The Rise of Industry Unit 2
• Capitalism: An economic system in which individuals or
companies, rather than government own most factories
businesses and laborers produce products for a wage.
• Capital: money for operating a business.
• Corporations: Large businesses that are managed by a
group of people.
• Labor unions: a group of workers that promotes and
protects the rights of their members
• Prejudice: Strong feelings of dislike, usually against one of
another ethnic group or race or religion.
• Segregation: Separating someone from a group because
they are of a different race, gender or religion.
• Growth of Big Business: Large factories and big cities develop
because of growth. National wealth increases by 51/2 times.
• American Workers: workers didn’t share in the wealth, they
barely made enough to live on.
• Jim Crow Laws: Laws that passed to enforce segregation”Whites Only” meant to keep African-Americans and others
out.
• Patents: Protects inventions and inventors from people using
their inventions for a certain length of time.
• Eugene V. Debs: a labor union organizer
• Homestead, PA: A site of a violent strike
• Booker T. Washington: A leader of African-Americans, he
struggled to improve their lives.
• W.E.B. DuBois: leader of African-Americans- views are
different the Booker T. Washington, but also helped the
struggle to improve their lives.
Chapter 5: Titans of Industry
• John Davison Rockefeller: Founder of the Standard Oil
Company of Ohio. By 1880, he produced 90% of all the
oil in the U.S.
• The Oil Rush: Fortune seekers raced to put down oil
wells.
• Crude: The raw oil before it is processed.
• Refineries: Factories that purify raw oil.
• Oil Monopoly: Rockefeller made a secret deal with the
Railroad. This deal allowed him to sell his oil cheaper
than anyone else. This forced everyone else out of
business. By 1880- Rockefeller owns 90% of all oil
business in the U.S.
• Standard Oil Company: Company started by Rockefeller,
later becomes SOHIO and is now BP.
• Monopoly: complete control of an industry, product or
service.
• Andrew Carnegie: Scottish immigrant who built world’s
largest steel mill in Pittsburgh, U.S. Steel. He donated
millions of dollars to build public libraries and charities.
• Bessemer Process: a process that Carnegie used in which
the impurities are blasted out of steel with a burst of air. It
make higher quality steel cheaper and faster.
• Molten: means liquid steel.
• Captains of Industry: Capitalists who took risks to develop
giant businesses.
• Robber Barons: People like Rockefeller who got rich
through ruthless business schemes.
• Business giants: Rockefeller, Carnegie, J.P. Morgan,
developed giant businesses.
Chapter 6, Edison Bottles Light
• Thomas Edison: Was a learning disabled inventor,
who was kicked out of school in the 3rd grade
because he was unable to learn. He invented:
phonograph, electric light bulb, and motion
pictures. He was born in Milan, OH. He was a
trial and error inventor, who held 1100 patents.
He transformed daily life.
• Young Printer: at 12, Edison was a newsboy on
trains. An accident on a train is believed to have
caused him to go deaf. Edison thought his
deafness helped him to think. He was given
$40,000 for his 1st invention.
• Scientific Wizard: He baked a cotton thread for 5
hours to produce a carbon filament. Put it in a
glass bulb, pumped the air out, turned the current
on and had “light”
• Inventions of the 1900’s: Typewriter, air brakes,
vacuum canning, steam engines, barbed wire,
telephone, camera, phonograph, light bulb, ore
extraction, telegraph, motion pictures, airplane,
frozen food refrigeration, Model T.
• Business Manager: makes decisions to increase his
own wealth- an eye for profitable inventions.
• Entrepreneur: A person who organizes a business.
• Incandescent: glowing with heat, a shinning bulb.
Chapter 7: Urban Immigrants
• Ellis Island: in New York Harbor. It was the
gateway to American for 90% of the immigrants
entering the United States in the 1890’s.
• Ghetto: An area where many people of the same
ethnic background live usually very poor.
• Tenement: Large buildings in ghettos where
residents were crammed into , also called slums.
