Dietary supplement as minerals
Dietary supplement
• Dietary minerals are the chemical elements
required by living organisms, other than the
four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,
and oxygen present in common organic
molecules.
Classifications of Dietary Supplements
• Herbs and Botanicals
Example: Cranberry, Grape Seed, Green tea and St.
John's Wort
• Vitamins
• Amino acids - the building blocks of proteins
Example: Tryptophan and Hydroxy-methyl-butyrate
• Minerals
Who needs dietary supplements:
Dietary supplement may be appropriate if you: •
-Don't eat well or consume less than 1,600 calorie
a day.
-Are a vegetarian and don't substitute or
complement your diet appropriately.
-Are pregnant, trying to get pregnant or breastfeeding .
-Are a woman who experiences heavy bleeding
during your menstrual period .
-Are a postmenopausal woman .
• Appropriate intake levels of each dietary mineral
must be sustained to maintain physical health.
• Excessive intake of a dietary mineral may either
lead to illness directly or indirectly because of the
competitive nature between mineral levels in the
body.
• A deficiency in dietary minerals may results in all
kinds of health problems. For more details,
please refer to each individual mineral.
calcium
• Calcium is the most common mineral in the
body.
• Approximately 99% of calcium is found in the
teeth and skeleton while only 1% is in the
blood and soft tissues.
• It also builds strong bones and teeth and
maintains bone density and strength and
promotes normal activity of nervous,
muscular and skeletal system.
Benefit of Calcium
• It is very important to bone health and preventing fractures and
osteoporosis
• These supplements are used to treat severe muscle spasms
caused by sensitivity reactions, cardiac arrest and lead
poisoning.
• It is also used medically as an antidote to magnesium poisoning.
• Coral calcium can help prevent muscle and leg cramps in some
people.
• It also buffers acid in the stomach and acts as an antacid.
• Calcium is also used to regulate the heartbeat, blood clotting
and muscle contraction.
• It also helps reduce blood pressure in certain people, aids in
treating insomnia and is important in reducing high cholesterol
levels.
Normal range of calcium
Age
Calcium (mg/day)
0–6 months
210
7–12 months
270
1–3 years
500
4–8 years
800
9–18 years
1300
19–50 years
1000
51+ years
1200
Symptoms of Calcium Deficiency
• There are serious symptoms that show a deficiency of
calcium in the body. These include muscle cramps,
muscle contractions, and frequent fractures.
• Osteoporosis is another example of the body being
lacking in calcium. It involves frequent fractures in the
spine, deformed spinal column and loss of height.
• A dietary calcium deficit is also associated with
increased risk of hypertension, tooth decay and colon
cancer. It is also shown to be related to depression.
Dietary sources
• In the United States (U.S.), milk, yogurt and
cheese are the major contributors of calcium
in the typical diet
• Milk is an excellent source of dietary calcium
because it has a high concentration of calcium
and the calcium in milk is excellently
absorbed.
Dietary calcium supplements
• The two main forms of calcium found in
supplements are carbonate and citrate.
Calcium carbonate is the most common
because it is inexpensive and convenient. The
absorption of calcium citrate is similar to
calcium carbonate. For instance, a calcium
carbonate supplement contains 40% calcium
while a calcium citrate supplement only
contains 21% calcium.
Dietary calcium supplements
• Calcium supplements are used to prevent and to treat
calcium deficiencies.
• Most experts recommend that supplements be taken
with food and that no more than 600 mg should be
taken at a time because the percent of calcium
absorbed decreases as the amount of calcium in the
supplement increases
• It is recommended to spread doses throughout the day.
Recommended daily calcium intake for adults ranges
from 1000 to 1500 mg. It is recommended to take
supplements with food to aid in absorption.
• Vitamin D is added to some calcium
supplements. Proper vitamin D status is
important because vitamin D is converted to a
hormone in the body which then induces the
synthesis of intestinal proteins responsible for
calcium absorption
• Too much calcium can cause constipation or
headaches. More seriously, you can have
muscle or bone pain or confusion.
