Leader: Kristina
Course: AnS 214
Practice Exam 3
Supplemental Instruction
Instructor: Keating
Iowa State University
Date: 4/23/2014
1. Choose the false statement about oogenesis.
a. Primary oocytes are stalled in prophase I until puberty.
b. In humans, the secondary oocyte must complete meiosis II before it can be
fertilized.
c. In oogenesis, three polar bodies and one functional gamete are produced.
d. Oogenesis occurs in the ovaries.
Reproductive and Endocrine Systems
2. Which of the following is mismatched?
a. Luteal phase: characterized by decreased progesterone levels
b. Ovulation: secondary oocyte is released
c. Ovarian cycle: monthly series of events associated with maturation of an egg
d. Follicular phase: maturation of a primordial follicle to form a secondary oocyte
3. The functional later of the endometrium is shed in response to:
a. Decreased estrogen levels.
b. Increased estrogen levels.
c. Decreased progesterone levels.
d. Increased progesterone levels.
4. The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that:
a. The mature ovum is haploid and the sperm is 2n.
b. Spermatogenesis involves mitosis and meiosis, but oogenesis involves meiosis
only.
c. Two polar bodies are produced in spermatogenesis.
d. One mature ovum is produced in oogenesis, and four mature sperm are produced
in spermatogenesis.
5. The surge in LH that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers:
a. Uterine-lining secretion.
b. Ovulation
c. Menstruation
d. Activation of primordial follicles.
6. __________ cells, located between seminiferous tubules, produce testosterone.
a. Interstitial
b. Sustenacular
c. Sertoli
d. Follicle
7. In which uterine phase does the functional layer of the endometrium start to rebuild?
a. Secretory
b. Proliferative
c. Preovulatory
d. Ovulation
Supplemental Instruction
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8. Which is the most correct sequence of sperm flow in the male duct system?
a. Testes, ductus deferens, urethra, seminal vesicle
b. Seminiferous tubules, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, ampulla, urethra
c. Seminiferous tubules, prostatic urethra, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, ampulla
d. Seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ampulla, ejaculatory duct, urethra
9. Sperm are produced in the:
a. Spermatic cord
b. Seminal vesicles
c. Seminiferous tubules
d. Epididymis
10. Ovulation in a typical, or “average,” cycle usually occurs on day:
a. 28
b. 14
c. 7
d. 1
11. What hormone is responsible for the secondary sex characteristics found in women?
a. Estrogen
b. FSH
c. LH
d. Progesterone
12. If the testes are both removed before puberty, will secondary sex characteristics develop
in the male?
a. It is impossible to tell.
b. Yes, they will develop, but the man will be sterile.
c. No, they won’t develop and the man will be sterile.
d. Yes, they will develop and the man can produce children.
13. Meiosis in the female is completed:
a. Before birth
b. After birth
c. At ovulation
d. After fertilization
14. Sperm complete the maturation process and are stored in the:
a. Seminiferous tubules
b. Epididymis
c. Ductus deferens
d. Rete testis
15. Which phase of the uterine cycle ends with a rise in estrogen and ovulation?
a. Proliferative phase
b. Menstruation
c. Secretory phase
d. Premenstrual phase
16. The site of fertilization:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Uterus
Cervix
Ampullary-isthmus junction
Vagina
17. A way that the scrotum is kept cool:
a. Cremaster muscle
b. Tunica Dartos muscle
c. Pampiniform plexus
d. All of the above
18. What is the hormone that is needed for puberty to be initiated?
a. Estrogen
b. GnRH
c. Testosterone
d. E2
19. What are the possibilities that will inhibit cyclicity in animals?
a. Visual encounter with offspring.
b. Olfactory encounter with offspring.
c. Auditory encounter with offspring.
d. All of the above.
20. What do the pinealocytes (located in the pineal gland) secrete in response to longer
nights?
a. LH
b. FSH
c. Melatonin
d. GnRH
21. Anestrus is a term used describe a time when there is no cyclicity (important to
remember). When is there a time when there is anestrus?
a. Pregnancy
b. Lactation
c. Presence of offspring
d. All of the above
22. What hormone is high when an animal is cycling?
a. LH
b. FSH
c. Estrogen
d. Testosterone.
23. The term used to describe standing heat at day zero in the estrous cycle is called estrus?
Is the underlined word spelled correctly?
a. Yes
b. No
24. The recurring reproductive cycle in many female mammals that starts with one estrus
(heat) to the next estrus (heat) and is 21 days long in the cow is called the estrous cycle.
