ES OPENING ASSIGNMENT
 Get a chromebook or your phone and login to
your email to take the Unit 7 Biotechnology
pretest.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
UNIT 7: BIOTECHNOLOGY
BY MRS. SHAW
PART 1: BIOTECHNOLOGY DEFINITION AND
USES
Learning Objectives
Students will be able to
 explain what biotechnology is
 describe how the use of biotechnology has
developed
 explain our current uses of biotechnology
WHAT IS BIOTECHNOLOGY?
According to the United Nations Convention on
Biological Diversity, biotechnology is defined as
Any technological application that
uses biological systems, living
organisms or derivatives thereof, to
make or modify products or processes
for specific use.
WHAT IS BIOTECHNOLOGY?
 The word “biotechnology” usually brings up images of
modern techniques and topics of controversy such as;
 cloning
 stem cell research
 genetically modified organisms
 Biotechnology is not a new concept though. The practice of
manipulating organisms to create a product has long been
used in human societies.
HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN FOOD
Food has been one of the primary areas where organisms have
been put to work to create an edible product for human
consumption.
3 common examples of how we currently use living organisms
to enhance our food products:

Fungus is added to “bleu” cheeses to help them develop
the tastes and characteristics found in varieties such as
gorgonzola.
 Yogurt is a food that contains millions of living bacteria
busily fermenting milk.

Yeast is used to create bread, beer, and wine through the
anaerobic fermentation of sugar.
HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN WASTE
MANAGEMENT
 It was common practice early in history to allow naturally
occurring soil organisms to break down the agricultural waste,
sewage, and manure so nutrients would be returned to the
ecosystem.
HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN
FARMING
 Artificial selection, which are considered biotechnological
practices, have been used in farming and animal husbandry and
involve human intervention in breeding for selection of the most
desirable traits while using organisms chosen from the current
generation.
THE HISTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
More than 7,000 years ago, humans cultivated a
plant that is the ancestral species to modern
day corn. Two thousand years after southern
Mexico inhabitants began choosing, eating, and
replanting the seeds of the best fruits from this
plant, the fruiting body, the cob, was only two to
three centimeters long.
It would take another 4,000 years before the corn
cob would be as long as we see it today and for
it to have the large kernels that are the product
of generation after generation of artificial
selection.
Later changes in the evolution of modern maize involved many
genes (perhaps thousands) with small effects. These minor
changes include the following:
 Types and amounts of starch production
 Ability to grow in different climates and types of soil
 Length and number of kernel rows
 Kernel size, shape, and color
 Resistance to pests
These examples fit with the traditional view of evolution as
gradual change over time. Local groups of farmers selected for
characteristics that they preferred, and that worked best in
their particular environment. Over thousands of years,
selective breeding generated the broad diversity of corn
varieties that are still grown around the world today.
HOW ARE WE USING BIOTECHNOLOGY
TODAY?
 We are still using all of the methods we discussed earlier but
have, since the discovery of the human genome, learned how
to genetically engineer or modify organisms.
TYPES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY TODAY
Notes 
Agricultural Biotechnology applications
 Modification through cross-breeding and artificial selection
 Insertion of genes
 To resist herbicide applications and pest damage
 To tolerate environmental stress
 carrying Vitamin A to increase nutrition of staple foods
 Methods to detect unsafe levels of pesticides on food
PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
TODAY
Notes 
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology applications
 Mass production of penicillin and cortisone
 Diagnostic testing for antibodies
 Human protein production for hemophilia and diabetes
 Vaccines to offer disease resistance
 More than 125 approved medicines
 Use of genetically engineered bacteria to produce enzymes
Notes 
Industrial Biotechnology Applications
 Use of organisms in sewage treatment
 Breakdown of industrial and hazardous waste
 Testing of groundwater, soil, and air for contamination
 Use of genetically engineered bacteria to produce food
supplements
OPENING ASSIGNMENT DAY 2
 Explain what biotechnology is using YOUR OWN
WORDS
 Give an example of how biotechnology is being
used in agriculture, pharmaceutical, and industrial
applications.
DAY 2 ACTIVITY
Copy the following questions below todays opening assignment.
Part 1 – How does Biotechnology affect you?
1.
Explain 3 ways that you may have been exposed to biotechnology in your daily
life over the past 24 hours.
2.
How can it play a role in your future?
3.
What are some of the risks or dilemmas involved with genetic engineering?
Part 2 – What is a hybrid?
1.
