The Periodic
Table
How would you organize all of the
students within the school?
• The Mayan Periodic Table
• The Telluric Helix or Screw-Shaped
(1862)
• Newlands' Octaves (1864) – arranged by
atomic weights
• Mendeleev's Periodic Table (1871)
• Ingo Hackh's Periodic Table (1914)
• Modern Periodic Table (almost)
• Modern Periodic Table
(extended)
This is actually the
preferred way to
organize the periodic
table. It isn’t used because
it takes up too much room!
• Modern Periodic Table
(compressed)
• Andreas von Antropoff (1926)
• Edgar Longman's (1951)
• A Spiral Periodic Table by Thoedor Benfey (1960)
• The Dufour Periodic Tree (1992) & A Physicist's Periodic
Table (1988)
• Alexander Periodic Table (1994)
This “arrang[es] the elements
contiguously and continuously
according to the atomic number
without disturbing the accepted group
and property interrelationships
previously found in the periodic chart.”
http://periodictable.com/pages/AAE_Descript1.html
• A Triangular Periodic Table by
Emil Zmaczynski (1935)
& A Helical Periodic Table
(1995)
• The Bayley-Thomsen-Bohr Periodic Table (1997)
• Philip Stewart's 'Chemical Galaxy II' (2005)
• Eric Scerri's Periodic Table (2006)
Eric Scerri, The Periodic Table: Its Story and Its Significance,
Oxford University Press, 2006
• Spiral Periodic Table (2006)
• ADOMAH Periodic Table by Valery Tsimmerman
(2007)
20
Ca
40.078
Periodic Table Lingo
Groups
–Also called families
–The elements in vertical columns
–Elements in a group have similar
properties
–Labeled 1A-8A or 1B-8B
Periods
–Horizontal rows of
elements
–Numbered 1 - 7
The Block at the Bottom
The two rows at the bottom are
actually removed from the middle of
the periodic table to make the table
more condensed.
Classification of Elements
1.
Metals





Most elements are metals
Have luster (shininess)
Conduct heat and electricity
Most are solid at room
temperature
Are malleable and ductile
2.
Nonmetals






Opposite of metals
No luster
Poor conductors of heat and
electricity
Not malleable or ductile
Solid, Liquid or gases
Physical properties vary
greatly
3.
Metalloids
 Can have the
properties of metals
or nonmetals or a
combination of both
Most General Breakdown:
Family Characteristics
 Alkali
Metals- they are VERY reactive
– Because of this, they usually exist as
compounds with other elements
– Two familiar Alkali metals: Na in salt
and Li in batteries
 Alkali
Metals React!
Family Characteristics
 Alkaline
reactive
Earth Metals- also highly
– Calcium and Magnesium as minerals are
important for your health
Family Characteristics
 Halogens-
5 elements
– Highly reactive
– Compounds containing these are called
salts
– They exist at room temperature in all 3
states of matter
 Iodine
and Astatine=solid
 Bromine=liquid
 Fluorine and Chlorine=gas
Family Characteristics
 Noble
Gases- 6 elements
– Considered “inert” until 1960s because
their full outer shells prevent them from
readily forming compounds
– They are stable
 Inner
Transition Metals
-30 elements
– Most are man-made
(Rare Earth Elements)
s, p, d, and f Blocks
The PT can be used to double check
electron configurations.
The last letter and superscript should
be the same as the letter and
superscript for the column it is in.
Valence electrons
 These
are the electrons on the outermost
ring. They are available for bonding.
 They can be found by counting the
columns on the Periodic Table.
 EX: P in group 5A = 5 valence electrons
Lewis Dot Structures
 Simple
way to show the valence
electrons.
X
– There are four spots to place electrons
in these dot structures- top, bottom, left
and right.
– Remember the most valence electrons
an element or ion can have is 8.
– Don’t pair up the electrons until they
have to.
Example
 Beryllium-
– 2 valence electrons
– 2 dots
(don’t pair them)
Be
 Selenium-
– 6 valence electrons
– 6 dots
Se
Common Ion
 In
order to be stable, all elements
want an electron configuration of a
NOBLE GAS.
 They will gain or lose electrons to
complete their outside shell.
 The periodic table will help you to be
able to predict this.
 Draw
– Cl
– Ca
– Li
– N+2
the Lewis Dot Structure for
Organizing the PT Activity
 Groups
of 4
 1 textbook per group, 1 piece of
printer paper per group
 Each person needs their own piece of
notebook paper
 Turn to page 193, do the mini lab
 Answer questions 4 and 5
 Due tomorrow