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Art of the Ancient
Near East
Mesopotamia
Assyria
Neo-Babylonia and Persia
The Second Millenium BCE
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Art of the Ancient Near East > Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia
• Sumer
• Akkad
• Lagash and the Third Dynasty of Ur
• Babylon
• The Hittites
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Art of the Ancient Near East > Assyria
Assyria
• Kalhu
• Dur Sharrukin
• Nineveh
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Art of the Ancient Near East > Neo-Babylonia and Persia
Neo-Babylonia and Persia
• Neo-Babylonia
• Persia
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Art of the Ancient Near East > The Second Millenium BCE
The Second Millenium BCE
• Art in the Second Millennium B.C.E.
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Appendix
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Art of the Ancient Near East
Key terms
• Anatolia A peninsula of Western Asia, comprising most of the modern Republic of Turkey. Bounded by the Black Sea to the
north, the Armenian Highland to the east, the Mediterranean Sea to the south and the Aegean Sea to the west.
• aurochs An extinct European mammal, Bos primigenius, the ancestor of domestic cattle.
• Chalcolithic The Chalcolithic period or Copper Age, is a phase of the Bronze Age in which the addition of tin to copper to form
bronze during smelting remained yet unknown by the metallurgists of the times. The Copper Age was originally defined as a
transition between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age.
• Codes an early manuscript booka book bound in the modern manner, by joining pages, as opposed to a rolled scrollan official
list of medicines and medicinal ingredients
• Cuneiform Cuneiform is one of the earliest known forms of written expression. Emerging in Sumer around the 30th century BC,
with predecessors reaching into the late 4th millennium (the Uruk IV period), cuneiform writing began as a system of
pictographs.
• Cuneiform Cuneiform is one of the earliest known forms of written expression. Emerging in Sumer around the 30th century BC,
with predecessors reaching into the late 4th millennium (the Uruk IV period), cuneiform writing began as a system of
pictographs.
• fluted having semicylindrical vertical grooves, either for decoration or to trim weight
• frieze Any sculptured or richly ornamented band in a building or, by extension, in rich pieces of furniture.
• glazed having a vitreous coating whose primary purposes are decoration or protection
• hypostyle Having a roof supported on a row of columns.
• immortal A member of an elite regiment of the Persian army.
• Ishtar A goddess of fertility, love, sex, and war; in the Babylonian pantheon, the divine personification of the planet Venus.
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Art of the Ancient Near East
• Ishtar A goddess of fertility, love, sex, and war; in the Babylonian pantheon, the divine personification of the planet Venus.
• Mesopotamia A region in Southwest Asia, spanning from the rivers Euphrates and Tigris, that is the site of one of the most
ancient civilizations in the history of man.
• Mesopotamia A region in Southwest Asia, spanning from the rivers Euphrates and Tigris, that is the site of one of the most
ancient civilizations in the history of man.
• Neo-Assyrian Empire An empire in Mesopotamian history from 934 BC - 609 BC, during which time Assyria assumed a position
of great power.
• Obelisk A tall, square, tapered, stone monolith topped with a pyramidal point, frequently used as a monument.
• pilaster A rectangular column that projects partially from the wall to which it is attached; it gives the appearance of a support,
but is only for decoration.
• relief A type of artwork in which shapes or figures protrude from a flat background.
• Sennacherib The son of Sargon II, whom he succeeded on the throne of Assyria (705 – 681 BC).
• Sumerian Of, from, or pertaining to Sumer.
• theocratic Theocratic refers to theocracy, or a form of government in which a deity is officially recognized as the civil Ruler.
Official policy is governed by officials regarded as divinely guided, or is pursuant to the doctrine of a particular religion or
religious group.
• ziggurat A temple tower of the ancient Mesopotamian valley, having the form of a terraced pyramid of successively receding
stories.
• ziggurat A temple tower of the ancient Mesopotamian valley, having the form of a terraced pyramid of successively receding
stories.
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Art of the Ancient Near East
• ziggurat A temple tower of the ancient Mesopotamian valley, having the form of a terraced pyramid of successively receding
stories.
