Mobile Broadband
Wireless Access
Dr. Muid Mufti
20 December 2006
History of Wireless



First Ever Wireless
Communication ?
First Mobile Radio Telephone
1924
Phenomenal growth with the
turn of the century
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
The Wireless Experience
Global
Satellite
Suburban
Macrocell
Urban
Microcell
In-Building
Picocell
Basic Terminal
PDA Terminal
Audio/Visual Terminal
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
Advantages of Wireless





Low cost
Low maintenance
Quick deployment
Reduced sunk cost
Mobility
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
Disadvantages of Wireless



Non secure
Environmentally vulnerable
Frequency reuse issues
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
Ubiquitous Networks

MBWA based product




MBWA based Services




Cell phone TV
Streaming Multimedia
Video on Demand
Mobile medical aid
Train entertainment systems
Surveillance
Strategic MBWA business
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
Defining Broadband





High dates rates ?
FCC definition of broadband: Connections with speed
exceeding 200 Kb/s in at least one direction
PTA definition of broadband: High speed, ‘always on’
Internet connection. Speed of connection ranging from
128 Kbps to 2 Mbps or higher.
Refers to the ability of the user to view content across
the internet that includes large files, such as video,
audio, multimedia and 3D graphics
QoS Support
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
Mobile vs. Wireless
Wireless
Dr. Muid Mufti
Mobile
Telematix
Mobility

Range of mobility
Geographic range
 Across networks
 IP mobility


Speed of mobility
Personal mobility
 Vehicular mobility


Frequency of mobility

Mobility Overhead
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
MBWA


Be able to support broadband data rates with
given QoS with mobility
Mobility speed
Personal mobility
 100+ km/h – high speed trains, cars, buses etc.

Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
QoS – Conversational / Real-time
Services
Medium
Application
Data rate
Key Performance parameters and
target values
One-way
Delay
Delay
Variation
Information
Loss
<1 msec
<3% FER
Audio
Conversational
voice
4–13 kbps
<150 msec
Preferred
<100 msec
Video
Videophone
32–384 kbps
<150 msec
Data
Telemetry twoway control
<28.8 kbps
<250 msec
N.A.
Zero
Data
Interactive
games
<1 KB
<250 msec
N.A.
Zero
Data
Telnet
<1KB
<250 msec
N.A.
Zero
Dr. Muid Mufti
<1% FER
Telematix
QoS - Interactive Services
Medium
Application
Data rate
One-way
Delay
Delay
Variation
Information
Loss
<1 sec
Playback <2
sec record
<1 msec
<3% FER
Audio
Voice
messaging
Data
Web-browsing
HTML
<4 sec/page
N.A.
Zero
Data
Transactions
Services High
Priority ecommerce, ATM
<250 msec
N.A.
Zero
Data
Interactive
games
<250 msec
N.A.
Zero
Dr. Muid Mufti
4–13 kbps
Key Performance parameters and target
values
Telematix
QoS - Streaming Services
Medium
Application
Data rate
Key Performance parameters and
target values
One-way
Delay
Delay
Variation
Information
Loss
<1 msec
<1% FER
Audio
High quality
Streaming audio
32–128 kbps
<10 sec
Video
One-way
32–384 kbps
<10 sec
Data
Bulk data
Transfer/retrieval
<10 sec
N.A.
Zero
Data
Still image
<10 sec
N.A.
Zero
Data
Telemetry monitoring
<10 sec
N.A.
Zero
Dr. Muid Mufti
<28.8 kbps
<1% FER
Telematix
Mobile Broadband Development
Streams






