The Growth of
Industry
Goal 5
Copy and complete this chart.
Labor Unions
Union
National Labor Union
(NLU)
Colored National Labor
Union (CLU)
Knights of Labor
American Federation of
Labor (AFL)
American Railway Union
(ARU)
Industrial Workers of the
World (Wobblies)
Year
Important
People
Characteristics/Significance
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Strikes
Strike
Year
People
Great
Strike of
1877
Haymarket
Affair
Homestead
Strike
Pullman
Company
Strike
X
Cause
Effects
Strikes
Strike
Year
Great
Strike of
1877
1877
Haymarket
Affair
1886
People
Cause
Effects
Pres.
Rutherford
B. Hayes
Baltimore &
Ohio Railroad
workers
protested their
second wage cut
in two months
The strike spread to other
railroad lines, stopping
traffic for over a week,
impeding interstate
commerce; Federal
troops ended the strike
X
Protest police
brutality on
strikers; Bomb
was thrown into
a police line
Police fired on workers;
police officers and
workers died; Public
began to turn against the
labor movement
Strikes
Strike
Year
People
Cause
Effects
Wage cuts at Carnegie’s
Steel Company’s
Homestead plant; scabs
were brought in and
violence irrupted
Three detective and nine
workers killed; Plant was
closed until the strike was
broken up by the National
Guard
Homestead 1892
Strike
Henry
Clay
Frick
Pullman
Company
Strike
Eugene Workers were laid off;
V. Debs pay cuts without a
1893
decrease in the cost of
housing; Pullman
refused to negotiate
with workers; ARU
boycotted Pullman
trains
Scabs were hired and
violence irrupted; Federal
troops sent in; Debs jailed;
Workers fired &
blacklisted
Labor Unions
Union
Year
Important
People
Characteristics/Significance
National
1866
Labor Union
(NLU)
William H.
Sylvis
First large-scale nations labor union; some local
chapters refused African Americans; 1868 got
Congress to legalize an eight-hour day for
government workers
Colored
1869
National
Labor Union
(CLU)
Isaac Meyers
Emphasized cooperation between management
and labor; political reform important; Disbanded
because Knights of Labor formed
Knights of
Labor
Uriah Stephens
Open to all workers, regardless of race, gender or
degree of skill; equal pay and 8 hour work day;
Believed strikes should be the last resort &
advocated for arbitration
1869
Labor Unions
Union
Year
Important
People
Characteristics/Significance
American
Federation
of Labor
(AFL)
1886
Samuel
Gompers
Skilled workers; Focused on collective bargaining;
Used strikes as a major tactic; Won higher wages
and shorter workweeks
American
Railway
Union
(ARU)
1894
Eugene V. Debs Specific to the railroad industry and included
skilled and unskilled laborers; Won higher wages
by using strikes
Industrial
Workers of
the World
(Wobblies)
1905
Eugene V. Debs Radical socialist labor union that wanted
government control of business and property and
William “Big
Bill” Haywood equal distribution of wealth; Included miners,
lumberers, cannery and dock workers; Included
African Americans
Create and complete this chart.
The Expansion of Industry
Invention
Steam
Engine
Drill
Bessemer
Process
Light bulb
Typewriter
/
Telephone
Year
Inventor
Significance
The Expansion of Industry
Invention
Year
Inventor
Significance
Drill for oil; oil used in industry
Steam
Engine Drill
1859
Edwin Drake
Bessemer
Process
1850
Henry Bessemer Removed the carbon from iron to produce steel,
& William Kelly which was more flexible, lighter, and rust-resistant;
Railroad boom, bridges, skyscrapers
Light bulb
1876
Thomas Edison
Inexpensive, convenient source of energy used in
factories (factories could be located anywhere, not
just near water & workers could work all hours,
not just in the day
Typewriter/
Telephone
1867/
1876
Christopher
Sholes/
Alexander
Graham Bell
New jobs for women
The Age of the Railroads
Effects of the
Rapid Growth
Of Railroads
The Age of the Railroads
Formation of
Standard time
zones
Iron, steel, coal,
Lumber, and glass
Industries grew because
The railroad needed
Their products
Many different
Regions of America
Were now linked
Long distance
Travel now
Possible for
Many Americans
Some people became
Very rich from
Profits made in the
Railroad industry
Rapid Growth
Of Railroads
Trade among cities,
Towns, and settlements
Increased. Communities
Grew and prospered
New towns created
(ex. Pullman factory,
Which created sleeping cars
For trains, had a town
Built around it to
Support its workers
Answer these questions in your
notebook.
1.
2.
What factors made the Triangle Shirtwaist
factory fire in NYC so lethal?
What was the Gentlemen’s Agreement of
1907-1908?
Immigration


