Dyashia Bunn
5-8
May 11,2012
telegraph
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In the 1870s, two inventors Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell both
independently designed devices that could transmit speech electrically (the
telephone). Alexander Graham Bell patented his telephone first. Elisha
Gray and Alexander Graham Bell entered into a famous legal battle over
the invention of the telephone, which Bell won.
The telegraph and telephone are both wire-based electrical systems, and
Alexander Graham Bell's success with the telephone came as a direct
result of his attempts to improve the telegraph.
When Bell began experimenting with electrical signals, the telegraph had
been an established means of communication for some 30 years. Although a
highly successful system, the telegraph, with its dot-and-dash Morse code,
was basically limited to receiving and sending one message at a time.
Bell's extensive knowledge of the nature of sound and his understanding of
music enabled him to conjecture the possibility of transmitting multiple
messages over the same wire at the same time. Although the idea of a
multiple telegraph had been in existence for some time, Bell offered his own
musical or harmonic approach as a possible practical solution. His "harmonic
telegraph" was based on the principle that several notes could be sent
simultaneously along the same wire if the notes or signals differed in pitch.
Telegraph
Telephone
 Bell's greatest success was achieved on March 10, 1876, marked
not only the birth of the telephone but the death of the
multiple telegraph as well. The communications potential
contained in his demonstration of being able to "talk with
electricity" far outweighed anything that simply increasing
the capability of a dot-and-dash system could imply.
 Alexander Graham Bell's notebook entry of 10 March 1876
describes his successful experiment with the telephone.
Speaking through the instrument to his assistant, Thomas A.
Watson, in the next room, Bell utters these famous first words,
"Mr. Watson -- come here -- I want to see you."
Telephones
Pagers
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1921, the first pager-like system was in use
by the Detroit Police Department.
 However, it was not until 1949 that the very
first telephone pager was patented. The
inventor's name was al Gross and his pagers
were first used in New York City's Jewish
Hospital.
 Al Gross' pager was not a consumer device
available to everyone. The FCC did not
approve the pager for public use until 1958.
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The name pager was first used in 1959 when
Motorola made a personal radio
communications product they called a
pager. The Motorola pager was a small
receiver that delivered a radio message
individually to those carrying the device.
 The first successful consumer pager was
Motorola's Pageboy I first introduced in
1974. It had no display and could not store
messages, however, it was portable and
notified the wearer that a message had
been sent
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By 1980, there were 3.2 million pager users
worldwide. At that time pagers had a
limited range and were used mostly in onsite situations for example when medical
workers communicate with each other
within a hospital.
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By 1990, wide-area paging had been
invented and over 22 million pagers were
in use.
By 1994, there were over 61 million pagers
in use and pagers became popular for
personal use.
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pagers
Photophone
 On June 3, 1880, Alexander Graham Bell transmitted the first wireless
telephone message on his newly invented "photo phone." Bell believed
the photo phone was his most important invention.
 The device allowed for the transmission of sound on a beam of light. Of
the eighteen patents granted in Bell's name alone, and the twelve he
shared with his collaborators, four were for the photo phone.
 Bell's photo phone worked by projecting voice through an instrument
toward a mirror. Vibrations in the voice caused similar vibrations in
the mirror. Bell directed sunlight into the mirror, which captured and
projected the mirror's vibrations. The vibrations were transformed
back into sound at the receiving end of the projection.
 The photo phone functioned similarly to the telephone, except the
photo phone used light as a means of projecting the information, while
the telephone relied on electricity.
More of the Photo phone
 Although the photo phone was an extremely important invention, it was
many years before the significance of Bell's work was fully
recognized.
 Bell's original photo phone failed to protect transmissions from
outside interferences. Until the development of modern fiber optics,
technology for the secure transport of light inhibited use of Bell's
invention.
 Bell's photo phone is recognized as the progenitor of the modern fiber
optics that today transport over eight percent of the world's
telecommunications.
TV
 Vladimir Kosma Zworykin invented the cathode-ray tube called the
kinescope in 1929, a tube needed for TV transmission. Vladimir Kosma
Zworykin also invented the iconoscope, an early television camera. See
the personal photographs of television pioneer Dr. Vladimir Kosma
Zworykin and his involvement with television history.
 John Logie Baird is best remembered for inventing a mechanical
television system. During the 1920's, John Logie Baird patented the idea
of using arrays of transparent rods to transmit images for television.