• Adverse conditions associated with high
calcium intakes are hypercalcemia , impaired
kidney function and decreased absorption of
other minerals
Iodine
• Promotes normal function of thyroid gland
and can help shrink the thyroid before thyroid
surgery. Keeps skin, hair, and nails healthy.
Normal range of iodine
• Adults need about 150 mcg per day.
• Pregnant females needs 220 mcg per day.
• Infants birth to 6 months make 110 mcg
perday.
• Since the introduction of iodized salt, iodine
supplements are unnecessary and not
recommended for most people.
Element Iodine Deficiency
• Iodine is very important during pregnancy and early
infancy. In rare cases iodine deficiency during this time
can result in mental retardation and impaired motor
skills.
• . Iodine deficiency is the primary cause of simple goiter
and has been linked conclusively to cretinism.
• For adults, low iodine intake or a very high iodine
element can cause hypothyroidism, which is an under
active thyroid. The symptoms for this include low
energy levels, dry, scaly or yellowish skin, tingling and
numbness in the extremities and weight gain.
Element Iodine Deficiency
• It can also cause
-carpal tunnel syndrome and Raynaud’s
phenomenon.
-raise cholesterol levels. When hypothyroidism
is corrected, it can lead to a drop in
cholesterol levels from 20-30%
-experience forgetfulness, personality changes,
depression and anemia. Women can have
prolonged and heavy periods.
Dietary sources
• Foods that are natural sources of iodine and
that should be avoided during this time
include saltwater fish, lobster, oysters, canned
salmon, shrimp, seaweed, milk and salted
nuts, seeds, snack foods and table salt.
Too much iodine
• It may cause either hypothyroidism (under active thyroid)
or hyperthyroidism (over active thyroid).
• Hyperthyroidism may also occur as a result of a long term
iodine deficiency, especially in the elderly.
• Daily intake of 2,000 mcg iodine may be toxic, particularly
in people with kidney disease or tuberculosis.
• Excessive iodine intake may be associated with an
increased incidence of thyroid papillary cancer. Direct
contact with skin can cause lesions so care needs to be
taken in handling iodine. Iodine vapor is very irritating to
eyes and mucous membranes.
Potasium
Potassium is a mineral that aids in
muscle contraction and in maintaining
fluid and electrolyte balance in the
body’s cells. It is also important in
releasing energy during metabolism
and in sending nerve impulses.
Benefits of Potassium
• It is essential for muscles, nerves and helps the heart muscles
contract.
• Potassium can also keep blood pressure stable.
• It also maintains fluid balance and mineral balance of blood.
• Potassaium also regulates metabolism of glucose (for energy) and
the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol.
• It works with sodium to regulate the body’s waste balance,
stimulates the kidneys to eliminate poisonous body wastes and
preserves the proper alkalinity of body fluids.
• Potassium promotes healthy skin and helps send oxygen to the
brain which aids in clearer thinking.
• Potassium is helpful in dealing with alcoholism, heart disease and
in preventing high blood pressure. It also assists in treating acne,
allergies and in healing burns.
• it treats potassium deficiency causesd by an illness or from taking
diuretics or cortisone drugs.
• Effects of Low Potassium Hypokalemia is an
abnormally low level of potassium in the blood. It can
cause weakness and heart abnormalities. It can come
from adrenal tumors, diuretics or starvation.
• Low potassium can also cause low blood pressure and
an irregular or rapid heartbeat which can lead to
cardiac arrest.
• People with an eating disorder such as anorexia and
bulimia, that take laxatives or vomit, lose potassium
and suffer from a potassium deficiency.
Dietary sorces
• Good sources of potassium include bananas,
citrus juices (such as orange juice), avocados,
cantaloupes, tomatoes, potatoes, lima beans,
flounder, salmon, cod, chicken, and other
meats.
