I.Q.
“IQ is like money. Publicly you proclaim that
those who have a lot are no better than
those who have a little.
Privately you wish you had a lot.”
(Bereiter, 1976)
Who’s Intelligent
•
•
•
•
Marilyn Vos Savant
Andy Warhol
Shakira
Bill Gates
• George H.W. Bush
•
•
•
•
•
98
160
140
86
228
Who’s Intelligent
•
•
•
•
•
Marilyn Vos Savant
Andy Warhol
Shakira
Bill Gates
George H.W. Bush
•
•
•
•
•
228
86
140
160
98
Retrieved from http://knol.google.com/k/iq-scores-of-famous-people-past-and-present#
President IQs
George W Bush
123
John F. Kennedy
174
Franklin D. Roosevelt
142
Ronald Reagan
105
Bill Clinton
110
“IQ on What Test?”
• Salvia, Ysseldyke, and Bolt (2010) remind us
that IQ is only a representation of a specific
test given. We can not speak of IQ in general
terms because behavior samples are different
dependent on the test taken.
History Of I.Q. Tests
Jean Esquirol
Edward Seguin
Alfred Binet
Intelligence Testing During WWI
Wechsler Intelligence Scales
Theories:
Charles Spearman
Louis Thurstone
Howard Gardner
Robert Sternberg
The Present
• Progressed beyond the Binet-Wechsler
mentality in IQ testing
• WISC-III Wechsler Scale for Children-Third
Edition
• WAIS-III Wechsler Adult Intelligence ScaleThird Edition
• Influential in advancing theory
Heated Debate
• “Psychologists have been generous to a fault with their
definitions of intelligence; concept of intelligence needed to
be more widely known and better defended.” Jack Flugal an
educational psychologist
• “Examination of the data concerning the reliability of these
tests brings to light the fact that measures of intelligence are
the least reliable.” George Fergusson author on the subject of
uniformed testing
• “I do not know what determines differences in human
intelligence. I am sure one thing, that the interaction will
prove to be even more complicated than is the determination
of sugar-yield in beets.” J.B.S Haldane writer for the Daily
Worker
• “Using an Intelligence test in this way presupposes that
intelligence grows at equal speeds in children.” John C.
Daniels
Opposition toward Intelligence Tests
• Opposition to educational segregation and intelligence tests
• 1950’s many professionals began publicly to doubt the relative
reliability and the problem the tests caused in with education
selection
• Success could be connected with coaching
• Real movement against testing came from political left, the
Labour Teachers’ group and the Communist Party
• Seen as a reduction of human potential, threat to the creative
teacher and learner
• Even psychologists saw it as a reduction of psychology and
sociology
• Teachers realized the tests were not doing the job they were
supposed to do and that the job was not the one they wanted
to see done
Similar Intelligence Questions….
-What two countries were involved in
the Civil War?
-What countries were involved in the
American Revolution?
Considerations for Assessment….
-Background Knowledge
-Vocabulary
-Culture
Sample Intelligence Questions
• Handout
• Tables and figures were taken from the following
references:
– Boake, C. (2002). From the Binet-Simon to the WechslerBellevue: Tracing the history of intelligence testing.
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24
(3), 383-405.
– Pearson. (n.d.) Assessment and information. Retrieved
from http://www.pearsonassessments.com
• How have the questions changed?
• Which questions, if any, seem to be valid?
Activity
•Get into small groups
•Discuss the pros and cons of intelligence testing
•Discuss the reliability and validity of intelligence testing
•The use of intelligence testing has decreased in the past
25 years. Do you agree with the decrease in testing?
How will this affect the education field?
Pros
Cons
•Can be used to predict students’
performance in school
•Can be used to aid in student
placement
•More tests are now based on a
blend of theories
•Not culture free/fair
•Measures achievement,
not ability
•Results depend upon
experiences
•No clear definition of
intelligence
•No treatment validity
•Creates discrimination
Criticism of I.Q. Tests
• Validity
• Assumption that intelligence is a fixed
characteristic
• IQ scores give a false impression of objectivity
• IQ tests are considered to be biased
• IQ tests often measure a narrow range of
intelligence
Controversy Surrounding I.Q Tests
I.Q. Scores give an opinion of a student before
they are given a chance to succeed.
I.Q. Tests Do Not
• Give information on how to teach students
• Provide areas where a student needs help
• Measure the ability to achieve
Use of Intelligence Tests
A “potential-based assessment”
An educated guess as to how well an individual
might perform in school (Machek, 2006)
Individually Administered Intelligence Tests
Originally prepared by: Greg Machek (fall 2003)
Revised: Summer 2006
Retrieved 4/17 from
http://www.indiana.edu/~intell/intelligenceTests.shtml
Use of Intelligence Tests
• To provide placement for gifted students
• To diagnose intellectual disabilities
• To screen large groups of people
Conclusion
• The winner's edge is not in a gifted birth, a high
IQ, or in talent. The winner's edge is all in the
attitude, not aptitude. Attitude is the criterion for
success.
Denis Waitley
•
Denis Waitley. (n.d.). BrainyQuote.com. Retrieved April 18, 2010, from BrainyQuote.com Web site:
http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/d/deniswaitl363622.html
References
• Boake, C. (2002). From the Binet-Simon to the WechslerBellevue: Tracing the history of intelligence testing. Journal
of Clinical and
Experimental Neuropsychology, 24(3), 383405.
• Kaufman, A.S. (2000). Intelligence tests and school
psychology: Predicting the future by studying the past.
Psychology in the Schools, 37(1), 7-16.
• Pearson. (n.d.) Assessment and information. Retrieved from
http://www.pearsonassessments.com
• White, S.H. (2000). Conceptual foundations of IQ
testing. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 6(1),
3343.