John Logie Baird was the first person to transmit moving silhouette
images using a mechanical system based on Nipkow's disk.
Cameras
 "Photography" is derived from the Greek words photos
("light") and graphein ("to draw") The word was first used
by the scientist Sir John F.W. Herschel in 1839. It is a
method of recording images by the action of light, or
related radiation, on a sensitive material.
 Pinhole Camera
 Alhazen (Ibn Al-Haytham), a great authority on optics in
the Middle Ages who lived around 1000AD, invented the
first pinhole camera, (also called the Camera Obscura}
and was able to explain why the images were upside
down. The first casual reference to the optic laws that
made pinhole cameras possible, was observed and noted
by Aristotle around 330 BC, who questioned why the sun
could make a circular image when it shined through a
square hole.
More about cameras
 The First Photograph
 On a summer day in 1827, Joseph Nicephore Niepce made the first
photographic image with a camera obscura. Prior to Niepce
people just used the camera obscura for viewing or drawing
purposes not for making photographs. Joseph Nicephore Niepce's
heliographs or sun prints as they were called were the
prototype for the modern photograph, by letting light draw
the picture. Niepce placed an engraving onto a metal plate
coated in bitumen, and then exposed it to light. The shadowy
areas of the engraving blocked light, but the whiter areas
permitted light to react with the chemicals on the plate. When
Niepce placed the metal plate in a solvent, gradually an
image, until then invisible, appeared. However, Niepce's
photograph required eight hours of light exposure to create
and after appearing would soon fade away.
Type writers
 Alfred Ely Beach made a sort of typewriter as early as
1847, but he neglected it for other things. His typewriter
had many of the features of the modern typewriter,
however, it lacked a satisfactory method of inking the
types.
 In 1857, S. W. Francis of New York invented a typewriter
with a ribbon that was saturated with ink. Neither of
these typewriters were a commercial success. They were
regarded merely as the toys of ingenious men. The
accredited father of the typewriter was Wisconsin
newspaperman, Christopher Latham Sholes.
 After his printers went on strike, Sholes made a few
unsuccessful attempts to invent a typesetting machine.
He then, in collaboration with another printer, Samuel
Soule, invented a numbering machine.
More of Typewriters
 A friend, Carlos Glidden saw this ingenious device and
suggested that they should try to invent a machine that print
letters.
 The three men, Sholes, Soule, and Glidden agreed to try to
invent such a machine. None of them had studied the efforts of
previous experimenters, and they made many errors which
might have been avoided.
 Gradually, however, the invention took form and the inventors
were granted patents in June and July of 1868.
 However, their typewriter was easily broken and made
mistakes. Investor, James Densmore bought a share in the
machine buying out Soule and Glidden. Densmore furnished the
funds to build about thirty models in succession, each a little
better than the preceding. The improved machine was patented
in 1871, and the partners felt that they were ready to begin
manufacturing.
Even more about type writers
 Sholes Offers the Typewriter to Remington
 In 1873, James Densmore and Christopher Sholes offered
their machine to Eliphalet Remington and Sons,
manufacturers of firearms and sewing machines. In
Remington's well-equipped machine shops the typewriter
was tested, strengthened, and improved. The Remingtons
believed there would be a demand for the typewriter
and offered to buy the patents, paying either a lump sum,
or a royalty. Sholes preferred the ready cash and
received twelve thousand dollars, while Densmore chose
the royalty and received a million and a half.
Newspapers
 Smart newspapermen of the time paid attention when the telegraph
was invented. The New York Herald, the Sun, and the Tribune had been
founded recently. The proprietors of these newspapers saw that the
telegraph was bound to affect all newspapers profoundly. How were
the newspapers to cope with the situation and make use of the news
that was coming in and would be coming in more and faster over the
wires? Improved Newspaper Presses
 For one thing, the newspapers now needed better printing machinery.
Steam-powered printing in America had begun. New printing presses
were introduced in the United States by Robert Hoe at the same time as
Samuel Morse was struggling to perfect the telegraph. Before steam
power, newspapers printed in the United States used presses operated
by hand. The New York Sun, the pioneer of cheap modern newspapers,
was printed by hand in 1833, and four hundred papers an hour was the
highest speed of one press. Robert Hoe's double-cylinder, steam-driven
printing press was an improvement, however, it was Hoe's son that
invented the modern newspaper press. In 1845, Richard March Hoe
invented the revolving or rotary press letting newspapers print at
rates of a hundred thousand copies an hour.
