Erschrecken: The Spine-Tingling History
of Deutsche Horrorfilme
By: Rosalind Ms. Meghann Papaioannou
1910-1920’s German Expressionism in Film
• “German Expressionism (also referred to as Expressionism in
filmmaking) developed in Germany, especially Berlin, during the 1920s. The
Expressionism movement started earlier in about 1905 with the Die
Brücke (The Bridge) group, but arose in the filming industry afterward.
During the period of recovery following World War I, the German film
industry was booming, but because of the hard economic times filmmakers
found it difficult to create movies that could compare with the lush,
extravagant features coming from Hollywood. The filmmakers of the
German UFA (Universum Film AG) studio developed their own style by using
symbolism, setting and scenery to add mood and deeper meaning to a
movie. (German Expressionism, Babylon.com)”
•“The early 20th century artistic movement known as German
Expressionism, which influenced music, theater, painting, sculpture and
architecture, was perhaps most successfully realized in the medium of film.
Since the movement sought to reflect emotion over realism, many
Expressionist movies had horror themes whose fantastic storylines invoked
strong emotional responses and granted wide artistic freedom. Also feeding
into the horror elements was a dark introspection brought about by
Germany's involvement in World War I. (German Horror Movies, Mark H.
Harris)”
The Golden
Age: 1919-1933
• "The art form known as German
Expressionism has directly influenced the
developing film industry of Germany in
the 1920's (Meehan, German
Expressionism)." German horror movies
started booming post World War 1. The
underground film industry as a whole
helped many people to cope with the
traumatic events that were taking place
in their life. "The plots and stories of the
Expressionist films often dealt with
madness, clinical insanity, betrayal and
other intellectual topics (Harris).”
•“Initially, the German economy spiraled
into inflation, yet the underground film
industry remained active. (German
Horror Movies, Mark H. Harris)”
•“Defeat brought two to three years of
social and political turmoil until the
Weimar Republic (named after the
provincial town to which the postwar
government fled to escape the upheavals
in Berlin) stabilized Germany. Then the
Great Depression of 1929 undermined
the fragile economy and democracy,
paving the way for Nazism. Yet this short
period is known as the Golden Age of
German cinema. (The Golden Age)”
Underground
Film Industry
•Films had to be held on a very tight
budget.
•“As a nation, Germany has gone through
many difficult times and survived two of
the largest wars ever to take place on our
planet. Understandably, after having
endured so much real life terrors, the
horror movie genre didn't exactly flourish
there following World War II. In fact, it
wouldn't be until the 1980's that
filmmakers would begin to emerge from
the German underground film scene and
begin making their mark on our favorite
genre. (German Horror Movies, Mark H.
Harris)”
•The popularization of pre-war
expressionism, with its symbolisms
projected in painting and set design for
the theatre, would inevitably penetrate
the cinema, and did so for the first time
in The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (Das
Kabinett des Dr. Caligari, 1919); it was
essentially a movement designed to get
away from actuality and to satisfy the
desire to probe seemingly fundamental
truths of human nature and society by
presenting them through fantasy and
dramatized mysticism. (Fraenkel and
Manvell)”
The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari
The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (Das Kabinett
des Dr. Caligari) is a silent horror film
created in Berlin, Germany during
December of 1919 through January of
1920. It was released in February of
1920.
“In this silent, classic example of early German expressionism, this
cinematic landmark relates the stylized tale of a Dr. Caligari, a fairground
showman who hypnotizes an innocent villager--turning him into a
sleepwalking "zombie"--and compels him to carry out fiendish murders.
Inarguably a landmark in world cinema, Robert Weine's one-of-a-kind
thriller features fantastical, heavily stylized sets, antirealist acting, and
evocative subjective camerawork. (Dr. Caligari Movie Reviews)”
Directed by Robert Wiene from a screenplay by Hans Janowitz and Carl Mayer.
The most important cast members were -- Werner Krauss staring as Dr. Caligari,
Conrad Veidt as Cesare, Friedrich Feher as Francis, Lil Dagover as Jane Olsen,
Hans Heinrich von Twardowski as Alan and Rudolf Lettinger as Dr. Olsen.
Das Kabinett des Dr. Caligari - 1919
• One of the most influential of German Expressionist films.