Is the underlined word spelled correctly?
a. Yes
b. No
25. The four stages of the estrous cycle occur in what relative order? Depends where you
start at in the cycle!
a. Metestrus, estrus, diestrus, proestrus
b. Estrus, metestrus, diestrus, proestrus
c. Diestrus, estrus, proestrus, metestrus
d. Proestrus,, estrus, diestrus, metestrus
26. Where does ovulation occur in the estrous cycle?
a. Metestrus
b. Diestrus
c. Estrus
d. Proestrus
27. What hormone is important control of when an animal cycles and is the cause of corpus
luteum regression?
a. LH
b. FSH
c. GnRH
d. PGF2α
28. The posterior pituitary stores and releases two hypothalamic hormones and they are?
a. Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
b. Oxytocin and growth hormone (GH)
c. GH and ADH
d. GH and prolactin (PRL)
29. The ability for a hormone to illicit a response on a cell requires the right:
a. Plasma membrane
b. Nucleus
c. Receptor
d. Cytoplasm
30. Which of the following elements is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormone?
a. Copper
b. Sulfur
c. Iron
d. Iodine
31. Thyroid hormone (TH) includes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which is more
active?
a. T3
b. T4
32. The metabolic rate of most body tissues is controlled directly by:
a. TH
b. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
c. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
d. ADH
33. _________________ decreases blood calcium levels and _________________ increases
blood calcium levels.
a. Parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin
b. Calcitonin, PTH
c. GH, PRL
d. PRL, GH
34. The pancreas produces what two hormone that help regulate blood glucose levels?
a. Insulin and GH
b. GH and PRL
c. Insulin and glucagon
d. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
35. The metabolic rate of most body tissues is controlled directly by:
a. TH
b. FSH
c. TSH
d. ADH
36. __________ is a deficiency of blood calcium, and ___________ is a excess of blood
calcium.
a. Hypercalcemia, Hypocalcemia
b. Hypercalcemia, Hypercalcemia
c. Hypocalcemia, Hypercalcemia
d. Hypocalcemia, Hypocalcemia
37. The secretion of parathyroid hormone is a good example of:
a. Hormonal stimuli
b. Humoral stimuli
c. Hypothalamic stimuli
d. Neural stimuli
38. The stimulus for producing insulin is:
a. High blood glucose concentration.
b. Low blood glucose concentration.
c. Low glycogen concentration.
d. Low blood amino acid concentration.
39. The transcription of new messenger RNA is a function of:
a. Amino acid-based hormones.
b. Catecholamines.
c. Steroid hormones.
d. Pituitary gland hormones.
40. Which of the following elements is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormone?
a. Copper
b. Sulfur
c. Iron
d. Iodine
41. Which of the following is the property in which a hormone CANNOT exhibit its full
effect without another hormone?
a. Assertiveness
b. Synergism
c. Permissiveness
d. Antagonism
42. Which of the following is NOT a true hormone, but rather a trophic substance?
a. Thyroid hormone
b. TSH
c. Aldosterone
d. Glucagon
43. Water-soluble hormones exhibit the shortest:
a. Activation time.
b. Molecule.
c. Chain of amino acids
d. Half-life.
44. Excess growth hormone would cause all the following, except:
a. Suppression of cancer.
b. Gigantism in children.
c. Acromegally in adults.
d. Diabetes.
45. Endocrine glands:
a. Have ducts.
b. Have no ducts
c. Have extracellular effects
d. Aid in food digestion
Essay Questions
Endocrine System
1. Endocrine glands are ________________. Their responses tend to act much
____________ than those of the nervous system. The endocrine system acts through
chemical messengers in the blood or lymph called _________________. Their effects can
take place in the cell where they are produced called a(n) _________________ effect or
they can have effects on cells other than the one that secreted them called a(n)
_________________ effect. There are two classes of hormones
______________________ and ________________________. Steroid hormones and TH
circulate in the blood bound to ___________________ while all other hormones circulate
freely. Concentration in the blood is affected by the rate of ____________ and speed of
____________. The amount of time it takes for half a hormone to be removed from the
blood is called the _____________________. Hormones can be released in response to
various stimuli. One type of stimuli called _______________ stimuli is classified by
changing levels of ions and nutrients in the blood. Ca+2 is regulated in this way. If Ca+2
levels get too high ______________ deposit calcium into the bone matrix. However, if
Ca+2 levels are too low ________________ degrade the bone matrix to release calcium
into the blood. An extremely low level of blood calcium in a lactating cow can cause
_________________________. A second type of stimuli called ____________________
stimuli is characterized by nerve fibers stimulating hormone release. When one hormone
triggers the release of another hormone this is called a ________________ stimulus. The
posterior pituitary stores the two hypothalamic hormones ______ and _______________.
The anterior pituitary secretes the six hormones _______, _______, ________,
_________, ________, and ________. All of these are classified as _______________.
They are secreted by cells in the anterior pituitary called ________________,
_________________, __________________, ___________________, and
_________________. The hormone that can be regulated indirectly by IGFs is also
regulated by _______ and _______. ___________ stimulates the production of gonadal
hormones, while ________ stimulates gamete production. Both of these hormones are
regulated by __________. Prolactin is regulated by _____________ also called prolactininhibiting hormone. _____________ stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth.
