THE BEST THING ABOUT THE FUTURE IS THAT
IT COMES ONLY ONE DAY AT A TIME : OUR ROLES IN
DEVELOPING 21ST-CENTURY DATA INFRASTRUCTURES
Erin Stalberg
Director of Discovery and Access
Mount Holyoke College
Library, Information, and
Technology Services
estalber@mtholyoke.edu
Connecticut Library Association
Farmington, CT
November 15, 2012
Agenda
• Changing approaches to metadata creation
• Common library metadata standards and our roles in
their creation/implementation/application
• Where are we now?
• Where are we headed?
• What is our role?
Changing Approaches to Metadata Creation
• The Library Model
– Trained catalogers, one-at-a-time metadata records
• The User Submission Model
– Authors create metadata when submitting resources
• The Automated Model
– Automated tools create metadata for resources
• Combination Models
• Mash-up Models
*
The Library Model
• Records created “by hand,” one at a time
• Shared documentation and content standards
(AACR2, etc.)
• Efficiencies achieved by sharing information on commonly
held resources
• Not easily extended past the granularity assumptions in
current practice
*
The User Submission Model
• Based on author or user generated metadata
• Can be wildly inconsistent
– Submitters generally untrained
– May be expert in one area, less so in others
• Often requires editing support for usability
• Inexpensive, but not generally satisfactory as an only option
*
The Automated Model
• Based largely on text analysis; does not usually extend well to
non-text or low-text
• Requires development of appropriate evaluation and editing
processes
*
Combination Models
• The Submission Model + library staff cleanup
• The Submission Model + automated cleanup
– We have many years of experience of this managing DSpace and
other institutional repositories; harvesting via OAIster.
• The Automated Model + library staff cleanup
• The Automated Model + automated cleanup
– We have many years of experience of this with publisher data; starting
with publisher data and cleaning it up manually and/or with tools such
as MarcEdit or perl scripts.
The Mashup Models
• Take the data as you get it and use it/trust it (or not) based
on it’s provenance
– Just like social media
• Linked data
• Create/manage statements, not records
• Metadata should be actionable, not just descriptive
(transcriptive)
• In order for metadata to be actionable, we need (more and)
reliable identifiers
Linking Open Data cloud diagram, by Richard Cyganiak and Anja Jentzsch. http://lod-cloud.net/
Linking Open Data cloud diagram, by Richard Cyganiak and Anja Jentzsch. http://lod-cloud.net/
Bound elements
• 245 10 Posters of Paris : ǂb Toulouse-Lautrec & his contemporaries / ǂc by
Mary Weaver Chapin.
–
–
–
–
035 (OCoLC)768166331
710 2 Milwaukee Art Museum.
710 2 Dallas Museum of Art.
500 This catalogue has been published on the occasion of the exhibition Posters of
Paris: Toulouse-Lautrec and His Contemporaries, Milwaukee Art Museum, June 1September 9, 2012 and Dallas Museum of Art, October 14, 2012-January 20, 2013.
• 245 00 Jazz. ǂn Part 3. ǂp Our Language ǂh [electronic resource] / ǂc
Public Broadcasting Service (U.S.).
– 035 (OCoLC)764339484
– 505 0 Individual Jazz Geniuses (5:15) -- Louis Armstrong (2:44) -- Louis Armstrong:
Scatting (5:20) -- Sing Like the Devil (6:00) -- Sing Like the Devil -- Blues (4:15) -- Sing Like
the Devil -- Jazz Age (1:14) -- Bix (12:28) -- The Most Dog (4:29) -- The Most Dog -- Sidney
Bechet in Europe (4:17) -- The Most Dog -- Benny Goodman (51:48) …
Bound elements
• 245 00 Goodfellas ǂh [videorecording] / ǂc Warner Bros. presents an Irwin
Winkler production, a Martin Scorsese picture ; produced by Irwin Winkler
; screenplay by Nicholas Pileggi & Martin Scorsese ; directed by Martin
Scorsese.
– 035 (OCoLC)55944757
– 700 1 Pileggi, Nicholas. ǂt Wiseguy.
– 500 Based on the book "Wiseguy" by Nicholas Pileggi.
• 245 00 Current abstracts of chemistry.
– 035 (OCoLC)3309595
– 785 17 ‡t Index chemicus (Philadelphia, Pa. : 1977) ‡ x 0160-1482 ‡ w (DLC) 83642997
– 785 17 ‡t Current abstracts of chemistry and index chemicus (Philadelphia, Pa : 1978)
‡ x 0161-455X ‡ w (DLC) 83642299
– 580 Merged with: Index chemicus (Philadelphia, Pa. : 1977), to form: Current abstracts
of chemistry and index chemicus (Philadelphia, Pa : 1978).
