Case 21
nd
2
Quarter Benchmark
Study Guide- Correct Answers
1. What is the difference between a
prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell?
• Eukaryotic Cells have a
membrane-bound nucleus
and Prokaryotic Cells do
not
2. What are the two types of
eukaryotic cells?
• Plant Cells and Animal Cells
3. What type(s) of cell(s) does
photosynthesis occur in?
•Plant Cells ONLY
4. In which organelle (which part of
the cell) does photosynthesis take
place?
•The Chloroplast
5. What are the reactants for
photosynthesis?
• Sunlight + CO2 (carbon dioxide) +
H2O (water)
6. What are the products of
photosynthesis?
• Glucose (Sugar) and Oxygen
7. What type(s) of cell(s) does
cellular respiration occur in?
• Plant Cells AND Animal Cells
8. In which organelle (which part of
the cell) does cellular respiration occur
in?
•The Mitochondria
9. What are the reactants for
cellular respiration?
• Glucose (Sugar) and Oxygen
10. What are the products of
cellular respiration?
• ATP energy + CO2 (carbon dioxide) +
H2O (water)
11. What is the difference between
aerobic respiration and anaerobic
respiration?
• Aerobic Respiration
requires Oxygen and
Anaerobic Respiration does
not
12. What is fermentation?
• Fermentation is another name
for Anaerobic Respiration. It is
a process through which cells
release energy WITHOUT
Oxygen.
Microbe
Definition
Bacteria Singlecelled
organisms
that have
no
nucleus
Basic
Characteristics
-Multiple
shapes
-Some are
harmful and
cause
disease
-Some are
helpful and
cure disease
and break
down
decaying
material
How It Spreads Diseases It Can
Cause
-Contaminated
foods
-Contaminated
soil
-Contaminated
water
-Contact with
other
organisms, etc.
-Strep throat
-Staph
infections
-Food
Poisoning
-Tuberculosis
-Bacterial
pneumonia
-Leprosy
-Lyme
disease, etc.
Treatment of
Disease
Antibiotics
Prevention
Methods
-Proper
hand
washing &
hygiene
-Proper
handling of
food
-Cover your
mouth
when you
cough, etc.
Microbe
Virus
Definition
Basic
Characteristics
-Can cause
Non-living
disease
substance that -Must infect
has to inject its host cell to
genetic
reproduce &
material into a spread
living host cell -Much smaller
in order to
than bacteria
reproduce
How It Spreads Diseases It Can
Cause
A virus must
infect the
host cell to
replicate –
inject DNA
into host cell
Viruses can
enter the
body through
ingestion,
inhalation,
and injection
-AIDS
-The
common
cold
-The flu
-Chickenpox
-H1N1, etc.
Treatment of
Disease
“let the
virus run its
course”
Rest
Treat
symptoms
Antiviral
drugs for
long term
viruses like
HIV, etc.
Prevention
Methods
-Hygiene
-Proper
hand
washing
Vaccination
s
Microbe
Fungi
Definition
Any of a group
of unicellular or
multicellular
spore-producing
organisms
“feeding” on
organic matter
Basic
Characteristics
-Living
-Decomposers
– break down
organic matter
Examples:
yeast, molds,
mushrooms,
etc.
-Some are
harmful
-Some are
helpful
How It Spreads Diseases It Can
Cause
Enters the body
in multiple
ways:
-Ingestion
-Inhalation
-Contaminated
soil
-Contact with
eyes, mouth,
etc.
-Ring worm
-Yeast
infections
-Athlete’s
foot
-Eye, lung,
skin, hair,
and nail
infections
Treatment of
Disease
Antifungal
medications
and creams
Prevention
Methods
-Clean skin
injuries
-Wear a mask
and/or gloves
when working
in damp,
dusty areas
-Proper
hygiene
Microbe
Parasite
Definition
Basic
Characteristics
Most parasites
want to keep
the host cell
alive
How It Spreads Diseases It Can
Cause
-Enters the
An organism
body through
that lives in or
vectors
on another
-Enters the
organism (its
body through
host) and
Host cell: the
contaminated
benefits by
cells of the host food, soil, and
deriving
organism, much water
nutrients at the like a virus
host's expense must infect the
host cell to
multiply
-Giardia
infections
-Malaria,
infections,
etc.