Available form
• Several potassium supplements are on the
market, including potassium acetate,
potassium bicarbonate, potassium citrate,
potassium chloride, and potassium gluconate.
• Potassium can also be found in multivitamins.
• Too much potassium
• Having too much potassium in the blood is called
hyperkalemia
• Older people have a greater risk of hyperkalemia
because our kidneys get rid of potassium less
efficiently as we age. Older people should be
careful when taking medication that may affect
potassium levels, such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and ACE inhibitors.
Iron
• iron is an essential component of proteins
involved in oxygen transport. It is also
essential for the regulation of cell growth and
differentiation .
Source of iron
There are two forms of dietary iron: heme and nonheme.
• Heme iron : is derived from hemoglobin, the protein in red
blood cells that delivers oxygen to cells. Heme iron is found
in animal foods that originally contained hemoglobin, such
as red meats, fish, chicken.
• Nonheme : Iron in plant foods such as lentils and beans and
white bread. This is the form of iron added to iron-enriched
and iron-fortified foods.
• Dietary sources include red meat, leafy green vegetables,
fish (tuna, salmon), eggs, dried fruits, beans, whole grains,
and enriched grains.
• Heme iron is absorbed better than nonheme iron, but
most dietary iron is nonheme iron.
Normal range of intake
Age
Males mg/day
Females mg /day
7 – 12 month
11
11
1 -3 years
7
7
4 -8 years
10
10
9 – 13 years
8
8
14 - 18 years
11
15
19 – 50 years
8
18
50 + years
8
8
Disease that cause by iron deficiency:
Iron deficiency anemia :
is an advanced stage of iron depletion. It
occurs when storage sites of iron are deficient
and blood levels of iron cannot meet daily
needs and can be associated with low dietary
intake of iron, inadequate absorption of iron,
or excessive blood loss.
• Blood hemoglobin levels are below normal
with iron deficiency anemia .
People who need extra iron are:
• Three groups of people are most likely to benefit from iron
supplements:
people with a greater need for iron, individuals who tend to lose
more iron, and people who do not absorb iron normally.
These individuals include:
- pregnant women .
- preterm and low birth weight infants.
- older infants and toddlers.
- teenage girls .
- women of childbearing age, especially those with heavy menstrual
losses .
- people with renal failure, especially those undergoing routine dialysis
.
- people with gastrointestinal disorders who do not absorb iron
normally.
Iron overload disorder:
• Iron overload disorders are diseases caused by
the accumulation of iron in the body.
• Iron deficiency is uncommon among adult
men and postmenopausal women. These
individuals should only take iron supplements
when prescribed by a physician because of
their greater risk of iron overload.
Iron supplement
• Iron supplementation is indicated when diet
alone cannot restore deficient iron levels to
normal within an acceptable timeframe.
• Supplements are especially important when an
individual is experiencing clinical symptoms of
iron deficiency anemia.
• The goals of providing oral iron supplements are
to supply sufficient iron to restore normal storage
levels of iron and to replenish hemoglobin
deficits.
• Supplemental iron is available in two forms:
ferrous and ferric.
• Ferrous iron salts (ferrous fumarate, ferrous
sulfate, and ferrous gluconate) are the best
absorbed forms of iron supplements .
Elemental iron is the amount of iron in a
supplement that is available for absorption.
Figure 2 lists the percent elemental iron in these supplements.
• The amount of iron absorbed decreases with
increasing doses. For this reason, it is
recommended that most people take their
prescribed daily iron supplement in two or three
equally spaced doses.
• For adults who are not pregnant, the CDC
recommends taking 50 mg to 60 mg of oral
elemental iron (the approximate amount of
elemental iron in one 300 mg tablet of ferrous
sulfate) twice daily for three months for the
therapeutic treatment of iron deficiency anemia
• Therapeutic doses of iron supplements, which are
prescribed for iron deficiency anemia, may cause
gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea, vomiting,
constipation, diarrhea, dark colored stools, and/or
abdominal distress
• Starting with half the recommended dose and
gradually increasing to the full dose will help minimize
these side effects.