– 785 _7 = Merged with ____ to form ____
The Cataloging Puzzle
Format
Standards
Content
Standards
Encoding Syntaxes
(MARC/XML)
(MARC/MODS/DC)
(AACR2/RDA/CCO)
Controlled
Vocabularies
Display
Indexing
(LCSH/AAT/
MARC Code Lists)
+
+
source: RDA, http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/jsc/docs/5editor2.pdf
source: RDA, http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/jsc/docs/5editor2.pdf
source: RDA, http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/jsc/docs/5editor2.pdf
COMMON LIBRARY METADATA
STANDARDS AND OUR ROLES IN
THEIR CREATION /
IMPLEMENTATION / APPLICATION
Seeing Standards: a Visualiziation of the Metadata University, by Jenn
Riley.
Metadata Standards
• Content Standards
• Schemas (a.k.a. Formats or Element Sets)
– Set of semantic properties, in this context used to describe
resources
• Syntaxes
– The structural wrapping around the semantics
– Essential for moving information around
*
Content Standards
• AACR2 has functioned as the content standard for
traditional cataloging
• Most non-MARC metadata standards do not make
specific references to content standards, though
some have “guidelines” for content
• Resource Description and Access
– http://www.rdatoolkit.org/
• Cataloging Cultural Objects
(Visual Resources Association)
– http://cco.vrafoundation.org/
*
Common Library Format Standards
• MARC 21 (http://www.loc.gov/marc)
• MARCXML (http://www.loc.gov/standards/marcxml/)
• Dublin Core (http://dublincore.org)
– Simple and Qualified
• MODS (http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods)
• TEI (http://www.tei-c.org/)
• VRA Core (http://www.vraweb.org/)
• ONIX for Books (http://www.editeur.org/onix.html)
• EAD (http://www.loc.gov/ead/)
*
MARC21
• A MARC record involves three elements:
– the record structure
– the content designation
– the data content of the record
• Legacy MARC21 record structure is
50 years old, based on assumptions
of efficient storage, etc.
• What you see online is display
convention, not the legacy record
structure.
*
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gathered letters that have never been previously published. The range and scope of the collection makes
this edition an important scholarly contribution to the literature of the early republic, women's history,
and the institution of the First Lady. These letters present Dolley Madison's trials and triumphs and make
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will be the first-ever complete edition of all of her known correspondence, gathered in an XML-based
archive. It will ultimately include close to 2,500 letters. From the scattered correspondence were
gathered letters that have never been previously published. The range and scope of the collection makes
this edition an important scholarly contribution to the literature of the early republic, women's history,
and the institution of the First Lady. These letters present Dolley Madison's trials and triumphs and make
it possible to gain admittance to her mind and her private emotions and to understand the importance of
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Virginia. aDolley Payne Madison was the most important First Lady of the nineteenth century. The DMDE
will be the first-ever complete edition of all of her known correspondence, gathered in an XML-based
archive. It will ultimately include close to 2,500 letters. From the scattered correspondence were
gathered letters that have never been previously published. The range and scope of the collection makes
this edition an important scholarly contribution to the literature of the early republic, women's history,
and the institution of the First Lady. These letters present Dolley Madison's trials and triumphs and make
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generous grants from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and the President's Office of the University of
Virginia. aDolley Payne Madison was the most important First Lady of the nineteenth century. The DMDE
will be the first-ever complete edition of all of her known correspondence, gathered in an XML-based
archive. It will ultimately include close to 2,500 letters. From the scattered correspondence were
gathered letters that have never been previously published. The range and scope of the collection makes
this edition an important scholarly contribution to the literature of the early republic, women's history,
and the institution of the First Lady. These letters present Dolley Madison's trials and triumphs and make
it possible to gain admittance to her mind and her private emotions and to understand the importance of
her role as the national capital's First Lady.0 aGeneral introduction -- Biographical introduction -Introduction to the digital edition. aTitle from the opening screen; description based on the display of
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generous grants from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and the President's Office of the University of
Virginia. aDolley Payne Madison was the most important First Lady of the nineteenth century. The DMDE
will be the first-ever complete edition of all of her known correspondence, gathered in an XML-based
archive. It will ultimately include close to 2,500 letters. From the scattered correspondence were
gathered letters that have never been previously published. The range and scope of the collection makes
this edition an important scholarly contribution to the literature of the early republic, women's history,
and the institution of the First Lady. These letters present Dolley Madison's trials and triumphs and make
it possible to gain admittance to her mind and her private emotions and to understand the importance of
her role as the national capital's First Lady.0 aGeneral introduction -- Biographical introduction -Introduction to the digital edition. aTitle from the opening screen; description based on the display of
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by Holly C. Shulman. iAlso known as:aDMDE aCharlottesville, Va. :bUniversity of Virginia Press,c2004aMode of access: Internet. aSubscription required for access. aRotunda editions are made possible by
generous grants from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and the President's Office of the University of