• “It abandoned any attempt at realism, depicting the machinations of an evil doctor and showman
with his exhibit, a sleepwalker, through bizarre, painted sets and exaggerated costume and acting
styles. (The Golden Age)”
• German expressionist films were prevalent in the 1920s. Amongst the most well remembered are
films such as The Cabinet of Dr Caligari (Robert Weiner, 1920), Nosferatu (F.W. Murnau, 1922),
Metropolis (Fritz Lang, 1927) and Sunrise (F.W. Murnau, 1927). These films were united by highly
stylized visuals, strange asymmetrical camera angles, atmospheric lighting and harsh contrasts
between dark and light. Shadows and silhouettes were an important feature of expressionism, to
the extent that they were actually painted on to the sets in The Cabinet of Dr Caligari.
(Strozykowski)”
Robert Wiene
•
•
•
•
•
Born in Germany in the late 1800’s– Died
around the 1930’s.
“ Wiene began his career as an actor, but
it was as a writer that he began working in
German films at the age of 32. His career
was virtually brought to a halt with the
Nazis' rise to power, and he fled to France,
where he died during production of the
film Ultimatum, which was completed for
him by his friend Robert Siodmak. (Robert
Wiene biography)”
He died from Cancer.
The expressionist sets of The Cabinet of
Dr. Caligari- all crooked and unreal, as if in
the vision of a madman - grotesque makeup and story of a sinister doctor whose
exhibit at a local fair, a somnambulist,
commits brutal murders by night,
terrorizing the township. As the framing
story comes to its conclusion, it becomes
evident that this is indeed the vision of a
madman, told by a lunatic in an asylum,
where the curator is the sinister doctor
himself.
Also directed Orlacs Hände (Hands of
Orlac) which also starred Conrad Veidt.
Conrad Veidt
• Conrad Veidt attended the
Sophiengymnasium (secondary
school) in the Schoeneberg
district of Berlin, and graduated
without a diploma in 1912, last in
his class of 13.
• He loved theater
• He and his second wife, Felicitas,
fled Germany in 1933 after the
rise to power of Adolf Hitler, and
he became a British citizen in
1939.
• His most famous role was as
Gestapo Maj. Strasser in the
classic Casablanca (1942);
although he was not the star of
the picture, he was the highest
paid actor.
• [Quote on Das Kabinett des Dr.
Caligari (1920)] “No matter what
roles I play, I can't get Caligari out
of my system.” – Conrad Veidt
Nosferatu, a Symphony of Horror
“The classic silent horror film Nosferatu uses the 1897 Bram Stoker book "Dracula" and centuries-old
vampire legends to create a frightening fairy tale. (Halpern)”
Nosferatu is a modern word derived from Old Slavonic word, nesufur-atu, borrowed from the Greek
nosophoros, a “plague carrier”.
Nosferatu, eine Symphonie des Grauens
“Nosferatu is an unauthorized production based on Bram Stoker’s novel
Dracula, with enough preserved to recognize, but enough changed to be legal
(names changed to protect the innocent?). Count Orlok’s move to Bremen
brings the plague traceable to his dealings with the realtor Thomas Hutter, and
the Count’s obsession with Hutter’s wife. Ellen the only one with the power to
end the evil. (Nosferatu 1922, the movie).
“Murnau was involved in a bitter legal battle with Bram
Stoker’s widow in order to create the world’s first Dracula film–
one in which he had no success. The Stoker estate continually
refused to grant Murnau permission to adapt the popular novel
to the screen. ( Charalambous, 205)”
“In order to sidestep this legal obstacle, the
determined director performed some rudimentary
(if transparent) name and plot substitutions. Count
Dracula became Count Orlock, England became
Germany, and the production of a seminal silent
horror film was underway. (Ibid)”
Nosferatu, eine Symphonie des Grauens
Nosferatu was filmed in Bremen, Germany
(in some versions) and Wisborg, Germany.
“Hutter (Gustav Von Wangenheim), a
real estate agent, is assigned by his
employer to travel to a remote castle
in the Carpathian Mountains to meet
with a prospective buyer. As he
travels by horse-drawn coach, he
makes a stop at a local inn, where all
its inhabitants express their fear and
discomfort when Hutter explains his
business. Dismissing their warnings
of vampirism as sheer superstition,
Hutter is determined to complete his
mission, and when the driver of the
coach refuses to take him to the
castle, the Count sends his own
transportation. Upon meeting the
Count and sealing the deal, Hutter
realizes that not all is as it seems and
attempts to cut his stay with his host
short to race back to Bremen.