Read about what it was like to come
through the inspection stations at Ellis
Island and Angel Island.
Write a letter home to a friend or family
member telling them about your
experience at either Ellis Island or Angel
Island. (This can be done for homework.)
Civil Service Reform
Copy and answers these questions in
your notebook.
1. What is patronage? Why is it bad?
2. What happened to President Garfield?
3. What did the Pendleton Civil Service
Act do?
Vocabulary
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Munn v. Illinois
Interstate Commerce Act
Andrew Carnegie
Vertical integration
Horizontal integration
Social Darwinism
John D. Rockefeller
“Robber Barons”
Sherman Antitrust Act
Industrial Workers of the World
Mary Harris Jones
Ellis Island
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Angel Island
Melting pot
Nativism
Chinese Exclusion Act
Urbanization
Americanization
movement
Tenements
Mass transit
Settlement houses
Jane Addams
Political machine
Boss Tweed
Industrialization
Immigration
Urbanization
Industrialization
Emergence of Big
Business
late 19th century witnessed the
emergence of big and powerful
businesses, which monopolized their
industry.
 The leaders of these businesses were
called “Robber Barons” due to their
unscrupulous business practices.
 The
John D. Rockefeller
 Rockefeller
started
Standard Oil
Company
 Why was oil
important?
Trusts
 Standard
Oil Company was the
nation’s first trust.
 A trust is a business arrangement in
which a number of companies unite
into one system.
 They want to destroy all competition &
create monopolies.
Monopolies
A
monopoly is when a business has
complete control over an industry’s
production, quality, wages paid, and prices
charged.
 The Sherman Anti-trust Act prevented
the creation of monopolies by making it
illegal to establish trusts that interfere with
free trade.
Andrew Carnegie

Andrew Carnegie founded a steel company
in Pittsburgh, PA (THINK: Pittsburgh
Steelers).
Steel was important to the railroad industry.
 He was a millionaire philanthropist who
began the public library system.
 He used vertical and horizontal integration
to build his steel empire.

Andrew
Carnegie
Vertical Integration
A
business buys out all of its suppliers
 EX: McDonalds would buy out the
makers of:
 Buns (Merita Bread Company)
 Ketchup (Heinz)
 Meat (Smithfield Meats)
 French Fries (Idaho)
Horizontal Integration
A
business buys out all of its competitors
 For example, McDonald’s would buy out:
 Burger King
 KFC
 Taco Bell
 Sonic
Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism was a philosophy of this
time period which drew from Darwin’s theory of
evolution.
 Put in terms of society, Social Darwinism states
that it is acceptable for businesses to be big and
controlling, because society is all about the
“survival of the fittest”.
 The weak help the strong survive & thrive.

Problems for Workers

Many problems were faced by workers in
factories:
 Long hours
 Low pay
 No benefits (health insurance, sick leave)
 Dangerous working conditions
 Child labor
Video Questions- “A Child on Strike”
1.
2.
What was your reaction to Camella
Teoli’s accident?
What labor practices are taken for
granted today that were not afforded to
people living in 1910?
Workers Unite



Workers united and formed labor unions, which
demanded improved working conditions
Labor unions would strike (work stoppages by union
members as a form of protest)
Key labor unions included:





National Labor Union
Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies)
American Railway Union
American Federation of Labor (founded by Samuel Gompers)
Knights of Labor
Immigration
New Immigrants
Assimilate
Immigrants came to America to work in factories.
 They often faced culture shock, confusion &
anxiety resulting in becoming a part of a new
culture that you do not understand.
 America became a melting pot, a mixture of
different people and cultures who blend together
and abandon their native language and culture.