Virginia. aDolley Payne Madison was the most important First Lady of the nineteenth century. The DMDE
will be the first-ever complete edition of all of her known correspondence, gathered in an XML-based
archive. It will ultimately include close to 2,500 letters. From the scattered correspondence were
gathered letters that have never been previously published. The range and scope of the collection makes
this edition an important scholarly contribution to the literature of the early republic, women's history,
and the institution of the First Lady. These letters present Dolley Madison's trials and triumphs and make
it possible to gain admittance to her mind and her private emotions and to understand the importance of
her role as the national capital's First Lady.0 aGeneral introduction -- Biographical introduction -Introduction to the digital edition. aTitle from the opening screen; description based on the display of
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by Holly C. Shulman. iAlso known as:aDMDE aCharlottesville, Va. :bUniversity of Virginia Press,c2004aMode of access: Internet. aSubscription required for access. aRotunda editions are made possible by
generous grants from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and the President's Office of the University of
Virginia. aDolley Payne Madison was the most important First Lady of the nineteenth century. The DMDE
will be the first-ever complete edition of all of her known correspondence, gathered in an XML-based
archive. It will ultimately include close to 2,500 letters. From the scattered correspondence were
gathered letters that have never been previously published. The range and scope of the collection makes
this edition an important scholarly contribution to the literature of the early republic, women's history,
and the institution of the First Lady. These letters present Dolley Madison's trials and triumphs and make
it possible to gain admittance to her mind and her private emotions and to understand the importance of
her role as the national capital's First Lady.0 aGeneral introduction -- Biographical introduction -Introduction to the digital edition. aTitle from the opening screen; description based on the display of
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by Holly C. Shulman. iAlso known as:aDMDE aCharlottesville, Va. :bUniversity of Virginia Press,c2004aMode of access: Internet. aSubscription required for access. aRotunda editions are made possible by
generous grants from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and the President's Office of the University of
Virginia. aDolley Payne Madison was the most important First Lady of the nineteenth century. The DMDE
will be the first-ever complete edition of all of her known correspondence, gathered in an XML-based
archive. It will ultimately include close to 2,500 letters. From the scattered correspondence were
gathered letters that have never been previously published. The range and scope of the collection makes
this edition an important scholarly contribution to the literature of the early republic, women's history,
and the institution of the First Lady. These letters present Dolley Madison's trials and triumphs and make
it possible to gain admittance to her mind and her private emotions and to understand the importance of
her role as the national capital's First Lady.0 aGeneral introduction -- Biographical introduction -Introduction to the digital edition. aTitle from the opening screen; description based on the display of
Oct. 21, 2004.10aMadison, Dolley,d1768-1849vCorrespondence. 0aPresidents' spouseszUnited States.
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generous grants from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and the President's Office of the University of
Virginia. aDolley Payne Madison was the most important First Lady of the nineteenth century. The DMDE
will be the first-ever complete edition of all of her known correspondence, gathered in an XML-based
archive. It will ultimately include close to 2,500 letters. From the scattered correspondence were
gathered letters that have never been previously published. The range and scope of the collection makes
this edition an important scholarly contribution to the literature of the early republic, women's history,
and the institution of the First Lady. These letters present Dolley Madison's trials and triumphs and make
it possible to gain admittance to her mind and her private emotions and to understand the importance of
her role as the national capital's First Lady.0 aGeneral introduction -- Biographical introduction -Introduction to the digital edition. aTitle from the opening screen; description based on the display of
Oct. 21, 2004.10aMadison, Dolley,d1768-1849vCorrespondence. 0aPresidents' spouseszUnited States.
0aUnited StatesxHistoryy1801-1809. 0aVirginiaxHistory.1 aShulman, Holly
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by Holly C. Shulman. iAlso known as:aDMDE aCharlottesville, Va. :bUniversity of Virginia Press,c2004aMode of access: Internet. aSubscription required for access. aRotunda editions are made possible by
generous grants from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and the President's Office of the University of
Virginia. aDolley Payne Madison was the most important First Lady of the nineteenth century. The DMDE
will be the first-ever complete edition of all of her known correspondence, gathered in an XML-based
archive. It will ultimately include close to 2,500 letters. From the scattered correspondence were
gathered letters that have never been previously published. The range and scope of the collection makes
this edition an important scholarly contribution to the literature of the early republic, women's history,
and the institution of the First Lady. These letters present Dolley Madison's trials and triumphs and make
it possible to gain admittance to her mind and her private emotions and to understand the importance of
her role as the national capital's First Lady.0 aGeneral introduction -- Biographical introduction -Introduction to the digital edition. aTitle from the opening screen; description based on the display of
Oct. 21, 2004.10aMadison, Dolley,d1768-1849vCorrespondence. 0aPresidents' spouseszUnited States.