Nosferatu, eine Symphonie
des Grauens
Unfortunately, Hutter is held at the castle against
his will and witnesses firsthand that his enigmatic
client is indeed something much more sinister.
Eventually, the Count sets sail for his new home.
The ship’s cargo? A stack of coffins. Hutter makes
his escape and races to return to Bremen before
the Count.
The arrival of Orlock and his coffins in Bremen coincides with a devastating outbreak of the plague. The
townsfolk come to the conclusion that there may be a connection to this with the Count. Hutter’s
beloved, Ellen (in whom the Count has expressed an interest) learns of the Count’s sinister behavioral
patterns and reaches the conclusion that he is indeed a vampire. She discovers that the only way to stop a
vampire is for a good woman to distract him so that he stays out of his coffin past the first cock’s crow.
Her sacrifice not only saves the town but also gives rise to the buried sexuality in Stoker’s tale. This also
marked the first time in history, literary or otherwise, that the rays of the sun would prove lethal to a
vampire. (Charalambous, 206-207)”
Nosferatu, eine Symphonie des Grauens
In one scene of Nosferatu, Count Orlok is driving his horses to his castle very quickly. To show this,
Murnau sped up the speed of the film for this scene.
“Filmed in the same gloriously artistic wave of German Expressionism as Das Cabinet des Dr. Caligari
(1920). (Charalambous, 207)”
“Sharp-angled scenery and shots of sinister shadows abound. (One shot of the Count’s shadow creeping
against a wall, and another of the Count’s rigid form rising from a coffin have become iconic to horror
cinema imagery. (Ibid)”
Nosferatu, eine
Symphonie des
Grauens
•“Following the release of Nosferatu, the
Stoker estate once again sought legal action,
which almost resulted in the very extinction
of the film. It was effectively withdrawn
from distribution, and nearly all existing
prints were destroyed. Luckily for fans of
cinema (horror and otherwise) a few copies
survived. (Charlambous, 207)”
• “There are countless available versions
which differ in length – ranging from short
running times of just over one hour to
slightly longer versions which run to a
respectable 94 minutes. Similarly, there is
variation in the orchestral scores that
accompany this silent film, ranging from
Hans Erdmann’s original score to more
modern compositions. (Ibid)”
MEET THE CAST (Main Characters)
• Director – F. W. Murnau
• Max Schreck – Graf Orlock
• Gustav von Wangenheim – Hutter
• Greta Schröder – Ellen (Hutter’s wife)
Friedrich Wilhelm "F.W."
Murnau
• Real name was Friedrich Wilhelm Plumpe. Murnau took his
professional name from a town in southern Bavaria favored by
noted artists in the early part of the twentieth century.
• Born: December 28th, 1888, Bielefeld, North-Rhine-Westphalia,
Germany.
•Died: 11 March 1931, Santa Barbara, California, USA.
•“While studying art and literature at Heidelberg University ,he
took part in some student theatricals which impressed the great
stage director Max Reinhardt, who offered Murnau what amounted
to a six year scholarship to study and work in his, theatre in Berlin.
Despite family opposition, Murnau accepted and acted in the
company as well as assisting Reinhardt as a director and closely
observing him at work until the outbreak of World War I. (F. W.
Murnau biography)”
• Made twenty-two films from 1919 to 1931
•“During the war he served as a combat pilot, but his plane was
forced down in neutral Switzerland and he was interned; he
managed, however, to direct his own independent stage
productions and worked with film for the first time, compiling
propaganda materials for the German Embassy. (Ibid)”
•“On his release he entered the film industry almost immediately,
directing Der Knabe In Blau (The Boy in Blue) in 1919. During the
next two years he directed seven more films; dealing with a variety
of subject-matter and were filmed in, as far as can be judged, a
wide variety of styles. Then at the end of 1921, he started work on
Nosferatu, by far the best big screen adaptation of Bram Stoker’s
Dracula. (Ibid)”
Maximilian
Schreck
• Born on June 11, 1879 in Berlin, Germany.
