PSY 245: Drugs and Behavior
Dr. Robert Hakan
S&BS 105H
M-Th- 2:45pm-4:50pm
Office Hours:M-Th@ 9:15-10am
E-mail: Hakanr@uncw.edu
Web: http://people.uncw.edu/hakanr/index.html
Drugs and Behavior
General Issues
WHAT ARE DRUGS?
Drug – A Definition
• A chemical or mixture of chemicals that alters
biological function when administered
Psychoactive drugs
(also known as psychotropic drugs)
• Drugs that influence psychological processes
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mood
emotion
perception
cognition
behavior
• Psychoactive drugs produce their effects by exerting
direct action on the brain
The Science of Drugs
• Pharmacology – The scientific study of drugs
and drug action
• Psychopharmacology – The subfield of
pharmacology concerning the effects of drugs
on behavior, emotion, and cognition
History of drug use and
abuse
• Early drug use
Drugs Are Old
Drugs have been around since the dawn
of time… probably
Coming on the Scene
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Alcohol as early as 6400 years BC
(Middle East-beer and huckleberry wine)
Opium 5000 BC (mesopotamia) “Joy plant”
Cannabis 3000 years BC (India/China-tea)
Coca 3000 BC (south America- chewing coca
leaves)
• Tobacco 100 BC (Mexico)
• Use Spread mainly by explorers, trade or wars.
History of drug use and abuse in
the U.S.
• Before the 1800s, drug use was
generally unregulated
• Patent medicines
Early Use of Opiates in the U.S.
• Dover’s Powder (Thomas Dover) -introduced
to U.S. in 1709.
– For treatment of disease
– Started a trend?..many other patent medicines
were marketed
– Widely available at grocery stores, by mail etc..as
well as by physicians prescription.
Patent Medicines-cocaine
Patent Medicines-unregulated use of
psychoactive substances in the 1800’s
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Laudnum
Godfrey’s Cordial
Mrs. Wilson’s Soothing Syrup
Dr. Bruess’ Powerful Penetrating Peerless Remedy
Ayers Cherry Pectoral
McMunn’s Elixir
And many others
All contained significant amounts of opium,
morphine and other psychoactive substances…
Chinese immigrants and Opium
Dens
• Opium addiction in China was very high due
to British trade and advocation of opium use
in China
• Chinese immigrants were brought to U.S. most
commonly to work on railroad construction
– Many migrated back to San Fransisco and
established Opium Dens..introducing opium
smoking to the U.S.
Opium Dens were demonized
relatively early..places where all sorts of depravity
occurred and where innocent people (women) were lead toward
a life of sin
Post Civil War: Soldier’s disease
( morphine addiction)
Early Use of Cannabis Sativa
(Marijuana) in the U.S.
• Imported from Europe by early settlers. Mostly used
for its’ material properties.
• 1800s- Physicians used Extracts of the Sativa plant as
an all purpose medicine.
• Recreational use appears to have developed only
much later (1920’s) probably as a reaction to
prohibition of alcohol.
• Minor use in the 1930s-1950s until demonizing
propaganda in the 50s and 60’s produced an
unintended soar in popularity of its’ nonmedical use
Patent medicines-heroin
??
Problems with Patent medicines
• They were not patented..contents were not
described but were considered proprietary
information
• Increasing concerns about Addictions and
side-effects.
Problems with Patent Medicines
cont’
• Samuel M. Kier’s “Rock Oil” – marketed
petroleum as a cure all!
• Upton Sinclairs’ “The Jungle.”
– Lived for 7 weeks in stockyard meatpacking
district of Chicago and published an expose.
– Meat contamination was horrifying
A Brief History of U.S. Drug
Laws
• 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act
The Evolution of Drug Laws
• 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act
• 1914 Harrison Act
– Made non-medical use of opiates and cocaine a
crime
• Did not generally apply to patent medicines!
• Erroneously Included cocaine as a narcotic
• Did initiate opening of treatment centers
The Evolution of Drug Laws
• 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act
• 1914 Harrison Act
• 1920 Prohibition Amendment
– Over the period consumption dropped on average to 1.6
gal/year per capita.
Was Prohibition Successful?