0aUnited StatesxHistoryy1801-1809. 0aVirginiaxHistory.1 aShulman, Holly
Cowan.40uhttp://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/dmde/ aC0bVA@
+
02158cam 2200349Ia
450000100130000000300060001300500170001900600190003600600190005500700150007400800410
00890400020001300200015001500430021001650490009001862450119001952460025
003142600065003395380030004045060038004345360153004725200764006255050094013895000086
014836000049015696500040016186510039016586510023016977000026017208560050017469940012
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d
szx w s 0 2cr mn--------041028m20049999vau st 000 0 eng d aVA@cVA@dOCLCQ a0813922917 an-us---an-us-va
aVA@@04aThe Dolley Madison digital editionh[electronic resource] :bletters 1788-June 1836 /cedited
by Holly C. Shulman. iAlso known as:aDMDE aCharlottesville, Va. :bUniversity of Virginia Press,c2004aMode of access: Internet. aSubscription required for access. aRotunda editions are made possible by
generous grants from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and the President's Office of the University of
Virginia. aDolley Payne Madison was the most important First Lady of the nineteenth century. The DMDE
will be the first-ever complete edition of all of her known correspondence, gathered in an XML-based
archive. It will ultimately include close to 2,500 letters. From the scattered correspondence were
gathered letters that have never been previously published. The range and scope of the collection makes
this edition an important scholarly contribution to the literature of the early republic, women's history,
and the institution of the First Lady. These letters present Dolley Madison's trials and triumphs and make
it possible to gain admittance to her mind and her private emotions and to understand the importance of
her role as the national capital's First Lady.0 aGeneral introduction -- Biographical introduction -Introduction to the digital edition. aTitle from the opening screen; description based on the display of
Oct. 21, 2004.10aMadison, Dolley,d1768-1849vCorrespondence. 0aPresidents' spouseszUnited States.
0aUnited StatesxHistoryy1801-1809. 0aVirginiaxHistory.1 aShulman, Holly
Cowan.40uhttp://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/dmde/ aC0bVA@
+
02158cam 2200349Ia
450000100130000000300060001300500170001900600190003600600190005500700150007400800410
00890400020001300200015001500430021001650490009001862450119001952460025
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014836000049015696500040016186510039016586510023016977000026017208560050017469940012
01796ocm56835268 OCoLC20060118051017.0m
d
szx w s 0 2cr mn--------041028m20049999vau st 000 0 eng d aVA@cVA@dOCLCQ a0813922917 an-us---an-us-va
aVA@@04aThe Dolley Madison digital editionh[electronic resource] :bletters 1788-June 1836 /cedited
by Holly C. Shulman. iAlso known as:aDMDE aCharlottesville, Va. :bUniversity of Virginia Press,c2004aMode of access: Internet. aSubscription required for access. aRotunda editions are made possible by
generous grants from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and the President's Office of the University of
Virginia. aDolley Payne Madison was the most important First Lady of the nineteenth century. The DMDE
will be the first-ever complete edition of all of her known correspondence, gathered in an XML-based
archive. It will ultimately include close to 2,500 letters. From the scattered correspondence were
gathered letters that have never been previously published. The range and scope of the collection makes
this edition an important scholarly contribution to the literature of the early republic, women's history,
and the institution of the First Lady. These letters present Dolley Madison's trials and triumphs and make
it possible to gain admittance to her mind and her private emotions and to understand the importance of
her role as the national capital's First Lady.0 aGeneral introduction -- Biographical introduction -Introduction to the digital edition. aTitle from the opening screen; description based on the display of
Oct. 21, 2004.10aMadison, Dolley,d1768-1849vCorrespondence. 0aPresidents' spouseszUnited States.