More about Newspapers
 Newspaper publishers now had the fast Hoe presses, cheap paper,
could type cast by machinery, had stereotyping and the new process of
making pictures by photoengraving replacing engraving on wood.
However, the newspapers of 1885, still set up their type by the same
method that Benjamin Franklin used to set up the type for The
Pennsylvania Gazette. The compositor stood or sat at his "case," with
his "copy" before him, and picked the type up letter by letter until he
had filled and correctly spaced a line. Then he would set another line,
and so on, all with his hands. After the job was completed, the type had
to be distributed again, letter by letter. Typesetting was slow and
expensive.
 Linotype and Monotype
 This labor of manual typesetting was done away with by the invention
of two intricate and ingenious machines. The linotype, invented by
Ottmatar Mergenthaler of Baltimore, and the monotype of Tolbert
Lanston, a native of Ohio. However, the linotype became the favorite
composing machine for newspapers.
X-ray
 All light and radio waves belong to the electromagnetic spectrum,
and are all considered different types of electromagnetic waves,
including:
 microwaves and infrared bands whose waves are longer than those of
visible light (between radio and the visible)
 and UV, EUV, X-rays and g-rays (gamma rays) with shorter wavelengths.
 The electromagnetic nature of x-rays became evident when it was
found that crystals bent their path in the same way as gratings bent
visible light: the orderly rows of atoms in the crystal acted like the
grooves of a grating.
 Medical X-rays
 X-rays are capable of penetrating some thickness of matter. Medical
x-rays are produced by letting a stream of fast electrons come to a
sudden stop at a metal plate; it is believed that X-rays emitted by the
Sun or stars also come from fast electrons. The images produced by Xrays are due to the different absorption rates of different tissues.
Calcium in bones absorbs X-rays the most, so bones look white on a film
recording of the X-ray image , called a radiograph. Fat and other soft
tissues absorb less, and look gray. Air absorbs the least, so lungs
look black on a radiograph.
More about x-rays
 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen - First X-ray
 On 8 Nov, 1895, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (accidentally)
discovered an image cast from his cathode ray generator,
projected far beyond the possible range of the cathode rays
(now known as an electron beam). Further investigation showed
that the rays were generated at the point of contact of the
cathode ray beam on the interior of the vacuum tube, that they
were not deflected by magnetic fields, and they penetrated
many kinds of matter. A week after his discovery, Rontgen took
an X-ray photograph of his wife's hand which clearly revealed
her wedding ring and her bones. The photograph electrified the
general public and aroused great scientific interest in the new
form of radiation. Röntgen named the new form of radiation Xradiation (X standing for "Unknown"). Hence the term X-rays
(also referred as Röntgen rays, though this term is unusual
outside of Germany).
Even more about x-rays
 William Coolidge & X-Ray Tube
 William Coolidge invented the X-ray tube popularly
called the Coolidge tube. His invention revolutionized
the generation of X-rays and is the model upon which all
X-ray tubes for medical applications are based. Other
inventions of Coolidge: invention of ductile tungsten
 A breakthrough in tungsten applications was made by W.
D. Coolidge in 1903. Coolidge succeeded in preparing a
ductile tungsten wire by doping tungsten oxide before
reduction. The resulting metal powder was pressed,
sintered and forged to thin rods. Very thin wire was then
drawn from these rods. This was the beginning of
tungsten powder metallurgy, which was instrumental in
the rapid development of the lamp industry International Tungsten Industry Association (ITIA)
World wide web
 Father of the Internet Tim Berners-Lee
 Tim was the man leading the development of the World
Wide Web (with help of course), the defining of HTML
(hypertext markup language) used to create web pages,
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and URLs (Universal
Resource Locators). All of those developments took
place between 1989 and 1991.
 Vannevar Bush first proposed the basics of hypertext in
1945. Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web, HTML
(hypertext markup language), HTTP (Hypertext
Transfer Protocol) and URLs (Universal Resource
Locators) in 1990. Tim Berners-Lee was the primary
author of html, assisted by his colleagues at CERN, an
international scientific organization based in Geneva,
Switzerland.
THE END