• “He made his stage debut in Messeritz and
Speyer before touring the country for two years
appearing at theatres in Zittau, Erfurt, Bremen,
Lucerne, Gera, Frankfurt and finally joining Max
Reinhart's celebrated troupe of performers back in
Berlin. Primarily a character actor due to his gaunt
appearance, he appeared in only a few of films
before his memorable role in Nosferatu (1922). (A
History of Horror)”
• “Schreck is the actor's real name. Though the
surname means "fear" or "terror" in German--and
certainly was an appropriate pseudonym for
portraying Orlock. (Ibid)”
• It was Max Reinhardt who had introduced
Schreck to F. W. Murnau, and the director hired
him in 1922 to play Graf (Count) Orlok for the first
and only production by Prana Films: Nosferatu,
eine Symphonie des Grauens (Nosferatu; A
Symphony Of Horror)--a thinly disguised version of
Bram Stoker's Dracula. The company was forced to
declare bankruptcy after the film's release to avoid
paying copyright infringement costs to Stoker's
widow, Florence. The image of Schreck as Count
Graf Orlock is easily the most haunting, and his
performance as the bald, bat-eared, close fanged
Orlock remains one of the most frightening images
in film history.
• Murnau thought Schreck was naturally ugly and
thought it would be easy to transform him into a
vampire.
Nosferatu: Phantom der Nacht (1979)
Remake of F. W.
Murnau’s
Nosferatu,
directed by
Werner Herzog.
Werner Herzog’s
Nosferatu was
filmed in both
English and
German versions,
but it was filmed
just in Germany.
• Starring Klaus Kinski as Count Dracula, Bruno Ganz as Jonathan Harker and Isabelle Adjani as Lucy Harker
• Starring Walter Ladengast as Dr. Van Helsing
• Most of the names in this film are different from the names in F. W. Murnau’s Nosferatu.
• Originally released to theaters in 1979, Werner Herzog's Nosferatu the Vampyre has never been available
on video. However, Anchor Bay Entertainment has recently corrected that oversight by releasing the
movie in both an English language version and a German language version (with English subtitles). The
movie was originally released by 20th Century Fox, but their home video department remained deaf as
fans of the movie pleaded for its release over the past two decades. Thankfully, however, rights to the
movie reverted to filmmaker Herzog at the end of 1998, and now Anchor Bay has acquired the video
rights. (The Roan Group has acquired the laserdisc rights.) (Johnson, video review)”
Werner Herzog
• One of cinemas most visionary and controversial directors,
Herzog was born in September of 1942 in Munich Germany. Very
well known Writer, Director and Producer. (Nosferatu credits)”
• “Herzog is being admired for being the only director who was
able to work with the late and very eccentric Klaus Kinski.
(imdb.com Herzog biography)”
• Although Herzog and Kinski worked on several movies together,
they had a mutual love-hate relationship towards each other.
•Has three children from three women: Rudolph Herzog (born in
1973), Hanna Mattes (born in 1980) and Simon Herzog (born in
1989).
•Was once voted the 35th Greatest Director of all time by
Entertainment Weekly.
•“Murnau, I consider to be the greatest German director, and
Nosferatu the greatest German film."
--Werner Herzog
•Only feature-film director to have made a film on every
continent.
•“If I had to climb into hell and wrestle the devil himself for one of
my films, I would do it.” – Werner Herzog
• SOME MOVIES HE IS WELL KNOWN FOR
•“Signs of Life" (1968)
•"Grizzly Man" (2005)
•"Encounters at the end of the World" (2007)
•" Mein liebster Feind” (1999)
•“Nosferatu, Phantom der Nacht" (1979)
Kinski
• Date of Birth: October 18th, 1926
• Date of Death: November 23rd, 1991
• “Kinski grew up in Berlin, was drafted into
the German army in 1944 and taken POW by
the British in Netherlands. He began acting
on the stage, quickly gaining a reputation for
his ferocious talent and equally ferocious
temper. (imdb, Kinski biography)”
• SOME MOVIES HE IS WELL KNOWN FOR
•“Nosferatu, Phantom Der Nacht” (1979)
• “Cobra Verde” (1987)
• “Woyseck” (1979)
• “Love and Money” (1982)
• “Jack The Ripper” (1976)
• “Herzog and Kinski pushed each other to
extremes over a fifteen-year working
relationship, but finally split after
irreconcilable differences when filming
Cobra Verde (1987). (imdb, Kinski
biography)”
• Spoke at least five languages: English,
French, German, Italian & Spanish.