0aUnited StatesxHistoryy1801-1809. 0aVirginiaxHistory.1 aShulman, Holly
Cowan.40uhttp://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/dmde/ aC0bVA@
+
Dublin Core: Simple
• http://dublincore.org/
• Fifteen elements
• Controlled vocabulary values may be expressed, but
not the sources of the values
• Used also as:
– core element set in some other schemas
– switching vocabulary for more complex schemas for crosssearching diverse collections
*
Dublin Core: Simple Element Set
Contributor
Coverage
Creator
Date
Description
Format
Identifier
Language
Publisher
Relation
Rights
Source
Subject
Title
Type
The One-to-One Principle
“In general Dublin Core metadata describes one manifestation or
version of a resource, rather than assuming that manifestations
stand in for one another. For instance, a jpeg image of the Mona
Lisa has much in common with the original painting, but it is not
the same as the painting. As such the digital image should be
described as itself, most likely with the creator of the digital
image as Creator or Contributor, rather than the painter of the
original Mona Lisa. The relationship between the metadata for
the original and the reproduction is part of the metadata
description, and assists the user in determining whether he or
she needs to go to the Louvre for the original, or whether his/her
need can be met by a reproduction.”
--Dublin Core Principles
*
MODS
• http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/
• MODS: Metadata Object Description Schema
Derivative of MARC 21, uses a subset of MARC
elements
– Documentation refers to MARC definitions for most
properties
• Created by the Library of Congress Network
Development and MARC Standards Office
• Uses textual rather than numeric tags
*
MADS
• http://www.loc.gov/standards/mads/
• MADS: Metadata Authority Description Schema
• XML schema for an authority element set to provide metadata
about agents (people, organizations), events, and terms
(topics, geographics, genres, etc.).
• Companion to MODS to provide metadata about the
authoritative entities used in MODS descriptions.
– Created by the Library of Congress Network Development
and MARC Standards Office
– Uses textual rather than numeric tags
Text Encoding Initiative (TEI)
• http://www.tei-c.org
• Consortium of institutions and research projects which
collectively maintains and develops guidelines for the
representation of texts in digital form.
• Includes representation of title
pages, chapter breaks, tables
of contents, as well as poetry,
plays, charts, etc.
• The TEI file contains a “header”
that holds metadata about the
digital file & about the original
source.
*
ONIX
• http://www.editeur.org/11/Books/
• ONline Information eXchange
• Developed and is maintained by EDItEUR, jointly with Book
Industry Communication (UK) and the Book Industry Study
Group (U.S.)
• Originally devised to simplify the provision of book product
information to online retailers
• Includes marketing & shipping oriented
information: jacket blurb and photos,
full size, weight info, etc.
• ONIX for serials:
http://www.editeur.org/17/
ONIX-for-Serials/
VRA Core
•
•
•
•
http://www.loc.gov/standards/vracore/
http://www.vraweb.org/projects/vracore4
Hosted by LC in partnership with the Visual Resources Association
Data standard for the description
of works of visual culture as well as
the images that document them.
• Consists of a metadata element set
and an initial blueprint for how
those elements can be
hierarchically structured.
credit: K. Edward Lay
+
VRA Core
• “Core 4 is built around three record types, Work, Image, and
Collection. A Work is a unique event or object of cultural
production (a building, a vase, a painting, a performance). An
Image is the visual representation of the object or event, in
part or in whole (a digital image of an artwork, a photograph
of a building). In Core 4, a Work and an Image each have their
own record. These records are related with the Relation
attribute. The third record type, Collection, allows for
collection-level cataloging of groups of materials such as
groups of works or groups of images.”
EAD
•
•
•
•
http://www.loc.gov/ead/
Encoded Archival Description. standard for archival finding aids
Describes the collection and the detailed contents
Encoded Archival Context (EAC):
– http://eac.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/
– for Corporate Bodies,
Persons, and Families
– Provides a grammar
for encoding names of
creators of archival
materials and related
information.
XML
• Extensible Markup Language
• A metamarkup language: has no fixed tags or
elements
• Strict grammar imposes structure designed to be
read by machines
• Two levels of conformance:
– well-formed--conforms to general grammar rules
– valid--conforms to particular XML schema or DTD
(document type definition)
*
Namespace Anatomy Lesson
XML Namespace
Namespace Identifier
xmlns:dc=”http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/”
Namespace Prefix
*
XML Anatomy Lesson
Element
Name
Attribute
Content
<marc:subfield code="a">Metadata in practice /</marc:subfield>
Start Tag
End Tag
*
MARCXML
<datafield tag="245" ind1="0" ind2="4">
<subfield code="a">The Dust Bowl :</subfield>
<subfield code=”b”>an illustrated history /</subfield>
</datafield>
Dublin Core
<title>The Dust Bowl : an illustrated history</title>
<title>Dust Bowl : an illustrated history</title>
MODS
<titleInfo>
<title>The Dust Bowl</title>
<subtitle>an illustrated history</subtitle>
<nonsort>The </nonsort>
</titleInfo>
TEI
<titleStmt>
<title type="main">The Dust Bowl</title>
<title type="sub">an illustrated history</title>
</titleStmt>
ONIX
<TitleDetail>
<TitleElement>
<TitleText>The Dust Bowl</TitleText>
<TitlePrefix>The</TitlePrefix>
<TitleWithoutPrefix> Dust Bowl</TitleWithoutPrefix>
<Subtitle> an illustrated history</Subtitle>
</TitleElement>
</TitleDetail>
VRA Core
<titleSet>
<display>The Dust Bowl : an illustrated history</display>
<title pref="true”>The Dust Bowl : an illustrated history</title>
</titleSet>
EAD
<titlestmt>
<titleproper>The Dust Bowl : an illustrated history</titleproper>
</titlestmt>
Crosswalking
• “Crosswalks support conversion projects and semantic
interoperability to enable searching across heterogeneous
distributed databases. Inherently, there are limitations to
crosswalks; there is rarely a one-to-one correspondence
between the fields or data elements in different information
systems.”