• Shops: name for factories where immigrants work
• Lower East Side: an area of NY where many
Jewish and Italian immigrants lived.
• Jews: Fled persecution in homelands. Between 1881-1914,
2 million Jews immigrated to America. They wanted jobs,
free education and religious freedom
• Italians: lived in a section of NY called “Little Italy” Little
Italy was a slum/ghetto. They brought their distinct
customs and religion.
• Sweatshops: small, dark dirty factories where workers
worked 12 to 15 hours per day, 7 days a week.
• Chinese: Immigrated to the West Coast. They lived in San
Francisco in China Town.
• Prejudice: Strong feelings of dislike usually against one of
another race or religion.
• 1882 Immigration Law: The 1st law to limit immigration.
• Immigrants: People who leave 1 county to settle in
another.
Chapter 8: A Voice For the Workers
• Pullman-Greatest battle between labor and capital
ever in the U.S.-strike in 1894. Tied up most
railroads in the Midwest.
• Helping the Poor: Pullman strike angers
Americans. They begin to see what life is like for
the working poor. Most Americans felt it was
wrong for a few to have all the money.
• Strikebreakers: in a labor disagreement persons
who interfere with workers efforts to improve
their lot.
• Going to Jail: Railroad Companies get a
Federal Court Order that made it unlawful
to strike.
• Socialism: government ownership of
factories and services with wages based on
employees needs.
• Capitalism: Privately owned business with
wages set by employers.
• Debs: Union Organizer who wanted good
wages, better life, working conditions for
workers, He went to jail for his beliefs.
Chapter 9: Segregation Rides the
Railroad
• Plessy: Refused to leave “whites” only railroad
car. He was arrested. He took his arrest all the way
to the Supreme Court.
• Testing the law: Arrest of Plessy is a deliberate test
of the 13th amendment.
• 13th Amendment: Outlaws (Prohibits) Slavery.
• Civil Rights: Those rights that are guaranteed to
all citizens by the Constitution and other acts of
congress.
• Harlan: The only U.S. Supreme Court
Justice who supported Plessy. He stated “
Our Constitution is colorblind”
• Plessy vs. Ferguson: A case that challenged
the 13th and 14th amendments-important
because it said the U.S. Constitution
permitted segregation- “Separate but Equal”
• Separate but Equal: Plessy vs. Ferguson
ruling not struck down until 5/11/54 when it
was ruled unconstitutional- saying you can’t
have separate but “EQUAL”
• 14th Amendment: Every person born or
naturalized in the U.S. regardless of race
creed or color is a citizen and has the rights
of being a citizen no matter what state they
live in. Also guarantees due process of law.
• Albion Tourgee: NY Lawyer hired to
represent Homer Plessy to challenge the Jim
Crow Laws that Plessey was fighting,
Chapter 10: Dubois and Washington
• Sharecroppers: lived on and raised crops on other
people’s land.
• Booker T. Washington: born a slave, worked his
way through school, became a teacher, then
principal of The Tuskegee Institute which taught
trade skills, believed only African Americans had
money in their pockets, they could begin to
bargain for power and better treatment. He urged
blacks to go slowly in asking for full civil rights.
• Tuskegee Institute: School that taught trades
to African-Americans. Run by Booker T.
Washington.
• W.E.B. DuBois: Harvard University
graduate-1st African-American to earn a
doctorate there. He spoke about injustices of
Jim Crow Laws. He was a founding
member of the NAACP- he was a strong ,
clear voice in the cause of equal rights for
African-Americans.
• Lynching: murdering by a mob without a
fair trail.
• The Souls of Blacks: book published by
Dubois to protest the unfair Jim Crow Laws
and to demand equality.
• Niagara movement: Group that demanded
complete political and social equality for
African-Americans.
• NAACP: National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People: Made up
of members from Niagara Movement.
• The Crisis: Monthly magazine publicized
and criticized instances of racial prejudicegave encouragement to African -Americans
writers and poets. Sent message “Be proud
that you are black>” W.E.B. DuBois was
editor.