Case Study
#1
South Africa
Outline
 Geography
 Terms
& People
 History
 Apartheid
 South African Identity
Write down everything you know about South Africa
Geography
Which
picture do
you think is
from South
Africa…?
Geography
Geography
Located at the
Southern tip of
Africa
Geography
Geography
Geography
1/8 the size
of USA
Twice the
size of
France
Geography
Split into nine
provinces
Hmm… looks like
there are ten… are
there?
Geography
South Africa has
three capital cities:
• Cape Town
(legislative capital)
• Bloemfontein
(judicial capital)
• Pretoria
(admin capital)
Geography
Activity:
With a partner, discuss the following questions:
1. Do you think South Africa’s geography could give
it power over other nations? How?
2. What types of benefits and challenges could its
geography present? Explain.
3. Compare South Africa’s geography to Canada’s
geography… what similarities/differences exist?
Setting the Tone…
Activity:
In the computer lab, find information on the following:
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Imperialism
Apartheid
Bantu Education Act
Sanctions
Steve Biko
Nelson Mandela
Frederic DeKlerk
Desmond Tutu
Setting the Tone…

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
What did you learn?
How did you learn it?
Did any information surprise/not surprise you?
How do you think this information affects you?
Terms & People
 Imperialism

The practice of a nation growing stronger by taking
over other nations that have important resources
 Imperialism
& South Africa
Dutch &
Portuguese
Fueling station
British
Keep it from
the French
British
Merchants
Diamonds
Terms & People
 Imperialism

The practice of a nation growing stronger by taking
over other nations that have important resources
 Imperialism
& South Africa
Dutch &
Portuguese
Fueling station
• Pushed indigenous
people out
• “Afrikaners”
British
Keep it from
the French
British
Merchants
Diamonds
Terms & People
 Imperialism

The practice of a nation growing stronger by taking
over other nations that have important resources
 Imperialism
& South Africa
Dutch &
Portuguese
British
Keep it from
the French
Fueling station
•
•
•
Got rid of slavery
Hottentot Rule: Black
Africans needed to carry
passes in public – no pass =
taken for white labour
Angered Afrikaners (moved
to the interior… pushing
indigenous people out)
British
Merchants
Diamonds
Terms & People
 Imperialism

The practice of a nation growing stronger by taking
over other nations that have important resources
 Imperialism
& South Africa
Dutch &
Portuguese
Fueling station
British
British
Merchants
Keep it from
the French
Diamonds
•
•
Discovered diamonds &
gold
Mining companies +
government = limited the
right of black Africans to
own mining claims or to
trade their products
Terms & People
 Imperialism

The practice of a nation growing stronger by taking
over other nations that have important resources
 Imperialism
& South Africa
Dutch &
Portuguese
Fueling station
British
Keep it from
the French
•
•
British
Merchants
Diamonds
Black workers were forbidden by law from living
wherever they wanted… had to stay in
segregated neighborhoods or mining
compounds
Businessman Cecil Rhodes was elected prime
minister of Cape Colony - he introduced the
Glen Grey Act to push black people from their
lands and make way for industrial development
Terms & People
 Apartheid



