Accounting for Partnerships Appendix D Wild, Shaw, and Chiappetta Financial & Managerial Accounting 6th Edition Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. D-C1: Partnership Form of Organization 2 12 - 3 Partnership Form of Organization Voluntary Association Partnership Agreement Limited Life Unlimited Liability Taxation Mutual Agency C1 Co-Ownership of Property 3 12 - 4 Organizations with Partnership Characteristics Limited Partnerships (LP) • General partners assume management duties and unlimited liability for partnership debts. • Limited partners have no personal liability beyond invested amounts. C1 Limited Liability Partnerships (LLP) • Protects innocent partners from malpractice or negligence claims. • Most states hold all partners personally liable for partnership debts. Limited Liability Companies (LLC) • Members have same limited liability feature as owners of a corporation. • A limited liability corporation typically has a limited life. 4 12 - 5 Choosing a Business Form Many factors should be considered when choosing the proper business form. C1 5 D-P1: Organizing a Partnership 6 12 - 7 Organizing a Partnership Partners can invest both assets and liabilities in the partnership. Assets and liabilities are recorded at an agreed-upon value, normally fair market value. Asset contributions increase the partner’s capital account. Withdrawals from the partnership decrease the partner’s capital account. P1 7 12 - 8 Organizing a Partnership On 1/11, Kayla Zayn and Hector Perez organize a partnership called BOARDS. Zayn’s initial investment is $7,000 cash, $33,000 in boarding facilities, and a note payable for $10,000 on the boarding facilities. Perez’s initial investment is $10,000 cash. P1 8 12 - 9 Organizing a Partnership In accounting for partnerships: 1. Partners’ withdrawals are debited to their own separate withdrawals account. 2. Partners’ capital accounts are credited (or debited) for their shares of net income (or net loss) when closing the accounts at the end of the period. 3. Each partner’s withdrawal account is closed to that partner’s capital account. Separate capital and withdrawals accounts are kept for each partner. P1 9 NEED-TO-KNOW LeBron and Durant organize a partnership on January 1. LeBron’s initial net investment is $1,500, consisting of cash ($350), equipment ($1,650), and a note payable reflecting a bank loan for the new business ($500). Durant’s initial investment is cash of $800. These amounts are the values agreed on by both partners. Prepare journal entries to record (1) LeBron’s investment and (2) Durant’s investment. Date Jan. 1 General Journal Cash Equipment Note payable LeBron, Capital Debit 350 1,650 Credit 500 1,500 To record investment of LeBron Jan. 1 Cash Durant, Capital 800 800 To record investment of Durant P1 10 D-P2: Dividing Income or Loss 11 12 - 12 Dividing Income or Loss Partners are not employees of the partnership but are its owners. This means there are no salaries reported as expense on the income statement. Profits or losses of the partnership are divided on some agreed upon ratio. Three frequently used methods to divide income or loss are allocation on: 1. Stated ratios. 2. Capital balances. 3. Services, capital, and stated ratios. P2 12 12 - 13 Allocation on Stated Ratios In the partnership agreement, Zayn is to receive 2/3 and Perez 1/3 of partnership income or loss. If the partnership income is $60,000, we will allocate the income to partners as follows: $60,000 × 2/3 = $40,000 P2 13 12 - 14 Allocation on Capital Balances In their partnership agreement, Zayn and Perez agree to allocate profits and losses on the basis of their beginning capital balances. Balance K. Zayn, Capital $ 30,000 H. Perez, Capital 10,000 Totals $ 40,000 Ratio 75% 25% 100% Dec 31 Income Summary K. Zayn, Capital H. Perez, Capital P2 Income $ 60,000 60,000 Allocation $ 45,000 15,000 $ 60,000 60,000 To allocate income to partner's capital. 