A proposal for a construction of a
Child Indicator System to certify
Bolivian Municipalities as “Child
Friendly”
ISCI 2009
UWS, Australia
Bolivia in numbers
Population (2009)
Total 10.227.289
Under 18 yrs.
Total 4,376,220 (42.8%)
Urban rural distribution (2001)
Rural 37.6% Vs. Urban 62.4%
Indig-non indig (2001)
Indigenous 67.1% vs. Non
indigenous 32.9%
Gender
Men 5.101.735 (49.9%)
Women 5.125.554 (50.1%)
Children population
(48% <18 y.o.)
Boys 2,229,896 (51%)
Girls 2,146,324 (49%)
Number of municipalities (2009)
327
Demographic density
1,098,581 Km2 Density 9.30
Annual Population Growth rate
2.0 %
New Development Paradigm in
Bolivia
• Particular new Political conditions:
– New indigenous government
– New political constitution
• Bolivia as a communitarian plurinational, intercultural,
descentralized, and with autonomies, State.
• Humans Rights-Based approach
– Child rights
• New Social Contract
National Development Plan
• “Vivir Bien” (‘Living Good’) concept and policy
• Local & Community Development Plan
• Decentralized Public Administration
(management)
• Municipality as basic axis of public
management (15 years of experience)
A development model from the
municipal level
• Municipalities have today more powers and
duties (legislative, budgetary, political
competences)
• They can be part of national policies in a
voluntary capacity
• Municipal institutional development plan:
– Local economic development
– Social policies with an integral approach
• New development paradigm and new axis around
municipalities give basis for MAN policy
Child Friendly Municipality (MAN)
• A public policy with meaning for municipalities:
–
–
–
–
–
Orders public supply
Centered in Human Capital
Political recognition to local authorities
Fiscal recognition
COMMUNITARIAN LOGIC
• Participation
• Prestige
• Lines up with prevailing development approach
Municipal Infant, Child and Adolescent Rights
Development Index – IDINA – GOB/UNICEF
The IDINA is a composite index which documents progress at the
municipal level, based on mortality, health, education and protection
indicators. Values are established ranging from 0 to 1. The closer the
result is to the value of 1, the greater the degree of child rights
promotion and protection in a given municipality.
Highest 0.804 La Paz (La Paz)
0.622 National Average
Lowest 0.251 Alalay (Cochabamba)
Of 319 municipalities surveyed, close to 60%
have a child rights compliance index of
low to medium-low
Degree of compliance
# of
municipalit
ies
Thresholds
Low
54
0.000 - 0.401
Medium low
132
0.402 - 0.494
Medium high
79
0.495 - 0.609
High
54
0.610 - 1.000
Source: UDAPE-UNICEF, Índice de Desarrollo Municipal de la Infancia, Niñez y Adolescencia, 2008
Vulnerability
Assessment
Monitoring (WFP)
Vulnerability
%
Municipios
1. Very low
2
2. Low
20
3. Medium
35
4. High
36
5. Very high
8
79% of Bolivia’s municipalities have
medium to very high vulnerability to
food and nutrition insecurity.
Children and pregnant women most
vulnerable.
Source: UDAPE-PMA, Diagnóstico modelo y atlas
de seguridad alimentaria en Bolivia, 2008
Urban vs. Rural population
# Municipios
Rural
267
Urbano
49
No cuenta con dato
11
Fuente: ÌNE CNPV 2001
…Let’s situate ourselves
…Let’s situate ourselves
…Let’s situate ourselves
…Let’s situate ourselves
…Let’s situate ourselves
Child Friendly Municipality Index (CFMI) for
Bolivia
1.
Previous:
–
–
2.
Incorporating HHRR-based approach in goals:
–
–
3.
Define administrative unit: municipality
Select which municipalities will compete: voluntary selection
Multidimensional (MDGs-like) goals
CRC orientation
Identifying Dimensions for social promotion
–
–
–
–
Participative goals
SMART indicators
Participative deliberation method
Selecting social gaps with local meaning
4.
Clustering in ‘alike’ municipalities
5.
Selecting Indicators
6.
Certifying as Child Friendly
Certification to improve living standards for
children
Who Certifies?
• Certifier
• Legitimated
• Recognized
• Respected
Why Compete?
• Improve quality
of life
• Recognition,
prestige
• Develop abilities
• Improve selfsteem
Who competes?
