Warm Up:
 One study of grand juries in Alameda County, California,
compared the demographic characteristics of jurors with the
general population, to see if jury panels were representative. The
results for age are shown below. The investigators wanted to
know if the 66 jurors were selected at random from the
population of Alameda County. Write a Null Hypothesis & use
the chi square analysis to determine if it is supported or rejected.
Age
Countwide %
# of jurors # of jurors
(O-E)
observed expected
21-40
42%
5
41-50
23%
9
51-60
16%
19
over 60
19%
33
Total
100%
66
AP Biology
(O-E)2/E
Page #
65-66
67-68
68a,b
69-70
71-72
73-74
75-76
77-78
79-80
81-84
85-86
87-88
89-90
AP Biology
Unit
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
Description
Practice: Cellular Respiration
Notes: Photosynthesis (Light Reactions)
Notes: Photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle)
AP Lab 6 - Respiration
AP Lab 6 Analysis and Response
Photosynthesis Practice
Notes: Enzymes
Enzymes in the World
Notes: Plant Types
Investigation 13: Enzymes (AP Lab)
Investigation 13: Part 3 Data, Analysis & Conclusions
Notes: Mitosis & the Cell Cycle
Lab: Mitosis & the Cell Cycle
Biology is the only subject in
which multiplication is the same
thing as division…
AP Biology
2007-2008
The Cell Cycle:
Cell Growth, Cell Division
AP Biology
2007-2008
Where it all began…
You started as a cell smaller than
a period at the end of a sentence…
AP Biology
And now look at you…
AP Biology
How did you
get from there
to here?
Getting from there to here…
 Going from egg to baby….
the original fertilized egg has to divide…
and divide…
and divide…
and divide…
AP Biology
Why do cells divide?
 For reproduction

asexual reproduction
 one-celled organisms
 For growth

from fertilized egg to
multi-celled organism
amoeba
 For repair & renewal

AP Biology
replace cells that die
from normal wear &
tear or from injury
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Making new cells
 Nucleus
chromosomes
 DNA

 Cytoskeleton

centrioles
 in animals

AP Biology
microtubule
spindle fibers
Nucleus
DNA
 Function
chromosome
protects DNA
Structure



histone protein
nuclear envelope
 double membrane
 membrane fused in spots to create pores
 allows large macromolecules to pass through
nuclear
pores
What kind of
molecules need to
pass through?
AP Biology
nuclear
pore
nucleolus
nuclear envelope
AP Biology
Cytoskeleton
 Function

structural support
 maintains shape of cell
 provides anchorage for organelles
 protein fibers


microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
motility
 cell locomotion
 cilia, flagella, etc.

regulation
 organizes structures
& activities of cell
AP Biology
Cytoskeleton
 actin
 microtubule
 nuclei
AP Biology
Centrioles
 Cell division

in animal cells, pair of centrioles
organize microtubules
 spindle fibers

AP Biology
guide chromosomes in mitosis
Getting the right stuff
 What is passed on to daughter cells?

exact copy of genetic material = DNA
 mitosis

organelles, cytoplasm, cell membrane,
enzymes
 cytokinesis
chromosomes (stained orange)
in kangaroo rat epithelial cell
AP Biology
notice cytoskeleton fibers
Overview of mitosis
interphase
prophase
I.P.M.A.T.
(pro-metaphase)
cytokinesis
AP Biology
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
M
metaphase
prophase
Cell Division cycle
C
G2
 Phases of a dividing
cell’s life

interphase





anaphase
telophase
S
interphase (G1, S, G2 phases)
mitosis (M)
cytokinesis (C)
cell grows
replicates chromosomes
produces new organelles, enzymes, membranes…
G1, S, G2
mitotic phase
 cell separates & divides chromosomes
 mitosis
 cell divides cytoplasm & organelles
 cytokinesis
AP Biology
G1
M
Mitosis
Cell cycle
 Cell has a “life cycle”
cell is formed from
a mitotic division
cell grows & matures
to divide again
G1, S, G2, M
epithelial cells,
blood cells,
stem cells
AP Biology
G2
Gap 2
S
Synthesis
cell grows & matures
to never divide again
liver cells
G1G0
brain / nerve cells
muscle cells
G1
Gap 1
G0
Resting
Control of Cell Cycle
AP Biology
Interphase
 Divided into 3 phases:

G1 = 1st Gap (Growth)
 cell doing its “everyday job”
 cell grows

S = DNA Synthesis
 copies chromosomes

G2 = 2nd Gap (Growth)
 prepares for division
 cell grows (more)
 produces organelles,
proteins, membranes
AP Biology
G0
green = key features
Interphase
 Nucleus well-defined