• Personal Quote –
“Man muß den Menschen vor allem nach
seinen Lastern beurteilen. Tugenden können
vorgetäuscht sein. Laster sind echt. (One
should judge a man mainly from his
depravities. Virtues can be faked.
Depravities are real.)”
The Horrors of Spider Island (1960)
Ein Toter hin im Netz
Alraune (1928)
The Hands of Orlac (1924)
Orlacs Hände
The Student of Prague (1913)
Der Student von Prag
Recent Horror Films
Andrea Schnass
• “Born in Hamburg, Germany on April 1, 1968,
filmmaker Andreas Schnaas embraced the cinema at a
very young age. Since many of the local theaters in his
city didn't care about how young their patrons were, he
was exposed to violent martial arts, zombie films, and
splatter at a very tender age. The results, as his films
portray, are quite unmistakable. Schnaas has become
the poster-boy for Germany's ultra-violent horror film
industry. (imdb, Schnass biography)”
• Parents did not like his choice of entertainment but
were supportive because they knew he had
tremendous talent.
• Shot with his friends over four extremely long
weekends, Schnaas' gory tale of "Karl the Butcher",
entitled Violent Shit (1987), went on to become
Germany's first direct-to-video horror film. Catapulting
into an overnight sensation, the film quickly appeared
on video stores in America and the rest of Europe.
When asked where he came up with such a vulgar title
for his film, he once explained that a pen pal frankly
told him, "All you're making is violent shit," and it stuck.
•Trade Mark
•Excessively violent, over-the-top films.
•Nazi characters, symbolism, and concepts
incorporated into almost all his films
The Good German
“Based on the novel by Joseph Kanon, The Good
German takes place in the ruins of post-WWII Berlin,
where U.S. Army war correspondent Jake Geismar
(George Clooney) becomes embroiled with Lena Brandt
(Cate Blanchett), a former lover who is trying to escape
her past in the aftermath of the war.
Intrigue mounts as Jake tries to uncover the secrets
Lena may be hiding in her desperation to get out of
Berlin. Tully (Tobey Maguire), a soldier in the American
army motor pool assigned to drive Jake around the city,
has black market connections that may be Lena’s way
out – or lead them all into even darker territory.
Jake soon discovers that it is nearly impossible to
unearth the truth in a time and place where people are
still reeling from the horrors of the war, desperate to
salvage their humanity in the shadow of the often
unbearable knowledge of what they did to survive.
(moviesonline.ca)”
• As a nation, Germany has gone through many difficult
times and survived two of the largest wars ever to take
place on our planet.
• This is more of a drama and mystery film, but it shows
the horror of WWII. The underground horror film
industry in Germany established because people
wanted to create movies dealing on real traumatic
events such as the world wars.
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Other Popular German Horror
Movies
The Student of Prague (1913)
Homunculus (1916)
Nachte des Grauens (1916)
The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920)
The Golem: or How He Came
into the World (1920)
Destiny (1921)
Nosferatu (1922)
The Hands of Orlac (1924)
Waxworks (1924)
Alraune (1928)
M (1931)
Vampyr (1932)
The Fellowship of the Frog (1959)
The Head (1959)
Horrors of Spider Island (1960)
Nosferatu (1978)
Nekromantik (1987)
Violent Shit (1987)
The German Chainsaw Massacre (1990)
Premutos (1997)
Anatomy (2000)
Night of the Living Dorks (2004)
Alone in the Dark (2005)
Antibodies (2007)
Works Cited
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Fraenkel, Heinrich, and Manvell Roger. The German Cinema. New York, N. Y.: Praeger, Inc., 1971. Print.
Horror 101 The A-List of Horror Films and Monster Movies. Vol. 1. New York: Midnight Marquee, Inc., 2007.
Print.
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Works Cited
19. Nosferatu, Phantom Der Nacht. Dir. Werner Herzog. Perf. Klaus Kinski and Isabelle Adjani. Anchor Bay
Entertainment, Inc., 1979. DVD.
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<http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1003361-cabinet_of_dr_caligari/>.
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