• Competitors
• (Administrative
units,
municipalities,
etc.)
Certification to improve living
standards for children
Vertical Competition:
internal to the municipality;
to improve positive
indicators, management
and participation
Horizontal Competition: Fair competition with similar
municipalities (CLUSTERING)
“Why to cluster”
Produce
scenarios with
leveled playing
fields: grouping
like-minded
municipalities
to be judged
against equals.
Competition
produces
positive
externalities:
social
mobilization,
prestige, team
spirit.
Clustering
provide
benchmarks to
compare to
Clusters of municipalities
Like-minded
municipalities
Different
criteria for
selection
“How to cluster”
Composite
indexes of
welfare, human
development,
% of homes
with adequate
water sources
& sewer
systems
Average years
of study of
heads of
households
% of
households
below poverty
line
Criteria
for
grouping
Average
children per
household
Urbanization
rates
Municipal
GDP/Regional
GDP
Budget
assigned to
children
The process of certification
• Criteria for clustering is not the CFMIndex
• Establish a simple ‘easy to understand’ methodology
• Defining goals: geared towards improving lives of
children & adolescents: based in a children rightsbased approach
• Defining activities to reach goals
• Selection of indicators: life cycle approach from
pregnancy to adolescence
• Building capacity: beginning with a few number of
goals and activities
Constructing the index (selecting
dimensions and grouping indicators)
Child Rights-dimensions : to be alive, play, security, parents care, education,
health, healthy environment, participation, protection, freedom of expression,
be part of a democratic community
Establish goals and measure their achievement through indicators
Grouping goals in “child promotion areas”: social demand, public
responsibility, social control & participation, democratic living together : a
child friendly municipality is one that promotes all those areas
Measuring advances of each promotion area and weighting them in a final
index
Evaluation for the Certification
Clustering provides
averages over each
indicator and
Municipality compares
to those averages
Goals are set through
indicators (one goal can
have one or more
indicators) and child
promotion areas are
composed by goals
A municipality
advances in an area if
advances in the goals
set in that area
Municipaity certified as
Child Friendly
A Child Friendly
Municipal Index
weights child
promotion areas with a
rights-based criteria
A municipality reaches
it goals if performs
equal or better than
average performance
of indicators
Goals, indicators, dimensions and rights
Goal
Indicator
Number of projects
Teenage participation in promoted by
local decisions
adolescents approved in
local organizations
Social Promotion area
Rights dimension
Social control and
participation
To information, freedom
of expression, cultural
identity and meeting
other people
Promote sport activities
1. Number of sport
events organized for
children community
2. Number of playing
and sport fields
Social control and
participation
To health and play
Promote participative
and social budgets
Organize budgetary
discussions with local
authorities grassroots
organizations
Number of activities to
promote child rights
included in budget
Social control and
participation
To be provided
economic means for
human development
Goals, indicators, dimensions and rights
Goal
Indicator
Social Promotion area
Rights dimension
1. Number of inschool intercultural
Promote education with projects
cultural identity
2. Number of intercultural cultural
manifestions
Democratic living
together (protection
and human agency)
To education, information,
freedom of expression,
cultural identity and
meeting other people
1. Child Friendly Municipal
Community participates
committee in operation
in local political
2. Children organizations operating
decisions
in schools
Democratic living
together (protection
and human agency)
To freedom of expression,
cultural identity and
meeting other people
Social environment free
of violence against
children
1. Number of cases of sexual abuse
and violence reported
2. % of heads of households and
spoused participated in training
courses on preventing violence
3. Perception on police duties
(questionnaire)
Democratic living
together (protection
and human agency)
To be free of harm
Children learn to
democratic and civic
practices
1. Democratic and civic training at
school
2. Parents promote peaceful
intrahousehold ways of living
(questionnaire)
Democratic living
together (protection
and human agency)
To information, freedom of
expression and cultural
identity
Goals, indicators, dimensions and rights
Goal
Indicator
Social Promotion area
Rights dimension
All children under 1 year old vaccinated
1. Percentage of children under 1 year with
tetravalent vaccine.
2. Percentage of children under 1 year old
vaccinated against the measles.
Public responsibility
To be alive and
health
All children are exclusively breastfed until 6
months old
Percentage of children exclusively breastfed until
4 months old
Public responsibility
To be alive and
health
All pregnant women receive attention from the
Family Health Program
Family Health Program coverage in the city
Public responsibility
To be alive
Families of children and adolescents participate in
school Management
Operationality of School Councils.