What is the original definition of a hybrid?
2.
What is DNA recombination?
3.
What is a transgenic organism?
DAY 2 ACTIVITY
 Read the articles “How Does Biotechnology Affect
Me?” and “What is a hybrid?” and answer the
questions you have copied down.
OPENING ASSIGNMENT DAY 3
Please get out your notes from Tuesday on Unit 7
Biotechnology. We are adding to those today and
then making puppies! 
 OA: Answer the following to the best of your ability
1. Differentiate between the terms natural selection and
artificial selection.
2. How is artificial selection related to biotechnology?
Reminder: Tonight is the Spoken Word Poetry Jam $3 at
door or buy tickets online. It does count as a cultural
event and if you perform an Environmental science poem I
will give you 10 extra credit points!
OPENING ASSIGNMENT DAY 3 REVIEW
 Natural selection – when
specific traits are passed on
to future generations
because they have enabled
the species to survive.
(Survival of the Fittest)
OPENING ASSIGNMENT DAY 3 REVIEW
 Artificial Selection is selective
breeding or choosing specific
organisms for the traits they
display to mate and hopefully
create the characteristics you
intend in the offspring.
 Artificial selection is a type of
agricultural biotechnology because
it’s purpose is to use living
organisms to solve a problem.
SUPER COW
 Super cow on you tube -
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=s
uper+cow&FORM=HDRSC3#view=det
ail&mid=57A467CD0D1179CF6C2957
A467CD0D1179CF6C29
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION ACTIVITY
LESSON FROM HTTP://WWW.UCMP.BERKELEY.EDU/EDUCATION/LESSONS/BREEDING_DOGS/
The American Foxhound is half descended from the English Foxhounds that were
brought to America in 1650. The English hounds were crossed with a French hound
that George Washington received as a gift from Lafayette. The combination breed
became an excellent hunter of wild animals.
Notes 
Notes 
Notes 
Notes 
CREATE YOUR OWN BREED ACTIVITY
 You will work in groups of 2 to determine the following:
 What job do you want your breed to excel in?
 What two breeds are you going to use to create your new
breed?
 Which breed will be the female (heads on coin toss) and
which will be the male (tails on coin toss)?
 Use a coin to determine which trait the offspring will
inherit and document in the puppy chart.
AND then draw a picture of one of the puppies with
the traits they have inherited.
CREATING THE PERFECT PET
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bi9Pa0
DHG5Y
 Why do you think that breeding organisms
that are too closely related can have
negative effects on the health of the
offspring?
OPENING ASSIGNMENT
Answer these questions about the artificial selection activity
we did last week where you created offspring of two breeds of
dogs.
 Why did you choose the breeds you chose?
 What did flipping the coin represent?
 What percentage of offspring turned out the way you had
hoped (with the traits that you bred for)?
BIOTECHNOLOGY
GENETICS, DNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
REVIEW
LEARNING GOALS FOR TODAY
 Students will be able to
 Explain how the terms alleles, genes,
chromosomes, and DNA are related.
 Describe how genes are passed from
parent to offspring
REVIEW OF DNA AND GENES
Notes 
 DNA or Deoxyribonucleic acid is
a type of molecule that
determines the traits that an
individual inherits
 It is the blueprint of instructions
on how to create proteins and
every type of cell in your body.
DNA, GENES, & CHROMOSOMES
 How are these terms related?
 Genes are sections of DNA that contain
the code for a particular trait or more
specifically proteins.
 Chromosomes are coils of DNA wrapped
Notes 
around proteins, located in the nucleus of
eukaryotic cells.
DNA STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
DNA Structure
 Nucleotide: a molecule that
consists of a sugar, a phosphate,
and a base.
 Bases: adenine, thymine, guanine,
cytosine
 Double helix structure
Function
 DNA’s main function is to provide
the instructions for creating
proteins.
 Proteins are the chemicals that aid
in cellular processes.
HOW ARE HEREDITY AND GENETICS RELATED?
 Heredity :
the passing of traits from
parent to offspring
 Traits are controlled by
Genes.
 A Gene is a section on a
chromosome that has
genetic information for
ONE trait.
How are Heredity and
Genetics related?
SO what is GENETICS?
Genetics: The study of how
traits are inherited.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Pollination
 Involves two parent sex
cells that combine to create
a zygote.
 Each parent cell adds 50%
of the genetic material to
the offspring.
 Each offspring is genetically
unique – except for with
identical twins
Fertilization
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
 Involves one parent cell
that divides to create a two
new daughter cells.
