CHAPTER 22

Impact of the Individual
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It is 1901 and Theodore Roosevelt has suddenly become president. You and all Americans are counting on him to help end child labor, poverty, business abuses, and political corruption. You’re anxious to see what actions the new president will take to solve these problems.

• What different social problems did
Americans face?
• What qualities would a leader need to tackle such problems?
• What might be the cause of these different problems?

To World
1890 Congress passes Sherman Antitrust Act.
1896 William McKinley is elected president.
1901 McKinley is assassinated, and Theodore Roosevelt becomes president.
1904 Roosevelt is re-elected president.
1908 William Howard Taft is elected president.
1912 Woodrow Wilson is elected president.
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1913 17th Amendment provides for direct election of senators.
1919 18th Amendment outlaws alcohol.
1920 19th Amendment grants women the right to vote.

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1890 German leader Bismarck is dismissed by Kaiser
Wilhelm II.
1892 Gladstone becomes prime minister of Great Britain.
1894 Uganda becomes a British protectorate.
1900 Boxer uprising against foreigners begins in China.
1910 Union of South Africa is established.
1913 Gandhi, leader of Indian resistance movement, is arrested.
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Main Idea
Reformers tried to solve the problems of the cities. They gained a champion in Theodore
Roosevelt.
Why It Matters Now
Many of the reforms of the Progressive Era have had an effect on life in America today.

What are some examples of progressive reforms?
GOALS
To expand democracy
To protect social welfare
To create economic reform
REFORMS
Direct primary; initiative; referendum; recall
Aid to the unemployed; minimum wage laws; limits on women’s working hours; prohibition
Break up trusts; regulate industry
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• What kinds of problems did progressives attempt to solve?
• What did President Roosevelt mean by a “square deal,” and how did he try to achieve it?
• What were Roosevelt’s achievements in the field of conservation?
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Recognizing Effects
In what ways do the reforms that
President Roosevelt promoted affect your life today?
Think About
• the quality of the food you eat
• natural resources that have been preserved
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Main Idea
Progressive reforms continued under William
Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson.
Why It Matters Now
Constitutional amendments passed during this time affect Americans today.

What were some of the major reforms of the Taft and
Wilson administrations?
LAW
Sixteenth
Amendment
Clayton
Antitrust Act
Federal
Reserve Act
DESCRIPTION
Gave Congress the power to create income taxes
Forbade any business practice that
“substantially” lessened competition; legalized certain labor tactics
Created the Federal Reserve system, consisting of 12 Federal Reserve
Banks, supervised by the Federal
Reserve Board

• What caused the Republican Party to split in 1912?
• What were the major progressive accomplishments of Wilson’s presidency?
• What did the Federal Reserve Act do?

Making Inferences
Why did progressive presidents do little to advance civil rights for African
Americans?
Think About
• the goals of progressivism
• the groups of people that progressivism aimed to help
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Main Idea
Women became leaders in social reform movements and won the right to vote during the Progressive Era.
Why It Matters Now
Today, American women enjoy the right to vote because of women reformers in the
Progressive Era.
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What were some of the achievements of women leaders of the era?
Lillian Wald
PROGRESSIVE ACHIEVEMENTS
Began the first non-religious visiting nurse program in the country
Jane Addams
Florence Kelley
Began Hull House
Head of the National Consumers’
League, which promoted fair working conditions in factories and stores
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• How did women’s roles expand near the turn of the century?
• What was the background of many women who became leaders in social reform movements?
• How did World War I influence the passage of the
Nineteenth Amendment?

Comparing and Contrasting
In what ways was the struggle for woman suffrage similar to and different from African
Americans’ struggle for equal rights?
Think About
• the restrictions that both groups faced
• how long they struggled for basic rights
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
ANSWERS: READ AND TAKE NOTES

1 What problems did progressivism address?
2 How did progressive reformers expand democracy in the states?
3 What was Roosevelt’s “square deal”?
4 What were Roosevelt’s achievements in the area of conservation?
5 In what area did Taft achieve a more impressive progressive record than Roosevelt?

6 What progressive goals did the Sixteenth and
Seventeenth amendments address?
7 How did Wilson’s position on big business differ from Roosevelt’s?
8 How did women’s lives change around 1900?
9 What was the background of many women progressives?
10 What helped further the passage of the Nineteenth
Amendment in 1918?

Identifying and Solving
PROBLEM
Political:
Patronage; limited suffrage and democracy
Social:
Poverty; alcohol abuse
Economic:
Power of big corporations; unemployment
Environmental:
Impure food and water; diminishing natural resources
SOLUTION
Pendleton Civil Service Act; direct primary; initiative; referendum; recall; 17th and 19th amendments
Settlement houses; 18th amendment
Clayton Antitrust Act; campaign for minimum wage laws; socialism
Pure Food and Drug Act; national parks
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