the community’s healthcare costs.
Conclusion
The main goal of the research was to infer whether or not caregiver education provided
by an occupational therapist would be beneficial for the caregiver and client with dementia. It is
evident that caregiver education does improve the QOL for clients with dementia and diminishes
the burden of the caregiver. Much research supports the notion that if caregiver education is
provided within the services from a health professional, the QOL will improve tremendously.
The caregiver education may include factors such as coping strategies, educating on the client’s
diagnoses, behavioral modifications, modifying the environment, and utilizing adaptive
equipment within the environment.
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