 Each offspring is
genetically identical to
the parent cell.
ASEXUAL VS. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION OVERVIEW
SEXUAL
ASEXUAL
2
1
DNA of offspring:
unique or identical
Unique DNA
Identical DNA
Advantages
Genetic Diversity which
leads to increase in chance
of survival
Faster and requires less
energy
Disadvantages
Takes more time
and energy
No genetic diversity
Parents needed
THE HISTORY OF GENETICS
o First known geneticist and
“father of genetics”
Gregor Mendel
o Was an Austrian monk and
was born in 1822
o Did most of his genetic studies
on pea plants
WHAT DID MENDEL LEARN AND HOW DID
HE LEARN IT?
 He learned that when he
self pollinated a purple
flowered pea plant all the
offspring had purple flowers.
 The same thing happened
when he self pollinated a
white flower plant – all the
offspring were white.
X
=
X
=
WHAT DID MENDEL LEARN
HOW
DID a purple
 AND
So, next he
cross pollinated
and white flower plant.
HE LEARN IT?
 All the offspring turned out
purple.
 This led him to believe that purple
was a dominant trait over white
for these plants.
 Next, he self pollinated the
“hybrid” purple flower plant and
what he found was that about
25% of the time the flowers
produced were WHITE!
MENDEL’S CONCLUSIONS
1. He concluded that 2
genetic factors control
each inherited trait.
2. He also proposed that
when organisms
reproduce, each
reproductive cell
contributes one factor for
each trait.
WHAT ARE ALLELES?
o Alleles are ONE FORM of a gene (there can be more than
one form)
o Sex cells have one form of a gene on their chromosomes
o Body cells have two forms or ALLELES for a single gene
(you got one from Mom and one from Dad)
o One may be dominant over another. If this happens, the dominant
gene is the one expressed. If not, the recessive trait is expressed.
DOMINANT VS. RECESSIVE
Dominant traits
 An allele that blocks
another allele.
Recessive traits
 Usually expressed using a
 Usually expressed using a
CAPITAL letter
 P = purple flower
P X p = Pp Purple Hybrid
 An allele that is blocked by
another allele.
LOWERCASE letter
 p = white flower
GENOTYPE VS. PHENOTYPE
 Genotype is the genetic
 Phenotype is the physical
formula of the two
alleles that control the
expression of the trait.
appearance of the
genotype.
 Pp = the genotype of our
 Purple flowers is the
offspring
phenotype of the offspring.
WHAT ARE CHROMOSOMES?
Chromosomes are strands of DNA
coiled around proteins.
GENES, ALLELES, CHROMOSOMES & DNA . . . .
 How are these terms related?
 Alleles are singular forms of a gene. (single
letter B or b)
 Genes have two alleles . . . one from each
parent. (BB, Bb, or bb)
 Genes are sections of DNA that provide the
instructions for a specific trait.
 Chromosomes are coils of DNA wrapped
around proteins, located in the nucleus of
eukaryotic cells.
REVIEW OF GENETICS AND HEREDITY
 Crash Course in Heredity
 http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=genetics+crash+course&FORM=VIRE1#vi
ew=detail&mid=7B8ACB08491493995F367B8ACB08491493995F36
 http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=bio+rap+dna+makes+proteins&FORM=VI
RE1#view=detail&mid=B9194C014C3F8878978CB9194C014C3F8878978C
OPENING ASSIGNMENT
 How are genes, chromosomes, and DNA related?
OPENING ASSIGNMENT - MATCH THE TERM WITH THE
CORRECT DEFINITION
1. Allele ______
2. Chromosome ____
3. DNA ____
4. Genetics ____
5. Nucleus ______
6. Gene _____
A. The instructions for creating
proteins
B. A section of DNA that codes for a
particular trait.
C. Coils of DNA wrapped around
proteins
D. The area where DNA is located in a
eukaryotic cell
E. A singular form of a gene – you get
one from each parent
F. The study of how traits are inherited
LEARNING GOALS FOR TODAY
 Students will be able to
 Explain the structure of DNA
 Describe the process of transcription and
translation
 Explain what can happen when DNA is not
copied or translated correctly.
DNA STRUCTURE
 Explain the structure of a DNA molecule. DNA is a
double helix structure made up of two sides of
nucleotides each with a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate
group, and a nitrogen base.
 Which nitrogen bases pair together in DNA?