Perhaps initially, but the effect was short lived.
Other problems also emerged.
An interesting parallel
Clear drop in number of cirrhosis
deaths during prohibition
Change in consumption of distilled
liquor
There was a shift from beer to hard liquors.
Effectiveness of “Prohibition?”
Prohibition is a likely factor in the
increased crime of this era.
commercial trade in marijuana for
recreational use sprang up
•
New York City, where marijuana "tea pads" were established about 1920. They
resembled opium dens or speakeasies except that prices were very low; a man
could get high for a quarter
The Evolution of Drug Laws
• 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act
• 1914 Harrison Act
• 1920 Prohibition Amendment
–Prohibition repealed by the 21st
amendment in 1933
The Evolution of Drug Laws
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1906 Pure Food and Drug Act
1914 Harrison Act
1920 Prohibition Amendment
1937 Marijuana Tax Act
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In 1926 the New Orleans Item and Morning Tribune, two newspapers under
common ownership, published highly sensational exposés of the "menace" of
marijuana. 2 They reported that it was coming into New Orleans from Havana,
Tampico, and Vera Cruz in large quantities, plus smaller amounts from Texas.
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Mr. Eugene Stanley, at that time District Attorney, declared that many of the
crimes in New Orleans and the South were thus committed by criminals who relied
on the drug to give them a false courage and freedom from restraint. Dr. George
Roeling, Coroner, reported that of 450 prisoners investigated, 125 were confirmed
users of marihuana. Mr. W. B. Graham, State Narcotic Officer, declared in 1936 that
60 percent of the crimes committed in New Orleans were by marihuana users." 9
?
The Evolution of Drug Laws
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1906 Pure Food and Drug Act
1914 Harrison Act
1920 Prohibition Amendment
1937 Marijuana Tax Act
1965 Drug Abuse Control
Amendment
1965 law controls:
• “Any substance having potential for abuse
because of stimulant, depressant or
hallucinogenic effects”
The Evolution of Drug Laws
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1906 Pure Food and Drug Act
1914 Harrison Act
1920 Prohibition Amendment
1965 Drug Abuse Control
Amendment
• 1970 Controlled Substances Act
Schedule of Controlled
Substances
• Current schedule system has 5 schedules
based on:
– Safety
– Medical use
– Abuse potential
Schedule I
• Includes heroin, LSD, marijuana, MDMA
– The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse.
– The drug or other substance has no currently accepted
medical use in treatment in the United States.
– There is a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or
other substance under medical supervision.
Schedule II
• Includes morphine, cocaine, Ritalin, amphetamine,
methamphetamine, OxyContin
– The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse.
– The drug or other substance has a currently accepted
medical use in treatment in the United States or a
currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions.
– Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to severe
psychological or physical dependence.
Schedule III
• Includes anabolic steroids and Marinol.
– The drug or other substance has a potential for abuse less
than the drugs or other substances in Schedules I and II.
– The drug or other substance has a currently accepted
medical use in treatment in the United States.
– Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to
moderate or low physical dependence or high
psychological dependence.
Schedule IV
• Includes most benzodiazepines (Valium, Xanax,
Ativan) and prescription sleep aids
– The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse
relative to the drugs or other substances in Schedule III.
– The drug or other substance has a currently accepted
medical use in treatment in the United States.
– Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited
physical dependence or psychological dependence relative
to the drugs or other substances in Schedule III.
Schedule V
• Includes codeine-containing cough medicines
and some antidiarrheals.
– The drug or other substance has a low potential for
abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in
Schedule IV.
– The drug or other substance has a currently accepted
medical use in treatment in the United States.
– Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to
limited physical dependence or psychological
dependence relative to the drugs or other substances
in Schedule IV.
NC Schedule VI
• No currently accepted medical use in the United
States
• Relatively low potential for abuse in terms of risk to
public health and potential to produce psychic or
physiological dependence liability based upon
present medical knowledge
• Need for further and continuing study to develop
scientific evidence of its pharmacological effects.