• Taking the supplement in divided doses and with food
also may help limit these symptoms
• Iron from enteric coated or delayed-release
preparations may have fewer side effects, but is not as
well absorbed and not usually recommended
Chloride
• Chloride is a chemical the human body needs
for metabolism and keep the body's acid-base
balance. The amount of chloride in the blood
is carefully controlled by the kidneys
source
• The main source of chloride is table salt
(refined salt).
Chloride works best with
• Vitamin B6
• Potassium
• Sodium
Normal intake
Age
Amounts mg
0 -6 months
180
7 – 12 months
1 -3 years
4 – 8 years
9 -18 years
570
1500
1900
2300
19 – 50 years
51 -70 years
2300
2000
71 + years
1800
Pregnancy and lactation
2300
• Hypochloremia:
• is an electrolyte disturbance whereby there is
an abnormally depleted level of the chloride
ion in the blood. It rarely occurs in the
absence of other abnormalities. If it occurs
together with metabolic alkalosis (decreased
blood acidity) it is often due to vomiting.
• Hyperchloemia:
• is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is
an abnormally elevated level of the chloride
ion in the blood.
• It is associated with kidney disease and
overactivity of parathyroid glands.
Zinc
• Zinc is an essential mineral, necessary for
sustaining all life. It is required for several
enzymes such as carboxypeptidase, liver alcohol
dehydrogenase, and carbonic anhydrase and it is
required for many proteins as hemoglobin.
• A variety of zinc compounds find use industrially,
such as zinc chloride (in deodorants), zinc
pyrithione (anti-dandruff shampoos), zinc sulfide
(in luminescent paints), and zinc methyl or zinc
diethyl in the organic laboratory.
Sources of zinc
• Dietary sources include red meat, leafy green vegetables, fish eggs
and beans.
• Food
A wide variety of foods contain zinc . Oysters contain more zinc per
serving than any other food, but red meat and poultry provide the
majority of zinc in the American diet. Other good food sources
include beans, nuts, certain types of seafood (such as crab and
lobster), whole grains, fortified breakfast cereals, and dairy
products
• Phytates—which are present in whole-grain breads, cereals,
legumes, and other foods—bind zinc and inhibit its absorption .
Thus, the bioavailability of zinc from grains and plant foods is lower
than that from animal foods, although many grain- and plant-based
foods are still good sources of zinc
Normal intake
Age
Amounts mg
0 -6 months
2
7 months to 3 years
3
4 -8 years
5
9 -13 years
8
14- 18 years
11 in male and 9 in female
19 + years
11 in male and 8 in female
Pregnancy and lactation
11 to 14
Zinc deficiency
• It is occurs where insfficient zinc is available
for metabolic needs.
• Symptoms:
-malabsorption, acromermatitis, enteropathica.
-chronic liver disease, renal disease.
-sickle cell disease.
-diabetes, malignancy and other chronic
illnesses
Dietary supplement
• Supplements contain several forms of zinc, including zinc
gluconate, zinc sulfate, and zinc acetate. The percentage of
elemental zinc varies by form. For example, approximately
23% of zinc sulfate consists of elemental zinc; thus, 220 mg
of zinc sulfate contains 50 mg of elemental zinc. The
elemental zinc content appears in the Supplement Facts
panel on the supplement container. Research has not
determined whether differences exist among forms of zinc
in absorption, bioavailability, or tolerability.
• In addition to standard tablets and capsules, some zinccontaining cold lozenges are labeled as dietary
supplements.
Zinc toxicity
Even though zinc is an essential requirement for a
healthy body, but excess zinc can be harmful.
• Excessive absorption of zinc can be lead to:
- suppresses copper and iron absorption.
-lethargy.
-ataxia (gross lack of coordination of muscle
movements).
-hemolytic anemia.
-liver or kidney damage.
