Directions for Copying Notes
 When recording notes from power point
slides for this class, copy ONLY THOSE
SLIDES THAT ARE NUMBERED.
 Make sure that you number each slide in your
own notes as well because having every slide
in order is how you will receive full credit on
your science notebook. Notes without
numbers will not be accepted for grading.
 Un-numbered slides are presented as
examples for class discussion; they do NOT
contain facts that you must study for the test.
PA Standards Addressed in
Chapter 1: Introduction to Matter
 3.2.7.A1 – Differentiate between elements,
compounds and mixtures; explain how
materials are characterized by having a
specific density.
 3.2.7.A2 – Identify atoms as the basic
building blocks of matter; elements are
composed of only one type of atom.
1. CHP. 1 - INTRODUCTION TO MATTER
 Matter is anything that has mass and takes
up space.
 Everything in the universe is made up of
matter.
2. PROPERTIES OF MATTER
 Examples: hardness,
texture, temperature,
shape, flammability,
size, & color
 “States” of matter
include solid, liquid &
gas; state depends on
temperature
3. Characteristic Property – a quality that NEVER
changes & so can be used to identify a particular
type of matter
 While some properties can change (ex: size
or shape of a piece of wood), characteristic
properties remain the same
 EVERY sample of a particular
kind of matter will have the same
characteristic properties
 An unknown sample of matter
can then be identified by looking
at its characteristic properties
Example of a Characteristic Property:
The Flame Test of Unknowns
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jJvS4uc4T
bU
 Click the link above to view the way that
different solid substances burn with their own
vividly colored flames!
4. Common Characteristic Properties
used in Testing Unknowns:
 Boiling Point – the temperature at which
a liquid boils is characteristic for each
kind of substance. Ex: pure water
always boils at 1000 C
 Liquids that may look alike can be identified
by testing their boiling points
 Melting Point – the temperature at which a
solid melts is characteristic for each kind of
substance
Quiz: In what state will you find each
substance at room temp. (200 C)?
Substance
Melting Point 0C Boiling Point 0C
Water
0
100
Chloroform
-64
61
Ethanol
-117
79
Propane
-190
-42
Table Salt
801
1,465
5. Identification of an unknown substance
requires comparing at least 2 characteristic
properties for a match
 This is necessary since different substances
may share one characteristic property
6. Changes in Matter – two types:
 Physical Changes alter the form or
appearance of a substance, but do
not change its identity.
 Chemical Changes cause a substance to
break apart (or combine with other
substances) to form something new.
Quiz: Physical or Chemical Change?
 The first video clip
shows a glass of milk
that this boy left in his
room for 2 weeks
 The second video clip
shows a watermelon
thrown off a roof 
 http://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=q25W
ifJxXZ8
 http://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=3OgJj
sOGx8I
7. Classifying Matter: Two Categories
Based on Composition
 Mixture – when 2 or more kinds of matter
are placed together, but are NOT chemically
combined into one substance; this means each kind
of matter keeps its own properties; often they can
easily be separated.
 A) Solution – a mixture that is so well mixed that
the individual kinds of matter can’t be distinguished
 B) Suspension – a mixture in which different
kinds of matter can be seen separately.
Ex: oil & vinegar
 Pure Substance – made of only ONE kind of matter
with 1 set of properties; Ex: elements or compounds
Solutions Don’t Have to be Liquids
 Often man has found it useful to melt down 2
or more pure metals and mix them together.
 Once they have been thoroughly stirred and
then allowed to harden, we call this solid
solution of metals an alloy
 Ex: copper + tin makes bronze
 Ex: copper + zinc makes brass
 Ex: copper + silver makes sterling silver
Examples: Mixtures and Pure
Substances
8. Element – one kind of pure
substance
 Elements cannot be broken down into simpler
substances
 There are over 100 elements known at
present
 Many familiar elements are metals while
some are nonmetals
 Elements are abbreviated with 1 or 2 letter
symbols (always starting with a capital letter)
Periodic Table of Elements
Common Elements – note that some symbols are
abbreviations of the original Latin names
9. Compounds – matter consisting of 2 or
more elements that are chemically combined
to form one pure substance
 The properties of a compound are different
from the properties of the elements it contains
 Ex: Sodium is an explosive metal, and
chlorine is a poisonous gas, but when
combined to make sodium chloride
(table salt) they become harmless and
edible
 Compounds are abbreviated with element
symbols and subscript numbers:
 H2O (water)
CO2 (carbon dioxide)
10. Ways of Measuring
Matter
 Weight – a measure of the force of gravity
pulling you downward against a scale; this
quantity will change depending on the pull of
gravity
 Mass – NOT the same as weight; it is a
measure of the amount of matter contained in
an object
11. Standardized Measurement
 Weight and Mass are measured in
units called grams
 Volume is measured in units called
either cubic centimeters (cm3) for
solids or milliliters (ml) for liquids

1 cm3 is a volume equal to 1 ml
Examples of Mass
 Canned goods at the grocery store now show