Adenine pairs with Thymine and Cytosine pairs with
Guanine
DNA DIFFERENCES
DNA in Prokaryotes
DNA in Eukaryotes
DNA in Prokaryotes is loosely
coiled in the cytoplasm. It is
less complex and circular in
pattern made of a single
chromosomes
 DNA in Eukaryotes is found
in the nucleus. It is more
complex and linear in
structure made of a pairs of
chromosomes (One side
from egg and one from
sperm)
MORE ON DNA STRUCTURE
The weak hydrogen bonds in between the nitrogen bases make it easy for the
double strand to be separated when DNA replication needs to occur. Covalent
bonds attach the sugar phosphate backbone together and are a stronger bond
than the hydrogen bonds.
DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN
 Remember that DNA is a set of instructions to create
proteins. By itself, DNA does not do anything except provide
the instructions.
 The instructions are copied during a process called
transcription and carried out of the nucleus by a molecule
called Messenger RNA (mRNA).
DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN
 mRNA takes the copy to the Cytoplasm and binds to the
Ribosomes where the instructions will be read in a process
called translation and then proteins will be made through a
process called protein synthesis.
 Remember that amino acids are the sub-
units of proteins!
 There are 20 different amino acids. Their
order in the protein molecule determines
its structure and function. Proteins may
serve e.g., as enzymes, hormones or
structural components of a cell.
 The final protein molecule may consist of
several hundred amino acids linked
together according to the instructions
encoded in the mRNA.
THE GENETIC CODE
 The genetic code is nearly universal, meaning that
nearly ALL living organisms use the same genetic
code.
 All organisms encode genes using DNA and RNA.
 All organisms use the same codon for the same
amino acid.
 All organisms are genetically related to all other
organisms.
UNIVERSAL PROTEIN CODON CHART
Examples
UUA = leucine
CCC = proline
AGC = serine
MUTATIONS
 What happens when DNA is not copied correctly?
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GieZ3pk9YVo
 The Animals of Chernobyl
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TG-nwQBBfmc
OPENING ASSIGNMENT ES
 Get notes from yesterday out, a blank
piece of paper, and a pen or pencil for
an open notes pop quiz.
POP QUIZ ES
1. What 3 things make up a DNA nucleotide?
2. Explain what transcription is.
3. Which molecule copies the instructions from the
DNA in transcription and carries them to the
ribosome for translation to occur?
4. How many different amino acids are there?
5. True or False – All organisms use a different codon for the same
amino acid.
BANANA DNA EXTRACTION LAB
 http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=banana+dna+extraction+lab&FORM=HDR
SC3#view=detail&mid=61FA57109C5EECF1DC0661FA57109C5EECF1DC06
MATERIALS FOR EACH GROUP (7 GROUPS TOTAL)
 1 bag with banana piece
 1 small cup of salt
 1 small cup of dish soap (red)
 1 beaker of water
 1 larger empty beaker
 1 coffee filter
 1 spoon
 1 pipette
 1 test tube with alcohol in it
STEPS OF DNA EXTRACTION
1. Add a pinch of salt and about 50ml of water to your banana bag.
2. Mash banana up gently
3. Add small amount of dish soap to bag and continue mixing for at least 3
minutes. Don’t mix too vigorously or the soap will make bubbles.
4. Put the coffee filter into the larger beaker and pour the banana mixture in
to separate the parts of the cell.
5. Pour the strained solution into the test tube that contains the alcohol.
6. Stir with the pipette and the DNA will precipitate from the solution. You
can pull the DNA off the top of the mixture and observe.
NOW DO YOU WANT TO SEE YOUR OWN DNA?
 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/extr
act-your-dna.html
POST DNA LAB QUESTIONS
 Answer the following questions together with your group
and turn in one answer sheet per table.
1.
In the DNA extraction lab, what did the salt water do?
2.
What did the soap do?
3.
What did the alcohol do? (you can google this)
4.
How are DNA structure and function related to
biotechnology?
BBC DOCUMENTARY: VISIONS OF THE FUTURE THE BIOTECHNOLOGY REVOLUTION
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xuAus79n5ek
 As you watch this video I want you to make a pros and cons list
for biotechnology issues. These can be ethical, moral, or process
related. You will be turning this in today.
OPENING ASSIGNMENT
 What were some of the pros and
cons on your list for the uses of
biotechnology?
PERSONAL DNA TESTING
 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/person
al-dna-testing.html
 What is a SNP?
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tJjXpiW
KMyA
WHAT IS DNA RECOMBINATION?