-vomiting and diarrhea.
sodium
• Sodium is a key component of your body.
• It's an electrolyte and helps carry nerve
impulses between cells.
• It helps maintain normal blood pressure as
well as the volume of the blood itself .
• It's essential for nervous system to
accomplish muscle movement, and it
regulates the fluids in and around the cells.
• Sodium is a part of everyone's diet
• the minimum sodium requirement is about 1,500
milligrams (mg) of sodium each day. This is les
than 1 teaspoon of table salt.
• The maximum recommended level of sodium
intake is 2,300 mg per day
• Table salt is 40 percent sodium and 60 percent
chloride
• Food sources of sodium:
canned asparagus, beef, bread, canned corn,
cheese, egg, frankfurters, ham, milk, peanut
butter, canned salmon, sardines, sauerkraut,
Swiss chard, tomato juice, tuna.
Hyponatremia
• is an electrolyte disturbance in which the sodium
concentration in the plasma is lower than normal(below
135 mmol/L).
Risk factors:
• Age. Low blood sodium is more common in older adults.
• Sex. Hyponatremia is more common in women than in
men.
• Diet. You may be at an increased risk of hyponatremia if
you are following a low-sodium diet, especially if combined
with diuretic intake.
• Intensive physical activities
• Conditions that impair your body's water excretion
Supplement uses
• Dehydration:
Sodium chloride can be used to treat dehydration due to
excessive salt loss or salt deficiency. It can also help reduce
decreases in blood volumes in fasting patients.
• Excessive perspiration:
Sodium chloride supplementation can help alleviate
excessive perspiration that occurs regularly.
• Low weight or premature infants:
Sodium supplements can reduce excessive urinary
excretion often seen in low weight or premature infants.
• Sodium deficiency:
Sodium can benefit such symptoms as weakness, muscle
Cramps, and aches.
Magnesium
• Magnesium is one of the most abundant mineral
in the body and is essential to good health.
• It helps maintain normal muscle and nerve
function, keeps heart rhythm steady, supports a
healthy immune system, and keeps bones strong.
• Magnesium also helps regulate blood sugar
levels, promotes normal blood pressure, and is
known to be involved in energy metabolism and
protein synthesis.
Source of magnesium
• Excellent sources of magnesium include Swiss
chard and spinach.
• Very good sources of magnesium include mustard
greens, summer squash, broccoli, blackstrap
molasses, halibut, turnip greens, pumpkin seeds
and peppermint.
• There are numerous good sources of magnesium
including cucumber, green beans, celery, kale and
a variety of seeds, including sunflower seeds,
sesame seeds, and flax seeds.
• Recommended Daily Allowance = 300mg
Deficiency may be caused by:
• Reduced dietary intake as in poor diet,
malnutrition, anorexia nervosa, or high raw
bran intake.
• Reduced or impaired absorption caused by
malabsorption conditions such as: chronic
Diarrhoea, gastro-intestinal Infections or
allergies.
Supplement uses
The following are known to deplete magnesium levels:
• Long term use of diuretics
• Diarrhea
• Alcohol
• Excessive sweating
• Magnesium is also often taken by women to ease Premenstrual syndrome, especially stomach cramps and sugar
cravings.
• Other conditions that people sometimes find magnesium
helps with are involuntary muscle twitches (e.g. of the
eyelid) and combined with calcium> for muscle cramps.
• Asthma:
Magnesium has been shown to reduce wheezing and may
be an important factor in Asthma and chronic-obstructive
airways disease.
Copper
• Copper is located throughout the body,
incorporated into organic complexes, such as
enzymes involved in brain function and the
Circulatory System.
• Source:
Oyster ,Whelks ,Lambs liver 6.0, Crab ,Brewers
yeast ,Olives ,Hazelnuts ,Shrimps ,Cod ,Bread,
wholemeal, Peas
• Copper deficiency can cause a syndrome of
anemia or pancytopenia and a
neurodegeneration in humans or other
mammals.