TSH regulates the normal function of the ______________ gland. This gland requires
iodine or else it will swell causing a ____________. It produces two hormones _______
which is more active than _________. In the pancreas alpha cells secrete ____________
and beta cells secrete ______________. Glucagon can cause the breakdown of
____________ to glucose called ________________________. It can also cause the
synthesis of glucose called ________________________. Hypoactivity or hypersecretion
of ________________ can cause diabetes mellitus. Three symptoms of diabetes are
______________, _________________, and___________________. When one hormone
cannot exert its effects without another hormone present that is called
_______________________. _______________ is when more than one hormone
produces the same effect on a target cell. Finally, when one hormone _______________
another, it is called an antagonist. The effectiveness of a hormone depends on
_________________________, ______________________, and
____________________________________.
Reproductive System Male
2. In the male reproductive system the _____________ produce sperm. They are contained
inside a sac of skin called the _______________. It can maintain a temperature lower
than core body temperature through two mechanisms the __________________ and
____________________. Another mechanism for temperature regulation is a
countercurrent heat exchanger called the ___________________________. The three
accessory sex glands in the male are the ___________________________,
_______________________, and _____________________. The combination of sperm
and accessory sex gland fluid is ______________. It contains ____________________
from the seminal vesicles to help sperm reach the egg. Sertoli cells form the blood-testisbarrier, produce ______________, ________________, and ____________________,
and absorb cast off from developing spermatozoa. ______________ cells produce
androgens stimulated by the effect of the hormone ________. Due to androgen-binding
protein from the sustenacular cells, there is an increase in _________________ in the
testes. This leads to an increase in ________________________.
Reproductive System Female
3. In the female reproductive system an oocyte begins with oogenesis in the
_______________. After maturing into a ________________________, the oocyte will
be ___________________. From here it moves into the portion of the uterine tube called
the ____________________. The oocyte then moves into the _________________ where
fertilization can occur and finally into the _______________. From the uterine tube it
moves into the __________________. If fertilization has occurred it will implant into the
__________________ and continue developing. There are two distinct phases seen in the
ovary. The phase before ovulation is the ___________ phase which includes the growth
of the follicles. The second phase is the _________________ phase and includes activity
of the CL. At the same time there are three distinct phases in the uterus. The first, which
would occur if a female were not pregnant, is the _______________ phase. During this
phase the _______________________ is shed or resorbed. The next phase is the
____________________ phase in which _______________ initiates the development of
a new functional layer and increases receptors of ___________________in the
endometrium. The last phase is the _______________ phase. During this phase the
_______________ continues to develop in preparation for an embryo. Maternal
recognition of pregnancy is caused by ____________________ secreted from the
blastocyte. During development in utero _________________ ducts form into the female
reproductive tract due to a lack of ____________________. If androgens are present the
__________________ ducts form into the male reproductive tract.
Estrous Cycle
4. The first stage of the estrous cycle is _______________ or standing heat. During this
stage __________________ levels are high which cause an ______ surge. This leads to
___________________ and formation of a CL. The next stage is __________________.
Estrogen levels start to decline, while ___________________ levels are rising. If
fertilization has occurred the embryo will move towards the ______________. During
____________________ progesterone levels are very high. If pregnant the ______ will
remain and produce progesterone. If not pregnant it will regress due to the action of
_______________. Finally, the female goes into ___________________ and
progesterone levels decrease. If the female stops cycling she is in
______________________.
ESSAY TOPICS
Below are sample essay questions. For each, draft the response you would provide on an actual
exam. Use key words and topic sentences to make an outline of a potential essay. Make sure to
draw any diagrams required. Note: Most of these questions can most easily be answered with a
schematic representation accompanied by brief descriptions of the drawn elements. In other
words: if it helps – DRAW A PICTURE.
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:
1. Outline the hormonal controls involved in the regulation of the menstrual cycle and
ovarian cycle. Note hormone origins (production stimuli), production sites and target
cells as well as tissue effects and feedback systems. Include in your discussion the
different phases associated with each cycle.
2. Describe the hormones and feedback systems involved in the regulation of
spermatogenesis (blood-testis axis) and compare this to the hormones and feedback
systems involved in the two-cell theory in females.
3. Diagram E2 synthesis, the two cell model. Be sure to show where each set of enzymatic
processes occur in each type of cell that converts the hormones into their functional
counterparts.
ESTROUS CYCLE
1. Diagram and describe the events of the estrous cycle. Include in your essay the parts,
the days to those parts, and the relative concentration of the hormones of each part
included in the estrous cycle.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:
1. Describe what a hormone is. For the hormones of the anterior pituitary, GH, FSH, LH,
PRL, and TSH, set up a table that shows what cell type each were secreted by, what
triggers each of these hormone’s release, and the effects on the body. For the posterior
pituitary hormones, Oxytocin and ADH, set up a table that shows what tissue each were
secreted by, what triggers each of these hormone’s release, and the effects on the body.
2. Trace the events involved in the synthesis, release and hormonal action of T3 and T4.
Include a list of the effects of thyroid hormone on the body.
3. If we still have time during the session we will cover this question, but be sure you know
how to describe what occurs when lipid soluble and/or water soluble hormone bind to a
receptor and what the final product of the cascade of events amounts to. There are two
detailed slides in the endocrine set of notes.