Chapter
3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
3.1 Community Ecology
Communities
 A biological community----group of interacting populations occupying the same area at the same time.
Oasis

Chapter
3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
Ecological Succession
 The change in an ecosystem that happens when one community replaces another as a result of changing abiotic and biotic factors is ecological succession .
 Two types
 Primary succession
 Secondary succession.

Chapter
3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
 Primary succession-t he establishment of a community in an area of exposed rock-no topsoil

Chapter
3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
Secondary succession
 Orderly/predictable change- takes place after a community of organisms has been removed but the soil has remained intact is.
Ex. Fire, tornado, volcano

Chapter
3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
 Any abiotic factor or biotic factor restricts
(limits):
 numbers
 reproduction
 distribution of organisms
 Ex:
 sunlight, climate, temperature, water, nutrients, fire, soil chemistry, and space, and other living things

Chapter 4 Population Ecology
Population-Limiting Factors- 2 categories
1. density-independent factors : usually abiotic factors in which population has no control & includes natural disasters. Ex: air, land, water availability, human alterations of the landscape. Natural disasters such as drought, fire, flooding, tornado, hurricane, etc.
2. density-dependent factors : often biotic factors, depends on # of members in population. Ex: Predation, disease, parasites, competition

Chapter
3
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
Range of Tolerance
 An upper limit and lower limit- defines the conditions an organism can survive
 The ability of any organism to survive when subjected to abiotic factors or biotic factors is called tolerance .

Chapter 3 Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
Which biome is the most diverse?
A.
tundra
B.
tropical savanna
C.
tropical seasonal forest
D.
tropical rainforest
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
A
0% 0%
B
0%
C
0%
D

Chapter 3 Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
3.2 Formative Questions
By what characteristics are biomes primarily named?
A.
by their average weather conditions
B.
by their latitudes and climates
C.
by the type of animal communities within them
D.
by the type of plant communities within them
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
A
0% 0%
B
0%
C
0%
D

Chapter 3 Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
Standardized Test Practice
What is the approximate average temperature and annual precipitation in the boreal forest biome?
Average temperature
( ° C)
A.
0
Average precipitation
(cm)
100
B.
10 150
C.
20 100
D.
25 200
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
A
¤B
¤C
¤D
0% 0%
B
0%
C
0%
D

Chapter 3 Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
Standardized Test Practice
What type of community is likely to exist near the top of a mountain?
A.
tundra
B.
arctic desert
C.
coniferous forest
D.
temperate grassland
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D
A
¤B
¤C
¤D
0% 0%
B
0%
C
0%
D

Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation
Factors that Threaten Biodiversity are caused by one species….
Homo sapiens
Humans are changing the conditions on Earth.
 Overexploitation
 Habitat Loss/Habitat Destruction
 Pollution
Acid Precipitation
Eutrophication
 Introduced species/Alien species

Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation
5.2 Threats to Biodiversity
Overexploitation excessive use of species that have economic value
 Bison
 Rhinoceros
 Ocelot
 Passenger pigeons

Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation
5.2 Threats to Biodiversity
Pollution-harmful substances released into the environment; threaten biodiversity and global stability
 Biological magnificationincreasing concentration of toxic substances in organisms as trophic levels increase in a food chain or food web.
Ex: DDT levels in the American
Bald Eagle – made eggshells fragile, broke before eggs could hatch.

Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation
5.2 Threats to Biodiversity
Acid Precipitation sulfuric acid and nitric acid mix with water in the atmosphere. This depletes the calcium, potassium, etc. from the soil, depriving plants of nutrients.
Assessing
Water Quality

Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation
5.2 Threats to Biodiversity
 Eutrophication – a type of water pollution that occurs when substances rich in nitrogen and phosphorus (ex: fertilizer) flow into waterways, causing extensive algae growth.
 The rapidly growing algae use up the oxygen and other organisms suffocate.

Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation
 Renewable resourcesResources that are replaced by natural processes faster than they are consumed. Ex. Pine trees
 Nonrenewable resourcesResources on
Earth in limited amounts or replaced by natural processes over extremely long periods of time Ex: Fossil fuels, radioactive uranium
 Sustainable use - using resources at a rate in which they can be replaced or recycled
Ex: Preservation & Conserving.

Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
What form of pollution is caused by extensive algae growth in waterways?
A.
acid precipitation
B.
eutrophication
C.
biological magnification
D.
edge effects
A
0% 0%
B
0%
C
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
D
C
D
A
B

Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
Which is not a renewable resource?
A.
solar energy
B.
fossil fuels
C.
agricultural plants
D.
clean water
A
0% 0%
B
0%
C
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
D
C
D
A
B

Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation
5.1 Formative
Questions
It is likely that some of the world’s unidentified species will have economic value.
A.
true
B.
false
A
0%
1.
A
2.
B
0%
B

Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation
5.2 Formative
Questions
Where are most extinctions likely to occur in the near future?
A.
deserts
B.
grasslands
C.
tropical forests
D.
temperate forests
0% 0% 0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
A
B
C
D
A B C D

Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation
5.2 Formative
Questions
What is the number one cause of species extinction today?
A.
habitat loss
B.
human predators
C.
transported diseases
D.
background extermination
0% 0% 0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
A
B
C
D
A B C D

Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation
5.3 Formative
Questions
Which resource is nonrenewable?
A.
agricultural plants
B.
clean water
C.
forest timber
D.
mineral deposits
A
0% 0% 0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
A
B
C
D
B C D

Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation
Chapter Assessment
Questions
Look at the figure. Name the process that is occurring with the increasing concentration of
DDT.
A.
pollution
B.
extinction
C.
biological magnification
D.
habitat fragmentation 0% 0% 0% 0%
A B C D
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D

Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation
Standardized Test
Practice
How does genetic diversity increase a species’ chance of survival?
A.
It increases the number of organisms that have useful genes.
B.
It increases the ability of a species to adapt to environmental changes.
C.
It produces a variety of species within a biological community.
D.
It randomly distributes members of a species throughout an ecosystem.
A
0%
B
0% 0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
A
B
C
D
C D

Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation
Standardized Test
Practice
If a toxic substance enters this food web, which animals will have the highest concentration of the toxic substance in their tissues?
A.
fishes
B.
killer whales
C.
sea otters
D.
sea urchins
A
0% 0% 0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
A
B
C
D
B C D

Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation
Standardized Test
Practice
What type of substances causes eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems?
A.
acid rain
B.
fertilizers
C.
PCBs
D.
pesticides
A
0% 0% 0%
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
A
B
C
D
B C D

Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation
Standardized Test
Practice
Which factor has the greatest impact on a country’s rate of natural resource consumption?
A.
land area
B.
population
C.
industrialization
D.
availability of resources
A
0% 0% 0% 0%
B C D
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
C
D