– Mary Woodley, “Crosswalks: The Path to Universal Access?”
Introduction to Metadata (2000).
*
MyFormat
MARCXML
Dublin
Core
MODS
TEI
ONIX
VRA Core
EAD
titleMain
marc:datafield
tag="245“
title
mods:title
Info
titleStmt
TitleDetail
titleSet
Titlestmt
mods:title
title
type=
"main"
Title
Element
titlePref=
“true”
titleproper
marc:subfield
code="a"
TitleText
titleSub
marc:datafield
tag="245“
mods:title
Info
titleStmt
TitleDetail
marc:subfield
code=“b"
mods:
subtitle
title
type=
“sub"
Title
Element
Subtitle
titleSort??
……………………………RUN SCREAMING!!!
Our roles heretofore
• Library standards development
• Choosing the standard for our institution
– (only sort of)
• Implementation at our institution
• Determining best practices to keep our data consistent and
coherent
• Crosswalking to our internal storage format
• Creating some data; moving around a lot of data
• Maintaining our local data over time
– (Banging our heads against walls)
Preferred Title: The Dust Bowl : an illustrated history / by Dayton Duncan ; with a preface
by Ken Burns ; picture research by Aileen Silverstone and Susan Shumaker.
Other
Titles:
The Dust Bowl : an illustrated history
Dust Bowl : an illustrated history
Dust Bowl
ISBN:
9781452107943
Notes:
"Based on a film by Ken Burns, produced by Dayton Duncan, Ken Burns, and
Julie Dunfey, written by Dayton Duncan.“
-- MHC permalink
In this riveting chronicle, which accompanies a documentary to be broadcast
on PBS in the fall, Dayton Duncan and Ken Burns capture the profound
drama of the American Dust Bowl of the 1930s. Terrifying photographs …
-- Google
A very telling comment from one of the survivors of the Dust Bowl was that
the dust got everywhere in their home and it was impossible to stop it
blowing in. Homes are rightly regarded as safe havens once inside …
-- Amazon customer review
Subjects:
•
•
•
•
Dust Bowl Era, 1931-1939 via WorldCat
Great Plains -- History -- 20th century via WorldCat
Farmers via LibraryThing
American History via LibraryThing
Preferred Title: The Dust Bowl : an illustrated history / by Dayton Duncan ; with a preface
by Ken Burns ; picture research by Aileen Silverstone and Susan Shumaker.
Other
Titles:
The Dust Bowl : an illustrated history
Dust Bowl : an illustrated history
Dust Bowl
ISBN:
9781452107943
Expand your
knowledge!
Holdings:
• Your Library | WorldCat | Google Books
Related works:
• The Dust Bowl (PBS Documentary)
More from/about Duncan Dayton:
• Wikipedia | Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
More from/about Ken Burns:
• Wikipedia | IMDB | Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
Learn more about the subject:
• Dust Bowl via Wikipedia
Find other books on the subject:
• Dust Bowl Era, 1931-1939 via WorldCat
• Great Plains -- History -- 20th century via WorldCat
Reader reviews:
• Via Amazon | Via LibraryThing
WHERE ARE WE NOW?
… DEFINE NOW?
… OR WHAT RDA TAUGHT
NCSU ABOUT NEEDING A
POST-MARC STANDARD
NCSU Context
• RapidCat in Acquisitions
• Coming through M&C:
– Materials that bounce out from RapidCat
(complex copy, variant editions, full originals)
– Materials that are not purchased
(i.e. gifts, NCSU digital collections,
librarian-selected websites)
– Materials that are not bought title-by-title
(i.e. e-journals, e-books, patron-driven)
Metadata & Cataloging @ NCSU
• About 5% of NCSU MARC cataloging is Original
• Much of that is new editions and/or electronic derived from
print
• NCSU is not a participant in the PCC
• MLS holding librarians are doing (next to) no cataloging
• Support staff are doing all copy AND original cataloging and
both MARC and non-MARC cataloging
Local Policy Development @ NCSU
• Policy setting v. use of catalogers judgment
• Alternatives/optional omissions/optional deletions
– To follow LC or not to follow LC?