UMTS-TDD (WCDMA-TDD)
FDD W-CDMA
TD-SCDMA
1x EVDO
WiMAX (802.16e)
802.20 (MobileFi)
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
Global Wireless Data Standards
WUSB
Data
Rates
802.15
Zigbee
802.16
WiMax
802.11
Wifi
802.20
MobileFi
Bluetooth
UMTS
GPRS
Range
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
Global Wireless Data Standards
Network
Coverage
Data Rates
Mobility
Cost
Satellite (B-GAN)
World
Max. 144 Kb/s
High
High
GSM/GPRS
Aprox. 35 KM
9.6 Kb/s up to 144 Kb/s
High
High
IEEE 802. 16a
Aprox. 30 KM
Max. 70 Mb/s
Low/Medium
Medium
IEEE 802. 20
Aprox. 20 KM
1-9 Mb/s
Very High
High
UMTS
20 KM
Up to 2 Mb/s
High
High
HIPERLAN 2
70 up to 300 m
25 Mb/s
Medium/high
Low
IEEE 802.11a
50 up to 300 m
54 Mb/s
Medium/high
Low
IEEE 802.11b
50 up to 300 m
11 Mb/s
Medium/high
Low
Bluetooth
10 m
Max. 700 Kb/s
Very low
Low
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
Basic Modulation Schemes
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
UMTS-TDD



Up to 12Mbps
More than 3 times higher than any other commercial
mobile platform.
True N=1 frequency reuse






Network operator can deploy a network with multiple towers
using only one RF Channel
5 MHz RF channel for a 3.84 Mcps system
10 MHz channel for a 7.68 Mcps system.
Mobility up to 120 km/hr within the network footprint
Tower-to-tower handoff roaming
Network-to-network roaming
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
FDD W-CDMA















Frequency band:1920 MHz -1980 MHz and 2110 MHz - 2170 MHz (Frequency Division Duplex)
Minimum frequency band required: ~ 2x5MHz
Frequency re-use: 1
Carrier Spacing: 4.4MHz - 5.2 MHz
Maximum number of (voice) channels on 2x5MHz: ~196 (spreading factor 256 UL, AMR
7.95kbps) / ~98 (spreading factor 128 UL, AMR 12.2kbps)
Voice coding: AMR codecs (4.75 kHz - 12.2 kHz, GSM EFR=12.2 kHz) and SID (1.8 kHz)
Channel coding: Convolutional coding, Turbo code for high rate data
Duplexer needed (190MHz separation), Asymmetric connection supported
Tx/Rx isolation: MS: 55dB, BS: 80dB
Receiver: Rake
Receiver sensitivity: Node B: -121dBm, Mobile -117dBm at BER of 10-3
Data type: Packet and circuit switch
Modulation: QPSK
Pulse shaping: Root raised cosine, roll-off = 0.22
Chip rate: 3.84 Mcps
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
FDD W-CDMA












Channel raster: 200 kHz
Maximum user data rate (Offered): 384 kbps (year 2002), higher rates ( ~ 2
Mbps) in the near future. HSPDA will offer data speeds up to 8-10 Mbps (and
20 Mbps for MIMO systems)
Channel bit rate: 5.76Mbps
Frame length: 10ms (38400 chips)
Number of slots / frame: 15
Number of chips / slot: 2560 chips
Handovers: Soft, Softer, (interfrequency: Hard)
Power control period: Time slot = 1500 Hz rate
Power control step size: 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 dB (Variable)
Power control range: UL 80dB, DL 30dB
Mobile peak power: Power class 1: +33 dBm (+1dB/-3dB) = 2W; class 2 +27
dBm, class 3 +24 dBm, class 4 +21 dBm
Number of unique base station identification codes: 512 / frequency
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
TD-SCDMA










China Wireless Telecommunication Standards group (CWTS)
Approved by the ITU in 1999
Developed by the Chinese Academy of Telecommunications
Technology and Siemens
Frequency band: 2010 MHz - 2025 MHz in China (WLL 1900
MHz - 1920 MHz)
Minimum frequency band required: 1.6MHz
Frequency re-use: 1 (or 3)
Chip rate: 1.28 Mcps
Frame length: 10ms
Number of slots: 7
Modulation: QPSK or 8-PSK
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
TD-SCDMA