Immigration Stations
Ellis Island, New York (Statue of Liberty)
was the inspection station for European
immigrants.
 Angel Island, San Francisco, CA was the
inspection station for Asian immigrants.
 In 1887, the Chinese Exclusion Act was
passed which banned entry of all Chinese
immigrants, except students, teachers,
merchants, tourists, and government officials.

Video Questions- “From China to
Chinatown: Fong See’s American Dream”
1.
2.
How did Fong See overcome the
difficulties facing Asian immigrants in
America during his lifetime?
What did Lisa See learn about living in
a diverse society from her greatgrandfather’s experience?
Urbanization
Urban Problems
Problems
1. Housing Shortages
2. Transportation
3. Water
4. Sanitation
5. Crime
6. Fire
Causes- Explain the Problem
Solutions
Urban Problems
Problems
Causes
Solutions
1. Housing Shortages
So many people came to the cities with
few housing options:
1.
House of the outskirts of townbut, how would they get into the
city for work?
2.
Tenements that were crowded &
unsanitary
NYC passed a law that set standards for
plumbing and ventilation
2. Transportation
A large number of people needed to
move within the city
Mass transit developed, such as street
cars & electric subways
3. Water
Need for safe drinking water as
populations grew, because there was
inadequate piped water or none at all;
Diseases spread
Built public waterworks to handle more
people; Filtration was introduced
Urban Problems
Problems
Causes
Solutions
4. Sanitation
Horse manure piles; sewage in open
gutters; smoke from factories; no trash
collection
Sewer lines & sanitation
departments established
5. Crime
Poverty led to crime such as pick pocketing
and theft
Established police forces
6. Fire
Limited water supply; Wooden dwelling;
Use of candles & kerosene heaters posed
fire hazards; Deadly fire in Chicago & after
the San Francisco earthquake
Full time fire departments
established; Automatic fire sprinklers
invented; Replace wood buildings
with brick, stone, and concrete
Urban Reforms
A movement called the Social Gospel
preached salvation through service to the
poor
 Settlement houses were created, as
community centers for people in urban
areas, especially immigrants.
 Settlement houses provided educational,
cultural, and social services.

Jane Addams
Hull House, Chicago
The Gilded Age




The time period from 1877-early 1900s is known
as the “Gilded Age”.
Writer Mark Twain coined this term.
Gilded is something covered in a thin layer of
gold to make it look nice & shiny.
This expression was used to imply that the time
period appeared to be prosperous, but that
appearance was just covering up the poverty and
corruption of society.
Political Machines
A
new power structure emerged in the cities to
take control, called political machines.
 The political machine was an unofficial
entity that kept a certain political party in
power.
 Political machines were headed by a “boss”
who may or may not hold a political office
himself.
William “Boss” Tweed, Tammany Hall
Boss of the NYC Democratic Party
The Purpose of the
Political Machines
 Political
machines provided services to the
city, such as police & fire departments.
 In exchange for votes, the political
machines would provide jobs and other
services for immigrants.
Government Corruption
Many political machines and government
officials became corrupt as their power grew.
 Graft (using political influence for personal
gain) & “kickbacks” (taking money from
government construction projects) were
common.
 Ex. Boss Tweed built a NYC Courthouse
which actually cost $3 million, but the
taxpayers were charged $13 million

TEST REVIEW




Industrialization-Immigration-Urbanization
Industrialization: new technologies led to
industrialization; robber barons; Rockefeller & Carnegie;
Social Darwinism; monopolies; horizontal/vertical
integration; trusts- Sherman Antitrust Act= no
monopolies
Immigration: Ellis/Angel Island; discrimination; melting
pot/assimilation; why they came?; exploitation
(problems) of worker; emergence of labor unions
Urbanization: urban problems; reforms; settlement
houses; political machine