BOTH the English measure for weight
(ounces) and the metric mass (grams):
PAUSE HERE TO COVER METRIC
MEASUREMENTS…
 Your teacher will provide a handout as #12
13. Density - another way to
measure matter
 Density is a measure of how much mass of a
substance is contained in a certain volume
 Density has to be calculated by
comparing mass and volume:

Density = Mass
Volume
 (Think of “Department of Motor Vehicles” – DMV)
14. Comparing Densities
 If a great deal of matter is packed into a small
space, this gives a very high density value
 If the matter is more loosely packed the
density value is low
 Water has a density of 1 g/ml (meaning there
is 1 gram of water per each 1 milliliter)
15. Density is a characteristic property
 Density is the same for all samples of a
substance
 Ex: pure gold always has a density that
measures 19.3 g/cm3
 Since density remains the same, it can be
used to identify types of matter
Gold bars
Tiny gold nuggets
Material covered on the first test
STOPS HERE
16. The Smallest Possible Particles of
Matter
 An atom is the smallest particle of an element
that keeps all the properties of that substance
 Back in 440 B.C. Democritus
gave us the name atom; it is taken
from the Greek “atomos” meaning
uncuttable
17. Scientific Ideas About
Atoms
 In 1802 John Dalton carried out
experiments with elements and
recorded his conclusions
 Today we refer to his ideas as the Atomic
Theory as listed here:
 a) Atoms cannot be broken into smaller
pieces
 b) In any single element, all the atoms are
exactly alike
 c) Atoms of different elements are different
18. (Atomic Theory Continued)
 d) Atoms of 2 or more elements can combine
to form compounds
 e) Atoms of each element have a unique
mass
 f) The masses of the elements in a
compound are always in a constant ratio
19. Combining Atoms to make
Compounds
 A molecule is a group of atoms that are
joined together to act as a single unit; this
molecule is the smallest piece of a compound
 A chemical bond is the force that holds the
atoms of the molecule together
20. Atomic Models
 Today we have scanning tunneling microscopes
that can show us tiny images such as
gold atoms
21. Separating Elements from the
Earth for Our Use
Only a few elements can be found in a pure
form in the Earth
In 1848 John Sutter found several gold nuggets
in the river near his mill; this discovery
sparked the California gold rush
Prospectors used the high density of gold to
separate dust and nuggets from the stream
bed by “panning”
22. Another Separation Technique
 Most elements cannot be found in their pure
state
 Ore is any rock that contains useful
metals combined with other substances
 Ores are mined from the Earth and
then a complex series of steps is
used to isolate the useful metal
 The last step in this process is called
electrolysis which means “electric cutting”
Video: “Ore to More – the Story of
Copper”
 Click on this link to see the process of
removing copper from rocklike ore. The final
step will show the use of electric current in
“electrolysis” to purify the copper.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RmaGh4g1
JtY&feature=related
Pure Substances – cannot
be easily broken down
Element – just one kind of
matter
Atoms
(smallest
individual
pieces)
Molecule of an
Element (chemical
bonding of the same
kind of atoms)
Compound –
grouping of 2 or
more elements
Molecule of a
Compound
(chemical bonding
of different kinds
of atoms)
Video Credits
 Flame Test demonstration:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jJvS4uc4TbU
 Curdled Milk: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q25WifJxXZ8
Picture Credits – those graphics not
listed below were taken from clip art
 Periodic Table of Elements:
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.chemicalelements.co
m/graphics/table.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.chemicalelements.com/&h=3
05&w=563&sz=50&tbnid=DmH8Gf33p0pwM:&tbnh=68&tbnw=125&prev=/search%3Fq%3DPeriodic%2Btable
%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=Periodic+table&usg=__Nb
4xZeHI8TWANtFba9KUGUOVJgo=&sa=X&ei=OVUXTty1HOqEsALd2v
lV&ved=0CFgQ9QEwBg
 Table of Common Elements:
http://chestofbooks.com/food/household/The-Profession-Of-HomeMaking/Table-Of-Common-Elements.html
 Canned Goods:
http://pzrservices.typepad.com/.shared/image.html?/photos/uncategoriz
ed/2008/09/26/1970s_canned_food.jpg
 Water molecule: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properties_of_water
 Image of Gold Atoms:
http://www.physics.purdue.edu/nanophys/stm.html
Picture Credits (continued)
 Scanning Tunneling Microscope:
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.jaist.ac.jp/ms/english/
research_list/equipments/images/STM_figSTM_new.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.jaist.ac.jp/ms/english/research_list/
equipments/STM.html&h=1195&w=1600&sz=1343&tbnid=7xIb8pCAC8_hM:&tbnh=102&tbnw=136&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dscanning
%2Btunneling%2Bmicroscope%2Bdiagram%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3
Du&zoom=1&q=scanning+tunneling+microscope+diagram&usg=__uB9
MSl9heFTERkB0cvVKEynXjY=&sa=X&ei=eKobTqqULore0QHB4rW5Bw&ved=0CGUQ9Q
EwCQ
 Pyrite: http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=navclient&ie=UTF8&rlz=1T4GFRD_en___US219&q=photo+of+oil+and+vinegar+mix#scli
ent=psy&hl=en&rlz=1T4GFRD_en___US219&source=hp&q=photo+of+
pyrite&aq=f&aqi=gv1&aql=&oq=&pbx=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&fp=6052ac049b0c2d47
&biw=1024&bih=533