Voice data rate: 8kbit/s
Circuit switched services: 12.2 kbits/s, 64 kbits/s, 144 kbits/s,
384 kbits/s, 2048 kbits/s
Packet data: 9.6kbits/s, 64kbits/s, 144kbits/s, 384kbits/s,
2048kbits/s
Receiver: Joint Detection, (mobile: Rake)
Power control period: 200 Hz
Number of slots / frame: 7
Frame length: 5ms
Multi carrier option
Handovers: Hard
Uplink synchronization
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
1x EVDO (CDMA 2000)








Qualcomm USA.
Frequency band: Any existing band.
Minimum frequency band required: 1x: 2x1.25MHz, 3x:
2x3.75
Chip rate: 1x: 1.2288, 3x: 3.6864 Mcps
Maximum user data rate: 1x: 144 kbps now, 307 kbps in
the future 1xEV-DO: max 384 kbps - 2.4 Mbps, 1xEVDV: 4.8 Mbps.
Frame length: 5ms, 10ms or 20ms
Power control rate: 800 Hz
Spreading factors: 4 ... 256 UL
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
Migration to 3G
3G
2.75G
Intermediate
Multimedia
2.5G
Multimedia
Packet Data
2G
Digital Voice
1G
Analog Voice
GPRS
GSM
EDGE
W-CDMA
(UMTS)
384 Kbps
Up to 2 Mbps
115 Kbps
NMT
9.6 Kbps
GSM/
GPRS
TD-SCDMA
(Overlay)
115 Kbps
2 Mbps?
TDMA
TACS
9.6 Kbps
iDEN
9.6 Kbps
iDEN
PDC
(Overlay)
9.6 Kbps
AMPS
CDMA 1xRTT
CDMA
14.4 Kbps
/ 64 Kbps
PHS
1984 - 1996+
Dr. Muid Mufti
1992 - 2000+
cdma2000
1X-EV-DV
PHS
(IP-Based)
144 Kbps
64 Kbps
2001+
2003+
Over 2.4 Mbps
2003 - 2004+
Source: U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray
Telematix
IEEE 802.16e
802.16e





Mobile WirelessMAN
Approved by IEEE Feb 2006
NLOS with Antenna Diversity
FDD / TDD
Multiple Convergence layers
IP
 Ethernet
 ATM

Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
Adaptive PHY
Dr. Muid Mufti
Burst-by-burst adaptivity not shown
Telematix
WIMAX-802.16-2004
Access Scheme
OFDM/Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)
Duplexing1
TDD, FDD
Channelisation2
(802.16-2004)
Between 1.25 to 28MHz
Throughput
(802.16-2004 std)
Depends on individual vendor.
Up to 134Mbps for SC at 28MHz
Throughput varies with modulation scheme and channel bandwidth
(i.e. For 20 MHz of channelisation, throughput is 32Mbps using QPSK,
throughput is 64Mbps using 16QAM).
Available Customer
Devices
Mainly fixed certified equipment expected to be available in
2005/2006. Currently, most available products are pre-WIMAX.
Limited mobility (802.16e) likely mid/end 2006.
Mobility
Fixed and nomadic without handoff (802.16-2004) at this point.
Limited and full mobility (802.16e) up to 100 km/h in mid/end 2006.
Spectrum3
2-11 GHz, 10-66 GHz
(Main focus: 2.5 GHz, 3.5 GHz and unlicensed 5.8 GHz)
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
Adaptive Burst Profiles

Burst profile


Dynamically assigned according to link conditions




Modulation and FEC
Burst by burst, per subscriber station
Trade-off capacity vs. robustness in real time
Roughly doubled capacity for the same cell area
Burst profile for downlink broadcast channel is well-known


All other burst profiles could be configured “on the fly”
Subscriber station capabilities recognized at registration
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
Duplex Scheme Support



On downlink , SS is associated with a specific burst
On uplink , SS is allotted a variable length time slot for their
transmissions
Time-Division Duplex (TDD)