An official policy of separating races in South Africa
Included political, legal, and economic discrimination
against non-whites
Used to confirm the power of the white elite
Apartheid
Apartheid
Examples of Apartheid Laws
•
•
•
•
•
•
Every South African had to be
classified into one of a number of
racial "population groups“ (Black,
White, Coloured, Indians) – then
urban areas were divided into
“group areas”
Public areas, vehicles and services
could be segregated by race
Marriages between white people
and people of other races were
not allowed
Black voters did not have the same
voting rights as White voters
Limits on where black labourers
were able to work
Segregation of educational
facilities
Apartheid
Whites
Blacks
Population
20%
80%
Income
80%
20%
Infant Mortality Rate
2.7%
30%
Annual expenditure on
education per pupil
$696
$45
Apartheid
Pass Laws
The Black population
were required to carry
these pass books with
them at all times.
Failure to produce a
pass often resulted in
the person being
arrested. Any white
person, even a child
could ask a black
African to produce his
or her pass.
Apartheid
Terms & People
Bantu Education Act
• Law under apartheid that legally separated the education
for white and black students
• Funding was cut for black schools
•
In the 1970s, the per capita governmental spending on black
education was 1/10 of the spending on white
• Black students were trained to perform unskilled labour
•
"There is no place for [the Bantu] in the European community
above the level of certain forms of labour ... What is the use of
teaching the Bantu child mathematics when it cannot use it in
practice?“
• Biased average teacher pupil ratio
•
1:18 in white schools, 1:24 in Asian schools, 1:27 in Coloured
schools, and 1:39 in Black schools
Terms & People
Sanctions
• Definition: A punishment for
disobeying a law or rule
• The UN condemned apartheid
in South Africa and imposed
economic sanctions
• The South African economy
suffered during the 1980s under
these trade sanctions… helped
to end apartheid
Terms & People
Steve Biko
• An anti-apartheid activist in South Africa in the 1960s and
1970s
• Supported non-violent action (he was influenced by
Mahatma Gandhi)
• Was murdered while in the custody of the South African
Security Police
Terms & People
Nelson Mandela
•
•
•
•
•
Born Rolihlahla Mandela , given the name “Nelson in mission
school (assimilation)
Anti-apartheid activist, revolutionary and politician
Was in prison for 27 years for sabotage and conspiracy to
overthrow the government
Led negotiations to end apartheid – won the Nobel Peace
Prize
Served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, the first
to be elected in a fully representative, multiracial election
• As president, he created a new constitution and initiated
the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate
past human rights abuses
Terms & People
Frederic de Klerk
• The 7th and last State President of apartheid-era South
Africa (1989-1994)
• Best known for engineering the end of apartheid
• Released Nelson Mandela from prison
• Won the Nobel Peace Prize (1993) with Nelson Mandela
Terms & People
Desmond Tutu
• South African social rights activist and retired Anglican
bishop
• Rose to worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent
of apartheid
• Active in the defence of human rights and uses his high
profile to campaign for the oppressed. He has campaigned
to fight AIDS, tuberculosis, poverty, racism, sexism, and
homophobia
Investigating South Africa’s History!
Lab Activity

