Chapter 1
An Introduction to
Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy & Physiology
Gk. ana
tom
Gk. physiología
up
cut
science of
natural causes
FORM
FUNCTION
“All specific functions are
performed by specific structures”
pg. 4
automobile analogy
Anatomy
Gross
visible with eye
surface
regional
systemic
developmental
clinical
(embryology)
Anatomy
Microscopic anatomy
cytology
histology
(Chapter 3)
(Chapter 4)
Physiology
cellspecialsystemicpathological-
“cornerstone”
e.g., cardiac
reprod.
disease
Levels of Organization
chemical
cellular
tissues
organs
organ systems
organism
chapter 2
chapter 3
chapter 4
chapters
5 to 29
Levels of Organization
insert
fig.1-1
pg. 7
Fluids:
inside cells - cytoplasm
intracellular
(ICF)
outside cells - tissue fluid
extracellular
(ECF)
the body monitors/adjusts:
volume of body fluids
composition of body fluids
body temperature
Homeostasis
Mechanisms to maintain
stable internal environment
Homeostatic regulation:
autoregulation
adjustment within organ…
extrinsic regulation
nervous/endocrine system
Homeostatic regulation:
autoregulation
low O2 levels in organ
-release chemicals
-dilate blood vessels
-bring in more O2
Homeostatic regulation:
extrinsic regulation
control by nervous
or endocrine system
Homeostatic regulation:
nervous system
responses are:
rapid
short-term
specific
e.g. reflex
Homeostatic regulation:
endocrine system
responses are:
slower
long term
Homeostatic regulation:
keep internal environment
within certain limits
Homeostatic regulation:
Three part mechanism:
receptor (stimulus)
control center
effector
Homeostatic regulation:
room temperature:
receptor
control center
effector
stimulus ?
warm air
thermometer
thermostat
air conditioner
Homeostatic regulation:
room temperature:
warm air temperature
turns on air conditioner
cools air temperature
effector negates stimulus
fig. 1-3
Negative feedback:
most commom
thermoregulation
“set point”
“range”
fig. 1-4
Positive feedback:
not as common
exaggerated responses
e.g., blood clot formation
fig. 1-5
Homeostasis:
Mechanisms to maintain
stable internal environment
dynamic equilibrium
body temperature
Homeostasis:
systems influence each other
their activity needs to
be integrated
Table 1-1
Homeostasis:
systems influence each other
their activity needs to
be integrated
when malfunctions occurs:
illness or disease
Anatomical references:
Using in lab and lecture
Based on:
Homo sapiens
Latin
pterygoid
Greek
Golgi apparatus
eponyms
Anatomical references:
landmarks
fig. 1-6
Anatomical references:
landmarks
regions
fig. 1-7
Anatomical directions
anatomical position
see fig. 1-8, pg. 18
reference is subject
not observer
Anatomical directions
antonyms vs. synonyms
anterior
ventral
superior
cranial
superficial
proximal
posterior
dorsal
inferior
caudal
deep
distal
Anatomical planes and sections
3 planes
cranial/caudal
transverse
frontal (coronal) dorsal/ventral
sagittal longitudinal) left/right
Body cavities
Most major organs are
suspended in cavities
embryologically:
coelom
Body cavities
4
2 major cavities
coelom
thoracic
pericardial
diaphragm
peritoneal
(abdominopelvic)
quiz?
Body cavities
each cavity has two layers
visceral
parietal
on organs
outer wall
Body cavities
fist
balloon
Body cavities
fist
balloon
Body cavities
fist
balloon
Body cavities
fist
balloon
Body cavities
fist
balloon
Is the fist inside the balloon?
Body cavities
two layers
replace fist
with heart
? cavity
inner
(visceral)
outer
(parietal)
cavity miscellany
peritoneal cavity
(abdominopelvic)
abdominal
pelvic
Anatomical miscellany
some “abdominal” organs are
“behind” the peritoneal cavity
retroperitoneal
e.g., kidneys, etc
The Skeleton
axial
appendicular
#7
#8
axial skeleton fig. 7-1
axial skeleton fig. 7-1b
The Skeleton
appendicular
pectoral girdle + append.
pelvic girdle
+ append.
appendicular skeleton fig. 8-1
The Skeleton
bone shape and structure
Joint Classsification (9)
Synarthrosis
no movement
Amphiarthrosis
very little movement
Diarthrosis
freely movable
Joint Classsification (9)
Synarthrosis
suture
synchondrosis
parietal bones
epiphyseal disc
Amphiarthrosis
syndesmosis
symphysis
tibia-fibula
pubis
Diarthrosis
free movementmany
Joint Classsification (9)
Diarthrosis
diarthodial joints = synovial joints
bone
articular cartilage
“
capsule
synovial cavity
“
fluid
Joint Classsification (9)
ligaments
ACL, PCL
lateral col.
menisci
car
patella
Joint Classsification (9)
Diarthrosis
diarthodial joints = synovial joints
many different types
fig. 9-6
fig. 9-6