Downlink & Uplink time share the same RF channel
Dynamic asymmetry
SS does not transmit & receive simultaneously (low cost)
Frequency-Division Duplex (FDD)



Downlink & Uplink on separate RF channels
Static asymmetry
Half-duplex SSs supported

Dr. Muid Mufti
SS does not transmit & receive simultaneously (low cost)
Telematix
Duplex Scheme Support



On downlink , SS is associated with a specific burst
On uplink , SS is allotted a variable length time slot for their
transmissions
Time-Division Duplex (TDD)




Downlink & Uplink time share the same RF channel
Dynamic asymmetry
SS does not transmit & receive simultaneously (low cost)
Frequency-Division Duplex (FDD)



Downlink & Uplink on separate RF channels
Static asymmetry
Half-duplex SSs supported

Dr. Muid Mufti
SS does not transmit & receive simultaneously (low cost)
Telematix
TDD Frame (10-66 GHz)
n PS = (Symbol Rate x Frame Length) / 4
Downlink Subframe
Adaptive
PS 0
Frame j-2
Dr. Muid Mufti
Uplink Subframe
Frame j - 1
Frame j
PS n-1
Frame j+1
Frame j+1
Telematix
TDD Downlink Subframe
Preamble
TDM Portion
Broadcast
Control
DUIC = 0
TDM
DUIC a
TDM
DUIC b
TDM
DUIC c
Preamble
Tx/Rx Transition Gap
Dr. Muid Mufti
DL- MAP
UL-MAP
DIUC: Downlink Interval Usage Code
Telematix
Burst FDD Framing
DOWNLINK
UPLINK
Frame
Broadcast
Half Duplex Terminal #1
Full Duplex Capable User
Half Duplex Terminal #2
Allows scheduling flexibility
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
FDD Downlink Subframe
TDM
DIUC c
TDM
DIUC d
TDMA Portion
TDM
DIUC e
TDM
DIUC f
Preamble
TDM
DIUC b
Preamble
TDM
DIUC a
Preamble
Broadcast
Control
DUIC = 0
Preamble
Preamble
TDM Portion
TDM
DIUC g
Preamble
Burst Start Points
DL-MAP
Dr. Muid Mufti
UL-MAP
Telematix
Fragmentation



Partitioning a MAC SDU into fragments transported in
multiple MAC PDUs
Each connection can be in only a single fragmentation
state at any time
Contents of the fragmentation sub-header:

2-bit Fragmentation Control (FC)


Unfragmented, Last fragment, First fragment, Continuing fragment
3-bit Fragmentation Sequence Number (FSN)


Dr. Muid Mufti
required to detect missing continuing fragments
continuous counter across SDUs
Telematix
Packing


The process of combining multiple MAC SDUs (or fragments
thereof) into a single MAC PDU
On connections with variable length MAC SDUs


On connections with fixed length MAC SDUs



Packed PDU contains a sub-header for each packed SDU (or fragment
thereof)
No packing sub-header needed
Packing and fragmentation can be combined
Can, in certain situations, save up to 10% of system
bandwidth
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
Classes of Service

Characteristic of the Service Flow
Unsolicited Grant Services (UGS)


Real-time Polling Services (rtPS)


for rt -VBR-like SFs such as MPEG video
Non-real-time Polling Services (nrtPS)


for constant bit-rate (CBR) or CBR-like service flows (SFs) such as
T1/E1
for nrt SFs with better than best effort service such as bandwidthintensive file transfer
Best Effort (BE)

for best-effort traffic
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
UGS




No explicit bandwidth requests issued by SS
Prohibited from using any contention requests
No unicast request opportunity provided
May include a Grant Management (GM) sub-containing
header containing


Slip indicator: indicates that there is an backlog in the buffer
due to clock skew or loss of maps
Poll-me bit: indicates that the terminal needs to be polled
(allows for not polling terminals with UGS-only services).
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
RTPS