45,000 15,000 14 12 - 15 Allocation on Services, Capital, and Stated Ratios Zayn and Perez have a partnership agreement with the following conditions: 1. Zayn receives a $36,000 annual salary allowance and Perez receives an allowance of $24,000. 2. Each partner is allowed an annual interest allowance of 10% on their beginning capital balance. 3. Any remaining balance of income or loss is allocated equally. Net income is $70,000. P2 15 12 - 16 Allocation on Services, Capital, and Stated Ratios Net income Salaries Interest Equal allocation Income to each partner Income Allocation Zayn Perez Remainder $ 70,000 $ 36,000 $ 24,000 10,000 3,000 1,000 6,000 3,000 3,000 42,000 28,000 $30,000 × 10% = $3,000 $10,000 × 10% = $1,000 $6,000 × ½ = $3,000 P2 16 12 - 17 Allocation on Services, Capital, and Stated Ratios Now let’s assume that net income is only $50,000. Net income Salaries Interest Equal allocation Income to each partner Income Allocation Zayn Perez Remainder $ 50,000 $ 36,000 $ 24,000 (10,000) 3,000 1,000 (14,000) (7,000) 3,000 (7,000) 3,000 (20,000) 42,000 32,000 28,000 18,000 ($14,000) × ½ = ($7,000) P2 17 NEED-TO-KNOW Merkel and Putin began a partnership by investing $6,000 and $4,000, respectively. During its first year, the partnership earned $80,000. Prepare calculations showing how the $80,000 income is allocated to the partners under each of the following three separate plans for sharing income and loss: (1) The partners failed to agree on a method to share income. (2) The partners agreed to share income and loss in proportion to their initial investments. (3) The partners agreed to share income by granting a $35,000 per year salary allowance to Merkel, a $13,000 per year salary allowance to Putin, 20% interest on their initial capital investments, and any remaining balance shared 70% to Merkel and 30% to Putin. Income Summary Dec. 31 Merkel, Capital Invest. P2 6,000 80,000 Putin, Capital Invest. 4,000 18 NEED-TO-KNOW (1) The partners failed to agree on a method to share income. Plan 1 $80,000 x 1/2 Date Dec. 31 Merkel $40,000 General Journal Income summary Merkel, Capital Putin, Capital Putin $40,000 Total $80,000 Debit 80,000 Credit 40,000 40,000 To allocate income under plan 1 Close Income Summary Dec. 31 80,000 80,000 -0- Merkel, Capital Invest. Close Dec. 31 P2 6,000 40,000 46,000 Putin, Capital Invest. Close Dec. 31 4,000 40,000 44,000 19 NEED-TO-KNOW (2) The partners agreed to share income and loss in proportion to their initial investments. Plan 2 $80,000 x ($6,000 / $10,000) $80,000 x ($4,000 / $10,000) Merkel $48,000 $48,000 Date Dec. 31 General Journal Income summary Merkel, Capital Putin, Capital Putin $32,000 $32,000 Debit 80,000 Total $48,000 32,000 $80,000 Credit 48,000 32,000 To allocate income under plan 2 Close Income Summary Dec. 31 80,000 80,000 -0- Merkel, Capital Invest. Close Dec. 31 P2 6,000 48,000 54,000 Putin, Capital Invest. Close Dec. 31 4,000 32,000 36,000 20 NEED-TO-KNOW (3) The partners agreed to share income by granting a $35,000 per year salary allowance to Merkel, a $13,000 per year salary allowance to Putin, 20% interest on their initial capital investments, and any remaining balance shared 70% to Merkel and 30% to Putin. Plan 3 Net income Salary Allowances: Interest Allowances: $6,000 x 20% $4,000 x 20% Total Salary and Interest Allowances Balance of income Balance allocated (Merkel, 70%; Putin, 30%) Balance of income Shares of each partner Date Dec. 31 General Journal Income summary Merkel, Capital Putin, Capital Merkel Putin $35,000 $13,000 1,200 800 21,000 9,000 $57,200 $22,800 Debit 80,000 Total $80,000 48,000 1,200 800 50,000 30,000 30,000 $0 Credit 57,200 22,800 To allocate income under plan 3 P2 21 12 - 22 Partnership Financial Statements During 2015, Zayn withdrew $20,000 cash from the partnership and Perez withdrew $12,000. Net income for the year is $70,000. BOARDS Statement of Partners' Equity For the Year Ended December 31, 2015 Zayn Perez Total Beginning capital balances $ $ $ Investments by owners 30,000 10,000 40,000 Net income Salary allowances $ 