 Recombinant DNA (rDNA) is a form of artificial DNA that
is created by combining two or more sequences that would
not normally occur together.
 In terms of genetic modification, it is created through the
introduction of relevant DNA into an existing organismal
DNA, such as the plasmids of bacteria, to code for or alter
different traits for a specific purpose, such as antibiotic
resistance.
WHAT IS A PLASMID?
 A plasmid is an independent, circular,
self-replicating DNA molecule that
carries only a few genes.
 The number of plasmids in a cell generally
remains constant from generation to
generation.
 Plasmids are autonomous molecules and exist
in cells as extrachromosomal genomes,
although some plasmids can be inserted into a
bacterial chromosome, where they become a
permanent part of the bacterial genome.
WHAT IS A RESTRICTION ENZYME?
 A restriction
enzyme is an
enzyme that cuts
DNA at or near
specific
recognition
nucleotide
sequences known
as restriction sites
THE PROCESS OF DNA
RECOMBINATION
Steps to recombination
1. Plasmid is extracted from
bacterial cell.
2. Restriction enzyme is applied
and DNA circular pattern is
cut.
3. DNA Ligase rebinds new
segment of donor DNA into
plasmid.
4. Plasmid is reinserted into new
bacterial cell.
5. The recombinant DNA then
codes to produce the protein
that it was changed to create.
GENETIC ENGINEERING BASICS
 Review of Restrictions Enzymes and how
Plasmids are used
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nfC689El
UVk
OPENING ASSIGNMENT
 Put the following in order from 1st to 5th in
DNA Recombination steps
 _____________ _Restriction enzyme is applied
and DNA circular pattern is cut.
 ______________ Modified plasmid is reinserted
into new bacterial cell
 ______________ Modified new bacterial cell
reproduces asexually to create many more clones of
parent cell..
 ______________ Plasmid is extracted from
original bacterial cell.
 ______________ Donor gene is inserted and
DNA Ligase rebinds new segment of donor DNA
into plasmid.
PERSONAL DNA TESTING ACTIVITY
Learning Objectives:
Students will be able to:
 describe the structure and function of DNA, the genetic
material of all living things.
 explain what a SNP is and how it is used to determine
diseases and how different people might respond to
medications.
PERSONAL DNA ACTIVITY
 This is a group activity and you will work with your table
partner to analyze the DNA and differences between
various individuals.
 Your goal is to determine how differences in the genetic
code between individuals can determine the effectiveness of
certain medications.
 Let’s do the first one together.
OPENING ASSIGNMENT
 All human beings share 99.9% of the same DNA. If
this is true then what makes you different from the
other people in this class?
GENETIC ENGINEERING: CLONING
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXfYshY
nbIA
OPENING ASSIGNMENT
 What are genetically modified organisms (GMO’s)?
GMO’S – ARE THEY SAFE OR NOT?
 Watch the “Seeds of Death” video
 Are GMO’s safe? 4 paragraph essay
EXAMPLES OF BIOTECH IN 3 MAIN AREAS
 Agriculture: higher yield crops, more nutrition to crops,
pest resistance, can tolerate extreme environmental
conditions (drought, high salinity).
 Pharmaceutical: mass production of medications like
insulin and antibiotics, medical advances to grow organs or
replace tissue with less chance of rejection, DNA profiles to
identify risk of diseases.
 Industrial: use of organisms to naturally clean water and
dispose of biodegradable wastes.
BENEFITS VS. RISKS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING
Benefits
 Production of more food that
is healthier to help with our
growing population.
 Advances in medicine to help
identify and fight disease faster
 Natural use of organisms to
help clean our planet (solid
waste and waste water)
Risks
 Possible health risks, cancer
– allergans
 The risk of the use of
genetic profiling to
discriminate
 Loss of natural biodiversity
REVIEW GAME - BINGO
Transcription
translation
mRNA
DNA
genetics
Universal Genetic Code
Plasmid
restriction enzyme
DNA Ligase
Biotechnology
cloning
ribosome
Nucleus
prokaryote
eukaryote
Gene
GMO’s
sustainability
Artificial selection
natural selection
Recombinant DNA
CRACKING YOUR GENETIC CODE
 http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=genetic%20code%20you%20tbe&qs=n&for
m=QBVR&pq=genetic%20code%20you%20tbe&sc=0-18&sp=1&sk=#view=detail&mid=F1C92D92BE6955F22D77F1C92D92BE6955F22D77