• Relationship designators
• Rule of 3
• Criteria for upgrading copy & Deriving records
NCSU U.S. RDA Test Statistics
• Common set original: 25
• Common set copy:
– met NCSU criteria for upgrade: 4
– did not meet NCSU criteria for upgrade: 1
• Extra set: 462
– MARC Original: 390 (included 201 ETDs)
– MARC Copy: 62
– MODS: 10
• NCSU was the 5th highest record creator
NCSU Timing Analysis
Record creation times at the end of the test period:
15-40 minutes for original book cataloging
5-20 minutes for copy book cataloging
These times match NCSU’s existing local data for AACR2 book record creation.
Average time per record
decreased 40% by the end
of the test.
For books, ebooks and ejournals we
noted a steady decrease in record
creation time
75% of NCSU catalogers
showed increased rapidity
in record creation over the
course of the test.
The majority of print serials were
cataloged by 3 individuals and
despite repeat cataloging, time to
catalog did not decrease much over
time. We have no idea why.
NCSU Survey Results
• Do you think that the US community should
implement RDA?
– NCSU Institutional Questionnaire: Yes
– NCSU Individual Record Creator Surveys:
• Yes: 6
• Yes, with changes: 10
• No: 0
“Because this was my first RDA bibliographic record I
checked everything I could find in the RDA toolkit. I
learned a lot in training but not comfortable yet. I did a
lot of second guessing my cataloger's judgment.”
– NCSU cataloger
“I would also like to add that it is disappointing to see
that the rules of RDA are expressed/explained in the
Toolkit no better than they are in AACR2.”
– NCSU cataloger
“The relator codes are not as easy to apply as I thought
they would be ... before actually creating a record, I
had thought they would be straightforward and easy to
assign. Not so much.” – NCSU cataloger
“I think our local training was confusing regarding
relator codes for distinguishing between a name (RDA
9.15) and relationship designators (Appendix I).” –
NCSU cataloger
“The resource was a distinctively titled, annual issue of
a particular section of a newspaper. The Toolkit was
not very helpful in this situation. I did a search on
supplements but was more concerned with the
MARC21 fields to use and the ISBD punctuation. I
relied on my prior knowledge of CONSER standards for
my approach to the cataloging of this resource. As for
the RDA components of the cataloging, I tried to pay
special attention to the transcription fields and the 3XX
fields.” – NCSU cataloger
“Many of the rules for the handling of Conferences as
serials were developed by CONSER and there should be
some reference to what rules have been updated and
which are still subject to CONSER description.”
– NCSU cataloger
“I had difficulty determining what rules came into play when
deciding on access points. I decided to include several names in
the statement of responsibility for completeness sake, but I
didn't feel that they merited access points. RDA training I
received seemed to indicate that this was acceptable, and
conferring with a co-worker yielded the same conclusion, but I
was unable to find a clear reference in the toolkit stating what
should and should not be considered for an access point.
– NCSU cataloger
“A little Latin never hurt anyone.” – NCSU cataloger
“After we had spent some time in the testing phase, our cataloging
department discussed some of the challenges of working the RDA Toolkit and
RDA in general. In many ways it seemed like a FRBR-friendly system like RDA
was appreciated, but it seemed that MARC did not easily accommodate FRBR
concepts. Solutions were proposed, many of which seemed to involve adding
a layer of documentation that would help crosswalk RDA to MARC. But these
measures seem time-consuming and the results seem questionable given the
differences in how a MARC record is designed to hold data and how RDA
would have us think about data. The concepts in RDA seem sound, and for our
non-MARC cataloging, I could see its application, especially if we are designing
our data structure with RDA/FRBR in mind, but as long as we continue to use
MARC as our primary method of recording our metadata, I would question the
utility of RDA in most of our day-to-day cataloging unless better tools
integrating MARC and RDA were available.” – NCSU cataloger
Issues that Arose
• The distinction between encoding standards & content
standards is not well understood.
• Particular MARC issues for RDA
–
–
–
–
505 Contents Notes
Accompanying material
Closed/open vocabularies
Lack of technology support system
• to make work/expression/manifestation distinctions efficient.
• to make encoding relationships efficient
• to re-use data
Issues that Arose
• Particular MARC issues for RDA
– Difficulty in encoding relationships:
• 245 00 Goodfellas ǂh [videorecording] / ǂc Warner Bros. presents an Irwin Winkler
production, a Martin Scorsese picture ; produced by Irwin Winkler ; screenplay by
Nicholas Pileggi & Martin Scorsese ; directed by Martin Scorsese.