Treatment of
Disease
Prevention
Methods
Prescription
medications
to kill parasite
and to treat
the infections
-Proper hand
washing and
hygiene
-Proper
filtration of
water
-Proper
handling of
food
-Preventative
medications
(before trips)
14. What is a vector? List at least
three (3) examples of organisms that
are common vectors.
- An organism (excluding humans) that
spread diseases without showing
symptoms – passes the disease onto the
other organism
- Examples: mosquito, tick, flea, rat, other
animals (i.e. rabies)
15. Describe the relationship between
a virus and a host cell.
- Because a virus is nonliving and
cannot reproduce on its own, it must
inject its DNA into the host cell in
order to replicate
- The virus “hijacks” the host cell to
“grow” and reproduce
16. Explain how a vaccine works to
prevent viral infections.
• A vaccine contains a dead or weakened strain
of a virus (that does not cause disease)
• When the vaccine is given to a person their
cells go to work fighting the virus off (kind of
like practice) to build up an immunity to the
virus so when they are exposed to the actual
virus the body already has a defense prepared
to fight the virus
17. Bacteria come in many shapes.
Describe each of the following:
a)
b)
c)
d)
Coccus: Spherical shaped
Bacillus: Rod-shaped
Spirillum: Spiral shaped
Spirochete: Corkscrew shaped
18. What is the difference between an
epidemic and a pandemic?
• An epidemic is an outbreak of a disease in a certain
area, whereas a pandemic is a type of epidemic that is
more widespread and infects a greater number of
people
• There are two main differences between epidemic and
pandemic. The term pandemic normally is used to
indicate a far higher number of people affected than
an epidemic. Pandemic also refers to a much larger
region being affected. In the most extreme case, the
entire global population would be affected by a
pandemic.
19. Label each disease as either
infectious or genetic:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
a. The Common Cold: __Infectious_______
b. Food Poisoning: __Infectious_________
c. Downs Syndrome: __Genetic__________
d. Sickle Cell Anemia: ___Genetic__________
E. Athlete’s Foot: ___Infectious_____
F. Cystic Fibrosis: ___Genetic___
G. Rabies: ___Infectious___
H. Mononucleosis: ___Infectious___
20. List three examples of
biotechnology (hint: think about the
“Heal, Feed, and Sustain” video).
• Examples of biotechnology: new
biofuels (ethanol), skin graph
technology, new vaccines and
medicines, larger, healthier ears
of corn, golden rice, animal
cloning technology, etc.
21. How is biotechnology used in
agriculture (farming/growing plants)?
• Biotechnology is used in agriculture to modify
the genetic compositions of plants. Currently,
the genetic engineering technology is used
primarily in engineered crops. The traits most
commonly introduced into crops are herbicide
tolerance, insect tolerance, and virus
tolerance. Agricultural engineering is also
used to grow crops that are different colors,
have more nutrients, and are temperature
resistant.
22. Explain what “genetically
modified” plants means.
• Genetically modified plants are
plants that have had changes made
to their genetic makeup so that they
grow differently. Biotechnology
includes the science of genetically
modifying plants.
23. In your own words, define what
“ethics” means.
• Ethics are the moral principles
of an individual. This includes
what the person feels is right
or wrong, their opinions on
issues and their moral stance.
24. Give an example of an ethical
debate in biotechnology.
• There are several ethical debates in
biotechnology. There are debates over using
animal models as test subjects (this could be
potentially harmful to animals, but also avoids
using human test subjects), there are debates
over genetically modifying crops (they have the
potential to feed more people and provide more
nutrition, but they could also trigger allergies and
change how nature intended them to be) and
lastly, there are several ethical debates over
cloning (Is it safe? What would be done with
“mistakes”? Would we be “playing God”?)
25. List at least three possible
biotechnology careers.
• Genetic Counselor, Immunologist,
Entomologist, Animal Behaviorist,
Microbiologist, Zoologist, Quality
Control Associate, Marine Biologist,
Food Biotechnologist, Biomedical
Engineer, Agricultural Engineer, Process
Technician