DNA loosely packed in
long chromatin fibers
 Prepares for mitosis

replicates
chromosome
 DNA & proteins

AP Biology
produces proteins &
organelles
S phase: Copying / Replicating DNA
 Synthesis phase of Interphase
dividing cell replicates DNA
 must separate DNA copies
correctly to 2 daughter cells

 human cell duplicates ~3 meters DNA
 each daughter cell gets complete
identical copy
 error rate = ~1 per 100 million bases
 3 billion base pairs in mammalian
genome
 ~30 errors per cell cycle
 mutations (to somatic (body) cells)
AP Biology
ACTGGTCAGGCAATGTC
Organizing DNA
DNA
 DNA is organized in
chromosomes
histones
double helix DNA molecule
 wrapped around histone
proteins

 like thread on spools

DNA-protein complex =
chromatin
chromatin
 organized into long thin fiber

condensed further during
mitosis
double stranded chromosome
AP Biology
duplicated mitotic chromosome
Copying DNA & packaging it…
 After DNA duplication, chromatin condenses

coiling & folding to make a smaller package
mitotic chromosome
DNA
chromatin
AP Biology
Chromosome structure
scaffold
protein
chromatin loop
DNA nucleosome
histone
rosettes of
chromatin loops
chromosome
AP Biology
DNA double helix
Kinetochore
 Each chromatid
has own kinetochore
proteins

AP Biology
microtubules
attach to
kinetochore
proteins
doublestranded
mitotic human
chromosomes
AP Biology
Mitotic Chromosome
 Duplicated chromosome
2 sister chromatids
 narrow at centromeres
 contain identical
copies of original DNA

homologous
chromosomes
homologous
chromosomes
single-stranded
AP Biology
sister chromatids
double-stranded
homologous = “same information”
Mitosis
 Dividing cell’s DNA between
2 daughter nuclei

“dance of the chromosomes”
 4 phases
prophase
 metaphase
 anaphase
 telophase

AP Biology
green = key features
Prophase
 Chromatin condenses

visible chromosomes
 chromatids
 Centrioles move to opposite
poles of cell

animal cell
 Protein fibers cross cell to form
mitotic spindle

microtubules
 actin, myosin

coordinates movement of
chromosomes
 Nucleolus disappears
 Nuclear membrane breaks down
AP Biology
green = key features
Transition to Metaphase
 Prometaphase

spindle fibers attach to
centromeres
 creating kinetochores

microtubules attach at
kinetochores
 connect centromeres to
centrioles

AP Biology
chromosomes begin
moving
green = key features
Metaphase
 Chromosomes align
along middle of cell

metaphase plate
 meta = middle
spindle fibers coordinate
movement
 helps to ensure
chromosomes separate
properly

 so each new nucleus
receives only 1 copy of
each chromosome
AP Biology
AP Biology
green = key features
Anaphase
 Sister chromatids separate at
kinetochores
move to opposite poles
 pulled at centromeres
 pulled by motor proteins
“walking”along microtubules

 actin, myosin
 increased production of
ATP by mitochondria
 Poles move farther apart

AP Biology
polar microtubules lengthen
Separation of chromatids
 In anaphase, proteins holding together sister
chromatids are inactivated

separate to become individual chromosomes
1 chromosome
2 chromatids
AP Biology
double-stranded
2 chromosomes
single-stranded
Chromosome movement
 Kinetochores use
motor proteins that
“walk” chromosome
along attached
microtubule

AP Biology
microtubule
shortens by
dismantling at
kinetochore
(chromosome) end
green = key features
Telophase
 Chromosomes arrive at
opposite poles
daughter nuclei form
 nucleoli form
 chromosomes disperse

 no longer visible under
light microscope
 Spindle fibers disperse
 Cytokinesis begins

AP Biology
cell division
Cytokinesis
 Animals

constriction belt of
actin microfilaments
around equator of cell
 cleavage furrow forms
 splits cell in two
 like tightening a draw
string
AP Biology
Cytokinesis in Animals
(play Cells Alive movies here)
AP Biology
(play
Thinkwell movies here)
Mitosis in whitefish blastula
AP Biology
Mitosis in animal cells
AP Biology
Cytokinesis in Plants
 Plants

cell plate forms
 vesicles line up at
equator
 derived from Golgi
 vesicles fuse to form
2 cell membranes

new cell wall laid
down between
membranes
 new cell wall fuses
AP Biology
with existing cell wall
Cytokinesis in plant cell
AP Biology
Mitosis in plant cell
AP Biology
onion root tip
AP Biology
Evolution of mitosis
 Mitosis in
chromosome:
double-stranded replication
of DNA
DNA
eukaryotes
likely evolved from
binary fission in
bacteria
single circular
chromosome
 no membranebound organelles

AP Biology
Origin of
replication
elongation of cell
ring of
proteins
cell pinches
in two
Evolution of
mitosis
 A possible
progression of
mechanisms
intermediate
between binary
fission & mitosis
seen in modern
organisms
prokaryotes
(bacteria)
protists
dinoflagellates
protists
diatoms
eukaryotes
yeast
eukaryotes
animals
AP Biology
Dinoflagellates
 algae
“red tide”
 bioluminescence

AP Biology
Diatoms
 microscopic algae
marine
 freshwater

AP Biology
Microscope Lab:
 Find each phase and draw
 Determine % of time a cell spends in
each phase of the cell cycle.
AP Biology
Interphase
 90% of cell life cycle

cell doing its “everyday job”
 produce RNA, synthesize proteins/enzymes

prepares for duplication if triggered
I’m working here!
Time to divide
& multiply!
AP Biology
Warm Up
 What is Mitosis & Meiosis
Mitosis
AP Biology
Meiosis