Investigate cave paintings in South Africa
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Investigate the Dutch East India Company
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What are they?
What do they tell us about early humans?
Explain why drawings a good source of historical information
What was it?
How is it related to South Africa’s history?
How is it related to multinationals?
Compare it to the Hudson’s Bay Company – how are they similar/different?
Investigate Cecil Rhodes
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Who was he?
How is he related to South Africa’s history?
Compare him to Bill Gates – how are they similar/different? Hint: Look at the
Bill and Melinda Gates foundation….
History
Cave Paintings
History
Cave Paintings
Peter Garlake
•
•
•
•
Zimbabwean
archaeologist
Found that African
art has symbolic
meaning
African people are
complex, their art is
complex
Modern texts still
treat African art with
surface level
interpretations (think
of it as
simple/primitive)
History
The Dutch East India Company was one of the first multinational
corporations and it had a lot of merchandise sailing back and
forth… so they decided to establish a base camp where passing
ships could shelter, and where hungry sailors could stock up on
fresh supplies of meat, fruit, and vegetables
Dutch are
from The
Netherlands
History
The Dutch East
India Company set
up Cape Town and
called the area
“The Cape
Colony”
History
Cape Colony =
Dutch 7/11
History
Expansion of the Dutch
Cape Colony
Colony: A territory under the control of another state
Example: Canada was a colony of Britain and France
before it became its own country
History
Dutch East India Company
• Company based out of the Netherlands
• Established Cape Town, to resupply its ships on the way to
and from Asia… eventually became a colony
• Considered to be the first multinational corporation
• Traded throughout Asia
• Ships carried supplies for DEIC settlements in Asia
• Silver and copper from Japan were used to trade with
India and China for silk, cotton, porcelain, and textiles
• These products were either traded within Asia for the
coveted spices or brought back to Europe.
History
People in the Cape
Colony farmed in the
area
Relationships with the
Indigenous people
started off well
(trading) but
deteriorated (slaves)
Critically analyze the
painting… what is it
telling us?
History
Hudson’s Bay Company
Hudson’s Bay Company
“…resulted in the misery,
deprivation, and exploitation
of Canada’s Indigenous
peoples”
“To think that a King in
England, could just by a few
words, give a great portion of
Canada to a handful of
Englishmen….the Indians had
absolutely no say about it
whatsoever”
Slavery: Where
people are
treated as
property
(bought and
sold) and are
forced into
labour
This is related to
HISTORICAL
IMPERIALISM
History
Imperialism: The action or
attitude of one nation
thinking they are better
than other nations and
taking them over –
economically, culturally,
and/or politically.
It is often considered a
negative term… powerful
nations exploiting less
powerful nations
History
In the 1600s, the Netherlands and France went to war….
Britain saw an opportunity and went down to the Cape…
History
Britain fought
the Dutch
settlers and took
over the Cape
Colony…
History
Cecil Rhodes
History
Cecil Rhodes
•
•
•
•
•
•
English born, South African businessman
Founded the diamond company De Beers (sells 40% of
the world's rough diamonds)
Went to the Kimberly diamond fields at 18 – bought up
the smaller diamond mining operations and created a
monopoly on the world’s diamonds
Became Prime Minister of the Cape Colony
Created the hut tax
• Families were required to pay money/hut
• Many stored their wealth in cattle but the hut tax
forced them into the role of labourers to earn
money
• It took a South African mine worker 3 months to
earn the amount needed to cover his
household for a year
Wanted British control from “Cape to Cairo” – the best
way to “unify the possessions, facilitate governance,
enable the military to move quickly to hot spots or
conduct war, help settlement, and foster trade”
History
Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902)
•
•
•
•
•
English-born South African businessman and politician
Founded the diamond company De Beers (sells 40% of the world's
rough diamonds)
Went to the Kimberly diamond fields at 18 – bought up the smaller
diamond mining operations and created a monopoly on the world’s
diamonds
Decided to go into politics – became Prime Minister of Cape Colony
Created the hut tax
• Families were required to pay money/hut
• Many stored their wealth in cattle but the hut tax forced them
into the role of labourers to earn money
• It took a South African mine worker 3 months to earn the amount
needed to cover his household for a year
Apartheid: Lab Activity

Investigate and provide a short summary of the
following apartheid events:
Sharpeville massacre
 Soweto uprising
 South African participation in international sports events
 Robben Island
 Release of Nelson Mandela
 South Africa’s first multiracial election


Choose an event from the list and create two news
articles about the event


One written from a black South African perspective
One written from a white South African perspective
Sharpeville Massacre

Who



What



The police station in the South African township of Sharpeville (note:
“township” in South Africa usually refers to the urban living areas
that were reserved for non-whites)
When

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Protest against pass books – became violent
Police fired on the crowd, killing 69 people
Where
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20,000 black South Africans
130 Police officers
March 21, 1960
Why
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Pass books had been used to restrict the movement of black South
Africans
Tired of Apartheid
Police were scared of the mob… inexperienced
Since 1994, March 21st has
been “Human Rights Day” in
South Africa
UNESCO marks March 21 as
the yearly “International Day
for the Elimination of Racial
Discrimination,” in memory of
the massacre
Do you believe that good
things come from bad
things? Why/why not?
Soweto Uprising

Who

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
What

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The township of Soweto, a non-white area in the city of
Johannesburg
When

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Protests led by high school students
Where

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20,000 high school students
1,500 police officers
June 16, 1976
Why
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Afrikaans and English were made the official languages in
local schools
It was the language of the government - it was seen as the
“language of the “oppressor”
Few teachers and few students spoke Afrikaans
Many of you are learning
English… how has it been
to have a new language
in school?
Why do you think these
students protested?
Sports During Apartheid
 Olympics