1970 Schedule System
Schedule Medical Abuse Potential
I
NO
High
II
YES
High
III
YES
Some
IV
YES
Low
V
YES
Very Low
Heroin
LSD
Morphine
Cocaine
Barbs
Valium
Xanax
Cough
meds
The Evolution of Drug Laws
• 1986 Analogue Act
The Evolution of Drug Laws
• 1986 Analogue Act
• 1988 Chemical Diversion and
Trafficking Act
• DEAs current tables of controlled
substances
The Evolution of Drug Laws
• 1986 Analogue Act
• 1988 Chemical Diversion and
Trafficking Act
• 1996 Comprehensive
Methamphetamine Control Act
The Evolution of Drug Laws
• 1986 Analogue Act
• 1988 Chemical Diversion and
Trafficking Act
• 1996 Comprehensive
Methamphetamine Control Act
• 2000 GHB placed in Schedule I
The Evolution of Drug Laws
• 1986 Analogue Act
• 1988 Chemical Diversion and
Trafficking Act
• 1996 Comprehensive
Methamphetamine Control Act
• 2000 GHB placed in Schedule I
• 1996 Compassionate use act
More History of Drug Laws in the US
 For more legal information visit:
 http://www.erowid.org/psychoactives/law/law.sht
ml
For your consideration:Extended Synopsis of Drug
Law history in the US
(not including the 18th Amendment)
 1906-Pure food and Drug Act
 1914 Harrison Act. Outlaws opiates, cocaine.
 1915 First anti-marijuana law passed in Utah by the state legislature dominated by
Mormons.
 1922 Narcotic Drug Import and Export Act -intended to eliminate narcotics except in
medicine.
 1937 Marihuana Tax Act. The legislation extends controls over marijuana modeled on
the control of other narcotics.
 1942 Opium Poppy Control Act -licenses growing the poppy.
 1951 Harrison Act Amendment -imposes mandatory sentences for narcotics violations.
 1956 Narcotics Control Act — increases penalties for violation of narcotics laws.
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A History of Drug Laws in the US-cont’
 1965 Drug Abuse Control Amendments (DACDA) — bring LSD,
barbiturates, amphetamines under control.
 1966 Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Act — treatment
permitted as alternative to incarceration.
 1968 DACDA Amendments. Liberalizes punishments for nonrepeaters.
 1970 Comprehensive Drug Abuse and Control Act (CDACA)—
includes Controlled Substances Act. "No-knock" searches
authorized.
 1971 Nixon declares "War on Drugs," creates the Special
Action Office for Drug Abuse Prevention (SAODAP).
A History of Drug Laws in the US-cont’
 1972 Drug Abuse Office and Treatment Act — introduces Federal
prevention, treatment programs.
 1973 Methadone Control Act, Heroin Trafficking Act. Alcohol, Drug
Abuse, and Mental Health Administration (ADAMHA) established.
 1974 Drug Abuse Treatment and Control Amendments.
 1978 Alcohol and Drug Abuse Education Amendments. Department of
Education gets a role. CDACA amendments allow authorities to seize
drug traffickers' assets.
 1980 Drug Abuse Prevention, Treatment, and Rehabilitation
Amendments — expands education and treatment programs.
 1984 Drug Offenders Act — authorizes special offender treatment
programs.
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A History of Drug Laws in the US-cont’
 1986 Analogue (Designer Drug) Act — makes illegal substances that mimic in
effect or function natural drugs.
 1988 Anti-Drug Abuse Act — establishes an oversight policy for the National
Drug Control Policy.
 1989 America's first Drug Czar is William Bennett under the first Bush
administration.
 1992 ADAMHA Reorganization. New organization is Substance Abuse and
Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). From Uncle Adam to
Uncle Sam?
 1995 Congress overrides U.S. Sentencing Commission recommendation to
correct racial imbalances in white/black sentencing for cocaine, crack.
 1996 General Barry McCaffrey as new drug czar under the Clinton
administration.

Anonymous survey Anyone?You may choose not to participate. Provide no identifying information , but be
as accurate and honest as possible. Copy this table and fill in each cell as well as
you can.
Ever in the last
year?
Alcohol
Marijuana
Hallucinogens
Cocaine or
amphetamines
XTC
Opiates
Benzodiazepines
In the past month?
In the past Today?
week?