36,000 $ 24,000 Interest allowances 3,000 1,000 Balance allocated 3,000 3,000 Total net income 42,000 28,000 70,000 Less partners' withdrawals (20,000) (12,000) (32,000) Ending capital balances $ 52,000 $ 26,000 $ 78,000 P2 22 D-P3: Admission and Withdrawal of Partners 23 12 - 24 Admission and Withdrawal of Partners When the makeup of the partnership changes, the existing partnership is dissolved. A new partnership may be immediately formed. New partner acquires partnership interest by: 1. Purchasing it from the other partners, or 2. Investing assets in the partnership. P3 24 12 - 25 Purchase of Partnership Interest • A new partner can purchase partnership interest directly from the existing partners. The cash goes to the partners, not to the partnership. • To become a partner, the new partner must be accepted by the current partners. P3 25 12 - 26 Purchase of Partnership Interest On January 4th, Hector Perez sells one-half of his partnership interest to Tyrell Rasheed for $18,000. Perez gives up a $13,000 recorded interest in the partnership. Capital balances before new partner Allocation to new partner Capital balances after new partner P3 Zayn Perez Rasheed Total $ 52,000 $ 26,000 $ $ 78,000 (13,000) 13,000 $ 52,000 $ 13,000 $ 13,000 $ 78,000 26 12 - 27 Investing Assets in a Partnership • The new partner can gain partnership interest by contributing assets to the partnership. • The new assets will increase the partnership’s net assets. • After admission, both assets and equity will increase. P3 27 12 - 28 Investing Assets in a Partnership On January 4th, Tyrell Rasheed is admitted to the partnership with a payment of $22,000 cash. Capital balances before new partner Allocation to new partner Capital balances after new partner P3 Zayn Perez Rasheed Total $ 52,000 $ 26,000 $ $ 78,000 22,000 22,000 $ 52,000 $ 26,000 $ 22,000 $ 100,000 28 12 - 29 Bonus to Old or New Partners Bonus to Old Partners When the current value of a partnership is greater than the recorded amounts of equity, the old partners usually require a new partner to pay a bonus when joining. Bonus to New Partners The partnership may grant a bonus to a new partner if the business is in need of cash or if the new partner has exceptional talents. P3 29 12 - 30 Bonus to Old Partners On January 4th, Zayn and Perez agree to accept Rasheed as a partner upon his investment of $42,000 cash in the partnership. Rasheed is to receive a 25% ownership interest in the new partnership. Any bonus is attributable to the existing partners and is shared equally. Equity of Zayn and Perez Investment by Rasheed Total partnership equity Rasheed's ownership percent Rasheed's equity balance P3 $ 78,000 42,000 120,000 25% $ 30,000 30 12 - 31 Bonus to Old Partners On January 4th, Zayn and Perez agree to accept Rasheed as a partner upon his investment of $42,000 cash in the partnership. Rasheed is to receive a 25% ownership interest in the new partnership. Any bonus is attributable to the existing partners and is shared equally. $42,000 - $30,000 = $12,000 × ½ = $6,000 P3 31 12 - 32 Bonus to New Partner On January 4th, Zayn and Perez agree to accept Rasheed as a partner upon his investment of $18,000 cash in the partnership. Rasheed is to receive a 25% ownership interest in the new partnership. Any bonus is attributable to Rasheed’s excellent business skills. Equity of Zayn and Perez Investment by Rasheed Total partnership equity Rasheed's ownership percent Rasheed's equity balance P3 $ 78,000 18,000 96,000 25% $ 24,000 32 12 - 33 Bonus to New Partner On January 4th, Zayn and Perez agree to accept Rasheed as a partner upon his investment of $18,000 cash in the partnership. Rasheed is to receive a 25% ownership interest in the new partnership. Any bonus is attributable to Rasheed’s excellent business skills. $18,000 - $24,000 = $(6,000) × ½ = $(3,000) P3 33 NEED-TO-KNOW Anne, Portia, and Hedison are partners and share income and loss in a 2:3:5 ratio. The partnership’s capital balances are as follows: Anne, $300; Portia, $150; and Hedison, $450. Ellen is admitted to the partnership on May 1 with a 25% equity. Prepare journal entries to record Ellen’s entry into the partnership under each of the following separate assumptions: Ellen invests (a) $300; (b) $100; and (c) $700. a) Ellen invests $300. Partnership Capital Anne, Capital Portia, Capital Hedison, Capital Ellen, Capital Total Date May 1 Before $300 150 450 ($900 + $300) x 25% $900 General Journal Cash Ellen, Capital Change $0 0 0 300 $300 After $300 150 450 300 $1,200 Debit Credit 300 ($900 + $300) x 25% 300 To record admission of Ellen, with no bonus P3 34 NEED-TO-KNOW Anne, Portia, and Hedison are partners and share income and loss in a 2:3:5 ratio. The partnership’s capital balances are as follows: Anne, $300; Portia, $150; and Hedison, $450. Ellen is admitted to the partnership on May 1 with a 25% equity. Prepare journal entries to record Ellen’s entry into the partnership under each of the following separate assumptions: Ellen invests (a) $300; (b) $100; and (c) $700. b) Ellen invests $100. Partnership Capital Anne, Capital Portia, Capital Hedison, Capital Ellen, Capital Total Date May 1 ($250 - $100) x 2/10 ($250 - $100) x 3/10 ($250 - $100) x 5/10 ($900 + $100) x 25% Before $300 150 450 $900 General Journal Cash Anne, Capital Portia, Capital Hedison, Capital Ellen, Capital ($250 - $100) x 2/10 ($250 - $100) x 3/10 ($250 - $100) x 5/10 ($900 + $100) x 25% Change ($30) (45) (75) 250 $100 After $270 105 375 250 $1,000 Debit Credit 100 30 45 75 250 To record admission of Ellen, with bonus P3 35 NEED-TO-KNOW Anne, Portia, and Hedison are partners and share income and loss in a 2:3:5 ratio. The partnership’s capital balances are as follows: Anne, $300; Portia, $150; and Hedison, $450. Ellen is admitted to the partnership on May 1 with a 25% equity. Prepare journal entries to record Ellen’s entry into the partnership under each of the following separate assumptions: Ellen invests (a) $300; (b) $100; and (c) $700. c) Ellen invests $700. Partnership Capital Anne, Capital Portia, Capital Hedison, Capital Ellen, Capital Total Date May 1 ($700 - $400) x 2/10 ($700 - $400) x 3/10 ($700 - $400) x 5/10 ($900 + $700) x 25% Before $300 150 450 $900 General Journal Cash Anne, Capital Portia, Capital Hedison, Capital Ellen, Capital Change $60 90 150 400 $700 After $360 240 600 400 $1,600 Debit Credit 700 ($700 - $400) x 2/10 ($700 - $400) x 3/10 ($700 - $400) x 5/10 ($900 + $700) x 25% 60 90 150 400 To record admission of Ellen, with bonus P3 36 12 - 37 Withdrawal of a Partner A partner can withdraw in two ways: 1. The partner can sell his/ her partnership interest to another person. 2. The partnership can distribute cash and/or other assets to the withdrawing partner. P3 37 12 - 38 Withdrawal of a Partner At the date of the withdrawal of Perez, the partners have the following capital balances: Perez - $38,000, Zayn - $84,000, and Rasheed - $38,000. The partners share income and loss equally. Perez is to receive $38,000 cash upon withdrawal from the partnership. No Bonus P3 38 12 - 39 Withdrawal of a Partner At the date of the withdrawal of Perez, the partners have the following capital balances: Perez - $38,000, Zayn - $84,000, and Rasheed - $38,000. The partners share income and loss equally. Perez is to receive $34,000 cash upon withdrawal from the partnership. Bonus to Remaining Partners P3 Capital balance Cash settlement Bonus Times Bonus to each partner $ 38,000 34,000 4,000 50% $ 2,000 39 12 - 40 Withdrawal of a Partner At the date of the withdrawal of Perez, the partners have the following capital balances: Perez - $38,000, Zayn - $84,000, and Rasheed $38,000. The partners share income and loss equally. Perez is to receive $40,000 cash upon withdrawal from the partnership. Bonus to Withdrawing Partner Capital balance Cash settlement Deficiency Times To each partner P3 $ 38,000 40,000 2,000 50% $ 1,000 40 12 - 41 Death of a Partner A partner’s death dissolves a partnership. A deceased partner’s