2. Percentage of students enrolled in schools with
local School Councils
Public responsibility
To education
Children and adolescents attend certified schools
Characterization index of schools
Public responsibility
To education
All municipalities have adequate systems of
notification and information about violence and
exploitations
Existence of the systems.
2. Percentage of uninformed Deaths
Public responsibility
To education
Municipalities with supply systems for water for
human consumption
Percentage of households served by supply
systems of water for human consumption
Public responsibility
To health and
healthy
environment
All children and all adolescents protected from
HIV/AIDS
1. Availability of HIV testing for pregnant women.
2. Availability of anti-retroviral treatment to
pregnant women that are 0 positive, and
prophylaxis to
Public responsibility
prevent vertical transmission.
3. Protocol for the Prevention of Vertical
transmission.
To health and be
alive
Increase the public municipal budget for children
and adolescents
Percentage of the municipal budget implemented
in the last year and made public in the domains of Public responsibility
education, health, and social care
To be provided
economic means for
human development
Goals, indicators, dimensions and rights
Goal
All children up to one year of age
survive.
Indicator
Infant mortality rate
Social Promotion area
Rights dimension
Social demand
To be alive
Social demand
To Health
Social demand
To Health and be
alive
All children under 2 years are well
nourished.
1. Percentage of pregnant women with seven or more prenatal care visits.
2. Percentage of pregnant adolescents from 10 to 14 years of
age.
3. Percentage of pregnant adolescents from 15 to 19 years of
age.
Percentage of children under 2 years of age who are
malnourished.
All children and all adolescents have
access to clean water.
Percentage of households with access to water for human
consumption.
Social demand
To health and
health environment
All children 4 and 5 years old in preschool
Pre-school attendance rate of 4 and 5 year olds
Social demand
To education
All children and all adolescents have
access to school and complete
the primary school (7-14 yrs), with a
guarantee of permanence and
learning.
1. Net enrolment rate of 6 to 14 year olds in primary school.
2. Percentage of adolescents 14 and 15 years old who have
completed primary school.
3. Disparity between age and grade in daytime primary
school.
Social demand
To education
Social demand
To be free of harm
Social demand
To identity
All families, especially
pregnant women, have access to basic
primary health care, and pregnant
adolescents receive specific care
All children and all adolescents grow
up without violence and
exploitation.
All children have free civil
registration.
Mortality rate of children and adolescents up to 19 years old
due to external causes.
2. School drop-out rate from primary schools (7-14 yrs) in the
municipality.
Percent of 1 year olds with civil registration out of the total
live births.
Child Friendly Municipality Index
Example: comparing to a benchmark indicator and benchmark = average
𝑖𝑓 𝐼𝑖 ≥ 𝐼 => 𝐼𝑖 = 1
𝑖𝑓 𝐼𝑖 < 𝐼 => 𝐼𝑖 = 0
𝑚
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑜𝑎𝑙𝑖 = 𝐺𝑖 =
𝑗
𝐼𝑗𝑖
𝑖𝑓
𝐼 ≥
𝑖𝑓
𝐼<
𝐼 => 𝐺𝑖 = 1
𝐼 => 𝐺𝑖 = 0
𝑛
𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑗
𝑗 =1…4
= 𝑆𝑃𝐴𝑗 =
𝑖
𝐺𝑖𝑗
𝑖𝑓 𝐻𝑅𝐵𝐴 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑
𝐺 = #𝐺 => 𝑆𝑃𝐴𝑗 = 1
𝑖𝑓 𝐻𝑅𝐵𝐴 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑
𝐺 < #𝐺 => 𝑆𝑃𝐴𝑗 = 0
4
𝐶𝐹𝑀𝐼𝑘 =
𝑆𝑃𝐴𝑗 => 𝑖𝑓
𝑆𝑃𝐴 ≥ 3 => 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑
𝑗 =1
𝑖𝑓
𝑆𝑃𝐴 < 2 => 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑
Final questions
• Simplicity versus gathering relevant
information (social impact)
• Clustering methods: mobile or fixed groups of
municipalities through the process?
• Different requirements/benchmarks for
different clusters according to level of
development?
• How to weight of indicators and promotion
areas into a composite index?