Intended for rt-VBR-like service flows such as MPEG video
Prohibited from using any contention requests
Terminals polled frequently enough to meet the delay
requirements of the SFs
Bandwidth requested with BW request messages (a special MAC
PDU header)
May use Grant Management sub-header

new request can be piggybacked with each transmitted PDU
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
NRTPS

Intended for non-real-time service flows with better
than best effort service




e.g. bandwidth-intensive file transfer
Works like rt-polling except that polls are issued less
frequently
Allowed to use contention requests
May use Grant Management sub-header

new request can be piggybacked with each transmitted PDU
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
BE

Generic data




e.g. HTTP, SMTP, etc.
No QoS guarantees
Allowed to use contention requests
May use Grant Management sub-header

new request can be piggybacked with each
transmitted PDU
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
Request/Grant Scheme

Self Correcting




No acknowledgement
All errors are handled in the same way, i.e., periodical aggregate requests
Bandwidth Requests are always per Connection
Grants are either per Connection (GPC) or per Subscriber
Station (GPSS)


Grants (given as durations) are carried in the UL-MAP messages
SS needs to convert the time to amount of data using information about
the UIUC
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
WIMAX Deployment
Aperto


2.5 GHz, 3.3 GHz , 3.5 GHz, 5.3GHz , 5.8 GHz
Deployed/trialed by:
Iberbanda, Spain;
 Enertel, Holland;
 Sequelle Communications Alliance, USA

Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
Alvarion




3.5 GHz, 5.8 GHz, 2.5 GHz
Summerside Community Network, USA
Telekom Serbia, Israel
Axtel, Mexico
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
Nex-G

Target licensed exempt bands initially e.g. 5.8
GHz. Subsequently licensed bands e.g. 3.5 Ghz,
2.5 Ghz
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
Redline Communications




3.5 GHz, 5.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz
Telabria, UK
I-Netlink Wireless, Canada;
Thirteen WNET/New York, USA
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
WiLAN



2.4 GHz, 3.5 GHz, 5.8GHz
Marathon Oil, USA
TM Net Sdn. Bhd, Malaysia
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
IEEE 802.20
802.20 (Mobile Fi)







Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA)
Below 3.5 GHz bands
Optimized for IP-data transport
Peak data rates per user in excess of 1 Mbps
supports various vehicular mobility classes up to
250 Km/h
Range up to 20 Km
Extremely low latency at 20 milliseconds or less
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
802.20 (Mobile Fi)




The 802.20 interface seeks to boost real-time data
transmission rates in wireless metropolitan area
networks to speeds that rival DSL and cable
connections
Cell sizes to commensurate with ubiquitous
metropolitan
Targets spectral efficiencies, sustained user data rates
Numbers of active users significantly higher than
achieved by existing mobile systems
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
802.20 (Mobile Fi)



Efficient packet-based air interface with highspeed downlink and uplink capabilities
It will enable telephony using Voice over
Internet Protocol (VoIP) and activities needing
rapid network response times, such as online
gaming and financial transactions
The standard also will support other IP-centric
applications, so the many native IP applications
can be used without alteration.
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
Spectral Efficiencies
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
Design Criteria

Broad Market Potential




Compatibility





Broad sets of applicability.
Multiple vendors and numerous users.
Balanced costs
Conformance with 802 Overview and Architecture
Conformance with 802.1D (MAC Bridges) and 802.1F
(VLAN Bridges)
Conformance with 802.1F and compatible managed object
definitions
Identification of any variance in conformance
Coexistence.
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
Design Criteria

Distinct Identity




Technical Feasibility




Substantially different from other IEEE 802 standards.
One unique solution per problem.
Easy for the document reader to select the relevant specification.
Demonstrated system feasibility.
Proven technology, reasonable testing.
Confidence in reliability.
Economic Feasibility



Known cost factors, reliable data.
Reasonable cost for performance.
Consideration of installation costs
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
802.20 vs. 802.16e