estate is entitled to receive his or her equity. The partnership agreement should contain provisions for settlement. These provisions usually require: 1. Closing the books to determine income or loss since the end of the previous period, and 2. Determining and recording current market values for both assets and liabilities. Settlement of the deceased partner’s estate can involve selling the equity to remaining partners or to an outsider, or it can involve withdrawal of assets. P3 41 NEED-TO-KNOW Fluffy, Anjelah, and Lopez are partners and share income and loss in a 2:3:5 ratio. The partnership’s capital balances are as follows: Fluffy, $330; Anjelah, $270; and Lopez, $400. Lopez decides to withdraw from the partnership, and the partners agree to not revalue the assets upon Lopez’s retirement. Prepare journal entries to record Lopez’s May 1 withdrawal from the partnership under each of the following separate assumptions: (a) Lopez sells his interest to Mencia for $500 after Fluffy and Anjelah approve the entry of Mencia as a partner. Before $330 270 400 Fluffy, Capital Anjelah, Capital Lopez, Capital Mencia, Capital Total Date May 1 $1,000 General Journal Lopez, Capital Mencia, Capital Change ($400) 400 $0 Debit After $330 270 0 400 $1,000 Credit 400 400 To record admission of Mencia P3 42 NEED-TO-KNOW Fluffy, Anjelah, and Lopez are partners and share income and loss in a 2:3:5 ratio. The partnership’s capital balances are as follows: Fluffy, $330; Anjelah, $270; and Lopez, $400. Lopez decides to withdraw from the partnership, and the partners agree to not revalue the assets upon Lopez’s retirement. Prepare journal entries to record Lopez’s May 1 withdrawal from the partnership under each of the following separate assumptions: (b) Lopez gives his interest to a son-in-law, Madrigal, and thereafter Fluffy and Anjelah accept Madrigal as a partner. Before $330 270 400 Fluffy, Capital Anjelah, Capital Lopez, Capital Madrigal, Capital Total Date May 1 $1,000 General Journal Lopez, Capital Madrigal, Capital Change ($400) 400 $0 After $330 270 0 400 $1,000 Debit Credit 400 400 To record admission of Madrigal P3 43 NEED-TO-KNOW Fluffy, Anjelah, and Lopez are partners and share income and loss in a 2:3:5 ratio. The partnership’s capital balances are as follows: Fluffy, $330; Anjelah, $270; and Lopez, $400. Lopez decides to withdraw from the partnership, and the partners agree to not revalue the assets upon Lopez’s retirement. Prepare journal entries to record Lopez’s May 1 withdrawal from the partnership under each of the following separate assumptions: (c) Lopez is paid $400 in partnership cash for his equity. Before $330 270 400 $1,000 Fluffy, Capital Anjelah, Capital Lopez, Capital Total Date May 1 General Journal Lopez, Capital Cash Change ($400) ($400) Debit After $330 270 0 $600 Credit 400 400 To record withdrawal of Lopez, with no bonus P3 44 NEED-TO-KNOW Fluffy, Anjelah, and Lopez are partners and share income and loss in a 2:3:5 ratio. The partnership’s capital balances are as follows: Fluffy, $330; Anjelah, $270; and Lopez, $400. Lopez decides to withdraw from the partnership, and the partners agree to not revalue the assets upon Lopez’s retirement. Prepare journal entries to record Lopez’s May 1 withdrawal from the partnership under each of the following separate assumptions: (d) Lopez is paid $600 in partnership cash for his equity. Ratio Fluffy, Capital ($600 - $400) x 2/5 2 Anjelah, Capital ($600 - $400) x 3/5 3 Lopez, Capital 5 Total Before $330 270 400 $1,000 Change ($80) (120) (400) ($600) After $250 150 0 $400 After Lopez's withdrawal, Fluffy and Anjelah share income and loss in a 2:3 ratio. Date May 1 General Journal Lopez, Capital Fluffy, Capital ($600 - $400) x 2/5 Anjelah, Capital ($600 - $400) x 3/5 Cash Debit Credit 400 80 120 600 To record withdrawal of Lopez, with bonus P3 45 NEED-TO-KNOW Fluffy, Anjelah, and Lopez are partners and share income and loss in a 2:3:5 ratio. The partnership’s capital balances are as follows: Fluffy, $330; Anjelah, $270; and Lopez, $400. Lopez decides to withdraw from the partnership, and the partners agree to not revalue the assets upon Lopez’s retirement. Prepare journal entries to record Lopez’s May 1 withdrawal from the partnership under each of the following separate assumptions: (e) Lopez is paid $70 in partnership cash plus equipment recorded on the partnership books at $40 less its accumulated depreciation of $10. Partnership assets decrease by $100; ($70 + $40 - $10). Fluffy, Capital ($400 - $100) x 2/5 Anjelah, Capital ($400 - $100) x 3/5 Lopez, Capital Total Ratio 2 3 5 Before $330 270 400 $1,000 Change $120 180 ($400) ($100) After $450 450 0 $900 After Lopez's withdrawal, Fluffy and Anjelah share income and loss in a 2:3 ratio. Date May 1 General Journal Lopez, Capital Accumulated depreciation - Equipment Fluffy, Capital [$400 - ($70 +$40-$10)] x 2/5 Anjelah, Capital [$400 - ($70 +$40-$10)] x 3/5 Equipment Cash Debit Credit 400 10 120 180 40 70 To record withdrawal of Lopez, with bonus P3 46 D-P4: Liquidation of a Partnership 47 12 - 48 Liquidation of a Partnership A partnership dissolution requires 3 steps following the sale of noncash assets and the recording of a gain or loss on liquidation. 1. Gain or loss on liquidation is allocated to partners using their income-and-loss ratio. 2. Liabilities are paid or settled. 3. Any remaining cash is distributed to partners based on their capital balances. P4 48 12 - 49 No Capital Deficiency No capital deficiency means that all partners have a zero or credit balance in their capital accounts. Zayn, Perez, and Rasheed agree to dissolve their partnership. The only outstanding liability is an account payable of $20,000. Prior to dissolution the partnership has the following balance sheet: P4 49 12 - 50 No Capital Deficiency BOARDS begins the dissolution process by selling the land for $46,000 cash. The gain on the sale of the land is distributed equally among the partners. After the sale of the land the company pays the account payable. P4 50 12 - 51 No Capital Deficiency After step 2, we have the following capital balances along with the remaining cash balance. P4 51 12 - 52 Capital Deficiency Capital deficiency means that at least one partner has a debit balance in his or her capital account at the point of final cash distribution. This can arise from liquidation losses, excessive withdrawals before liquidation, or recurring losses in prior periods. A partner with a capital deficiency must, if possible, cover the deficit by paying cash into the partnership. P4 52 12 - 53 Capital Deficiency Zayn, Perez, and Rasheed agree to dissolve their partnership. Prior to the final distribution of cash to the partners, Zayn has a capital balance of $19,000, Perez $8,000, and Rasheed $(3,000). Rasheed owes the partnership $3,000 and is able to pay the amount. P4 53 12 - 54 Partner Cannot Pay Deficiency Let’s use the information from our previous example of a capital deficiency and assume partners divide profit and losses equally. Ending capital balances Allocation of $3,000 deficiency Capital balances for dissolution P4 Zayn Perez Rasheed Total $ 19,000 $ 8,000 $ (3,000) $ 24,000 (1,500) (1,500) 3,000 17,500 6,500 24,000 54 12 - 55 Global View Partnership accounting according to U. S. GAAP is similar, but not identical, to that under IFRS. 1. Both U. S. GAAP and IFRS include broad and similar guidance for partnership accounting. Partnership organization is similar worldwide, however, different legal systems dictate different implications and motivations for how a partnership is effectively set up. 2. The account for partnership admission, withdrawal, and liquidation is likewise similar worldwide. However, different legal systems impact partnership agreements and their implication to the parties. 55 D-A1: Partner Return on Equity 56 12 - 57 Partner Return on Equity Partner return = on equity A1 Partner net income Average partner equity 216/[(85+253)/2] = 128% 57 12 - 58 End of Appendix D 58