Banned from the Olympics from 1964-1992 because
of Apartheid laws
 Rugby

1995 Rugby World Cup – first major sporting event
post-Apartheid…. Ended up bringing the nation
together
Sports During Apartheid
Do you think it’s fair to not allow athletes from a
country to compete...
If that country is acting inappropriately?
Robben Island
 An
island south of Cape Town
 Used as a prison for hundreds of years
 Used during Apartheid to imprison political
opponents
 Came to symbolise the triumph of the human spirit
over enormous hardship and adversity
 Where Nelson Mandela was imprisoned for 18
years
Who is a person/place that is a symbol for hope?
What places/people symbolise the triumph of the
human spirit over hardship and adversity?
Release of Nelson Mandela
Release of Nelson Mandela
 Sentenced
to life in prison in 1964…
 Released on February 11, 1990

People danced in the streets!
 Decided
not to dwell on the past, but to move
forward for peace
Why do you think many black South Africans were so
excited to hear about Mandela’s release?
South Africa’s First Multi-Racial Election
 1994
- South Africa’s first democratic election with
universal suffrage
Activity!
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Get together in groups of four
Share your two articles
Discuss the following questions:

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
What event had the most impact on you? Why?
What does “perspective” mean? Do you think your
perspective affected your answer to the previous
question? Why?
Do you think two people can see the same event and
have two very different opinions of that same event? Why
do you think this can happen?
What affects people’s perspectives? What do you think
affects Nelson Mandela’s perspective?
Assign a note-taker to take notes of your discussion
South African Languages
•
•
•
During Apartheid:
South Africa had two
official languages
(English & Afrikaans)
Soweto Uprising
(1976)
Now it has11 official
languages… a
matter of national
pride
South African Languages
•
•
•
The “language of the
oppressors” - Afrikaans
was created through
hybridization
Hybridization: When
different things come
together to create a
mixture
Afrikaans was created
through a mixture of
Dutch, English, and
African languages
South African Languages
•
•
•
Read the article, “Tongues under threat”
Have a dictionary beside you to look up words you do
not know
Do you think they should reduce the number of official
languages to three? Why/Why not?
South African Languages
Assimilation: To make different parts all the same (similar).
Often means that one part loses things about itself to
become like the other parts.
Sometimes cultures and languages are at risk of becoming
assimilated… can you think of an example?
How could
globalization
lead to
assimilation of
culture and
language?
Are
languages in
South Africa
at risk of
becoming
assimilated?
South African Languages
 Canada
is a bilingual
country
 Read the article, “Is
bilingualism still relevant in
Canada?”
 How is Canada’s language
situation similar/different
than South Africa’s
language situation?
 Do you think Canada
should still be bilingual?
Why/why not?
South Africa: Quiz
Know terms:
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Assimilation
Hybridization
Imperialism
Colonialism
Exploitation
Apartheid
Sanctions
United Nations
Monopoly
Nelson Mandela
Cecil Rhodes
Dutch East India Company
Multinational Corporations
Be able to
apply
terms
You may
bring in a
dictionary
Which conclusion is best supported by this cartoon?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Imprisonment of political protesters rarely ends their opposition to the government
The United Nations supports punishment for acts of civil disobedience
Better media coverage would prevent the imprisonment of protesters
Mistreatment of political prisoners often results in their acceptance of government
policies
Which statement best expresses the motive for European
imperialism in South Africa?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Living space was needed for the excess population in
western Europe
European leaders believed imperialism was an
effective method of reducing the number of wars
European nations would benefit from some aspects of
the conquered nation’s culture
Imperialism would benefit the economies of the
colonial powers
Use the following quote to answer the question:
“I contend that we are the first race in the world and that
the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the
human race.” (Cecil Rhodes)
Based on the quote, which of the following South African
events do you think Cecil Rhodes would have supported:
a)
b)
c)
d)
Apartheid
UN Sanctions
Freedom of Nelson Mandela
William de Klerk’s allowance of mixed-race elections