802.16e - 2 to 6 GHz licensed bands, while 802.20 below 3.5GHz.
802.16e - based on an existing standard (802.16a), while 802.20 is starting
from scratch.
802.16e – approved by IEEE February 2006, while 802.20 is under
development.
802.16e - 120 to 150 kilometers per hour , while 802.20 up to 250
kilometers per hour
802.16e - mobile user walking around with a PDA or laptop, while 802.20
will address high-speed mobility issues
80216e – deployment in their existing [.16a] footprint, while 802.20 is
looking at more ubiquitous coverage.
Fate of both standards rests with 802.16 - if there's success in the 802.16
market, it will portend good things for the 802.20
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
MBWA Deployment
ArrayComm

System






1 Mbps/345 kbps (5 MHz
bandwidth)
Dr. Muid Mufti

< 80 kmph
Standard affiliation


PCMCIA,
Standalone Ethernet
USB modem
Mobility

5 or 10 MHz TDD
Per User Throughout
(DL/UL)
Available Customer Devices

TDMA/FDMA/SDMA
Spectrum


iBurst
Access Scheme



802.20
Commercialization

PBA, Australia; WBS, South
Africa,8 ongoing trials
Telematix
Flarion

System

Access Scheme



Flash OFDM, Flash-OFDM
Flexband
Spectrum




Available Customer Devices
RadioRouter



2x 1.25 MHz FDD,
2 x 5Mhz FDD (three 1.25Mhz
carriers),
2 x 5Mhz FDD (one 5Mhz carrier)
Per User Throughout (DL/UL)


1.5Mbps/500kbps,
2.5Mbps/900kbps,
6.0Mbps/2.5Mbps
Dr. Muid Mufti



Mobility


< 300 kmph
Standard affiliation


PCMCIA
Desktop modem
Chipset
WiFi/FOFDM AP
802.20
Commercialization

Nextel, North Carolina, US;
CellularOne, Texas, US; Vodafone,
Japan; Telstra, Australia; T-Mobile,
Netherlands; OCTO (Public
Safety), Washington DC, US.
Telematix
IPWirless

System



UMTS TD-CDMA


5 or 10 MHz TDD
2x 5 MHz FDD
2x 10MHz FDD





Per User Throughout (DL/UL)

1.5 Mbps/512 kbps (5 MHz
bandwidth)
Available Customer Devices

Spectrum


IPWireless
Access Scheme



Mobility


3GPP UMTS TDD
Commercialisation




Dr. Muid Mufti
< 120 kmph
Standardisation affiliation


PCMCIA
Standalone Ethernet
USB modem
Chipset
IPWireless/WiFi gateway
VoIP Integrated Access Device
Woosh Wireless, NZ;
UK Broadband (PCCW);
Maxis, Malaysia; Sentech, South Africa;
AirData, Germany
15 ongoing trials:
Telematix
Samsung

System


OFDMA
10 MHz TDD
Per User Throughout
(DL/UL)

3 Mbps/1 Mbps
Dr. Muid Mufti
Available Customer
Device


Spectrum


WIMAX/Wibro
Access Scheme



Mobility


< 120 kmph
Standard affiliation


PCMCIA
WIMAX 802.16e
Commercialization

None yet.
Telematix
Navini

System

Access Scheme



MC-SCDMA
Spectrum


Available Customer Devices
Ripwave





5 MHz TDD
Per User Throughout (DL/UL)


2.0 Mbps/1.0 Mbps (max.) for
standalone and outdoor modem.
1.0 Mbps/.5 Mbps (max.) for
PCMCIA
Mobility



802.20
802.16e
Commercialization



Dr. Muid Mufti
Limited low speed mobility until
WIMAX 802.16e
Standard affiliation


PCMCIA
Standalone Ethernet/USB modem
Outdoor Modem
IBAX, Italy;
Unwired, Australia;
11 ongoing trials.
Telematix
References



http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/20/
http://www.iad.gov.pk
IEEE 802.16 specs
Dr. Muid Mufti
Telematix
Questions