Supplement uses
• A copper supplement may be necessary when high
dose Zinc is being taken, as this may deplete copper.
• Copper is also necessary in Menke?s syndrome (a rare
genetic disease characterized by the inability to absorb
copper) . However in this condition, copper injections
are often prescribed.
• Copper may be useful in combating inflammatory
diseases such as rheumatoid Arthritis and
osteoarthritis.
•
Phosphorus
• Phosphorus makes up 0.8% to 1.1% of total body weight. It
is primarily found in the skeleton and teeth in the
compound Calcium phosphate. Calcium phosphate gives
soft organic portions of bone and teeth structural rigidity.
• Aside from providing structure for bone and teeth.
• phosphorus has an important function in nearly all cell
metabolic activities.
• As the major constituent of phosphate, phosphorus is
essential for energy storage as adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) molecules.
• Phosphorus is also an important constituent of RNA and
DNA.
• The phosphate group plays an important role in the
breakdown of glucose.
Source
• The following are food sources of phosphorus:
Artichokes, beef, broccoli, chicken, egg, ice
cream, dried beans, beef liver, cheese, chicken
liver, green peas, lamb liver, lentils, lima
beans, milk, mushroom, orange sherbet,
parsnip, peanut, pork, potatoes, sardines,
turkey liver, veal liver, enriched white bread,
whole wheat bread, winter squash, and
yogurt.
REQUIREMENTS
• Age RDA (mg)
Infants/children
0-6 months 300
6-12 months 500
1-10 years 800
• males
11-24 years 1200
25+ years 800
• females
11-24 years 1200
25+ years 800
• Pregnancy 1200
lactation 1200
deficincy
• Phosphorus deficiency is a concern mostly for
people who take phosphate-binding antacids or
who experience excessive losses of urine.
Otherwise, it is an extremely rare condition.
Symptoms include Fatigue, anorexia, bone
demineralisation, osteomalacia, convulsions, and
abnormal or incomplete mineralisation of
developing teeth. . It may also result from
impaired renal phosphate absorption, a
characteristic of Vitamin D-resistant rickets.
Symptoms are similar to those of other forms of
rickets.
Supplement use
• Bone and Dental health:
Supplementation of phosphorus may be important for
people with low phosphate to Calcium ratios. Younger
people may especially benefit from supplementation
for proper bone and tooth mineralisation .
• Hypophosphatemia:
For people with hypophosphatemia, phosphorus
supplements may be helpful for the treatment of
osteomalacia, rickets, bone Pain, and muscle
weakness.
selenium
• Selenium is incorporated into proteins to
make selenoproteins, which are important
antioxidant enzymes. The antioxidant
properties of selenoproteins help prevent
cellular damage from free radicals. Free
radicals are natural by-products of oxygen
metabolism that may contribute to the
development of chronic diseases such as
cancer and heart disease
• selenium deficiency
• Selenium occurs in staple foods such as corn,
wheat, and soybean as selenomethionine
• Selenium supplements may also contain sodium
selenite and sodium selenate, two inorganic
forms of selenium
• Selenomethionine is generally considered to be
the best absorbed and utilized form of selenium.
• Excess selenium cause selenosis
Can you skip your daily servings of
fruits and vegetables and take a
vitamin and mineral supplement
instead?
• Vitamins and minerals are substances your
body needs in small but steady amounts for
normal growth, function and health. Together,
vitamins and minerals are called
micronutrients. Your body can't make most
micronutrients, so you must get them from
the foods you eat or, in some cases, from
dietary supplements.
• So the answer is NO
Done by:
Amal alekresh
Fadelh aleailew
Hind almofleh
Maha alsomaly
Refrances
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_mineral
• http://www.nutritional-supplementsguide.com/dietary-mineral-supplements.html
• http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/calcium.asp
• http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/potassi
um-000320.htm
• http://ods.od.nih.gov/FactSheets/