–
–
–
–
035 (OCoLC)55944757
700 1 Pileggi, Nicholas. ǂt Wiseguy.
500 Based on the book "Wiseguy" by Nicholas Pileggi.
And related people … Nicholas Pileggi was married to Nora Ephron
– Lack of good identifiers, need to create actionable relationships
between resources with identifier-based links
– “MARC may hinder the separation of elements and ability to use URIs
in a linked data environment.” http://www.loc.gov/bibliographicfuture/rda/source/rdatesting-finalreport-20june2011.pdf (page 8)
Our roles if we implement RDA in MARC
•
•
•
•
Library standards development
Choosing the standard for our institution
Choosing the implementation time for our institution
Determining best practices to keep our data consistent and
coherent
• Crosswalking for display
• Creating some data; moving around a lot of data
• Maintaining our local data over time
– Banging our heads against walls when external data sources changed
WHERE ARE WE HEADED?
Bibliographic Framework Transition
• “The Library of Congress has launched a review of the bibliographic
framework to better accommodate future needs … to determine a
transition path for the MARC 21 exchange format in order to reap the
benefits of newer technology while preserving a robust data exchange
that has supported resource sharing and cataloging cost savings in recent
decades.”
• Carried out in consultation with the format's formal partners -- Library and
Archives Canada, the British Library, the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek,
other agencies, user institutions, and the MARC advisory committees.
• LC contracted with Zepheira in May 2012 to translate the MARC 21 format
to a Linked Data (LD) model while retaining as much as possible the robust
and beneficial aspects of the historical format.
• A model should be available “soon” for testers to experiment with.
• http://www.loc.gov/marc/transition/
Our potential new roles
• Standards development on the open web
• Figuring out how to get our data to operate as part of the larger
data ecosystem (google, amazon, wikipedia, archival resources …)
• Determining best practices for opening up our data
• Determining authority and staking our claim to our appropriate
authority
• Determining best practices to create and keep the linkages between
datasets consistent and coherent
• Creating data where none exists
(particularly unique and local collections)
• Creating/Managing identifiers, relationships, name authorities
Cataloger roles
• “Seeing systems as ecologies emphasizes the interaction of
players over the stratification of layers … One intriguing
proposition is that librarians, information architects, database
designers, and other professionals who create taxonomies
and controlled vocabularies could reposition themselves as
guardians, not of the systems architectural stability, but of its
ecological resilience … Such a role relies less on the metaphor
of architecture and more on the metaphor of urban planning.”
– Gene Smith quoting Grant Campbell and Karl Fast. Tagging: PeoplePowered Metadata for the Social Web (2008), p. 92.
Documentation & Resources
• Library of Congress
– RDA: http://www.loc.gov/aba/rda/
– Bibliographic Framework Transition: http://www.loc.gov/marc/transition/
• Webcast: http://www.loc.gov/today/cyberlc/feature_wdesc.php?rec=5605
• Listserv: http://listserv.loc.gov/listarch/bibframe.html
• NCSU RDA site:
– https://staff.lib.ncsu.edu/confluence/display/MNC/RDA
• University of Chicago RDA site:
– http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/staffweb/depts/cat/rda.html
• RDA-L
– http://www.rda-jsc.org/rdadiscuss.html
• Everything in this presentation is Google-able or links embedded within!
Credits
• The best thing about the future is that it comes only one day at a time
– Abraham Lincoln
• Card catalog: http://www.flickr.com/photos/thursday_morning/3895679119/
• MARC slide image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Library_books.jpg
• TEI slide image: UVA Library, Second April by Edna St. Vincent Millay
– http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=ModEng_test/uvaBook/tei/milseco.xml
• EAD slide image:
– http://asteria.fivecolleges.edu/findaids/mountholyoke/mshm038_main.html
• Photo of Mount Holyoke College, ©Mount Holyoke College, [date not identified]
– Williston Library, http://www.mtholyoke.edu
• Photo of NCSU, D.H. Hill Library, ©Edward Funkhouser, 2008
– http://historicalstate.lib.ncsu.edu/catalog/4funk_DH_Hill_East_Wing
Credits
*
Slides originated from Metadata Standards & Applications, a Library of
Congress/ALCTS program "Cataloging for the 21st Century.” Original
version Diane Hillman & Marty Kurth (2006); revised Erin Stalberg &
Jennifer Roper (2008-2009).
+
Slides originated from INLS 721 - Organization of Materials II, University
of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Erin Stalberg and Jacqueline Samples
(2009-2010).