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Art of the Ancient Near East
Decorative frieze from the palace of Darius the Great at Susa, ca. 510 BCE
Decorative panels from the terra-cotta griffins' frieze. The vivid colors were preserved thanks to the ruins being buried underground and protected from
the elements.
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Wikipedia. "Decorative motives2 griffins frieze Louvre Sb3323." Public domain
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Decorative_motives2_griffins_frieze_Louvre_Sb3323.jpg View on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East
Relief from Apadana Hall, Persepolis
Features 5th century BC carving of Persian and Median soldiers in traditional costume. Note the subtle differences in the clothing and style of the
soldiers on each side. The Medians are wearing rounded hats and boots.
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Wikipedia. "Persepolis The Persian Soldiers." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Persepolis_The_Persian_Soldiers.jpg View on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East
Persepolis
A panoramic view of its ruins.
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Wikipedia. "2009-11-24 Persepolis 02." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2009-11-24_Persepolis_02.jpg View on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East
Ishtar Gate Detail
An aurochs above a flower ribbon with missing tiles filled in; Ishtar Gate bas-relief, housed in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin. A prominent characteristic
of Neo-Babylonian art and architecture was the use of brilliantly colorful glazed bricks.
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Wikipedia. "Ish-tar Gate detail." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ish-tar_Gate_detail.jpg View on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East
Ishtar Gate at Pergamon Museum
This was reconstructed in Berlin in 1930, using materials excavated from the original build-site.
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Wikimedia. "Fotothek df ps 0002470 Innenräume ^ Ausstellungsgebäude." CC BY-SA
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_ps_0002470_Innenr%25C3%25A4ume_%255E_Ausstellungsgeb%25C3%25A4ude.jpg View on
Art of the Ancient Near East
Winged Bull
Human-headed winged bull (shedu), found during Botta's excavation. Now in the Louvre Museum.
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Wikipedia. "Human headed winged bull profile." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Human_headed_winged_bull_profile.jpg View on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East
Palace of Khorsabad
Sketch of the Khorsabad Palace.
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Wikipedia. "Palace of Khorsabad." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palace_of_Khorsabad.png View on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East
Obelisk Detail
Depiction of either Jehu son of Jehoshaphat son of Nimshi, or Jehu's ambassador, bowing before Shalmaneser III.
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Wikipedia. "Jehu-Obelisk-cropped." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jehu-Obelisk-cropped.jpg View on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East
Gate Guardians: The Man-Headed Lions
This Portal Guardian (Lamassu) from Nimrud guarded the entrance to the palace at Nimrud.
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Wikipedia. "Portal Guardian from Nimroud.British Museum." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portal_Guardian_from_Nimroud._British_Museum.jpg
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Art of the Ancient Near East
Black Obelisk
The Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III commemorates the king's victorious campaigns from 859–824 BCE.
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Wikipedia. "Black-obelisk." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black-obelisk.jpg View on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East
Babylon
Babylon in a 1932 excavation.
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Wikipedia. "Babylon, 1932." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Babylon,_1932.jpg View on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East
Hammurabi's Code
The upper part of the stela of Hammurabi's code of laws
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Wikipedia. "P1050771 Louvre code Hammurabi bas relief rwk." GNU FDL 1.2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P1050771_Louvre_code_Hammurabi_bas_relief_rwk.JPG View on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East
Map of Babylon
Map showing the Babylonian territory upon Hammurabi's ascension in 1792 BCE and upon his death in 1750 BCE.
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Wikipedia. "Hammurabi's Babylonia 1." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hammurabi%2527s_Babylonia_1.svg View on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East
Chogha Zanbil Ziggurat
The Chogha Zanbil ziggurat was built in 1250 BC by Untash-Napirisha, the king of Elam to honor the Elamite god Inshushinak. The kingdom of Elam
was located east of Mesopotamia and Chogha Zanbil is located in present-day Iran--one of the few ziggurats outside Mesopotamia.
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Wikipedia. "Chogha Zanbil." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chogha_Zanbil View on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East
The Burney Relief
The Burney Relief is a Mesopotamian terracotta plaque in high relief of the Old-Babylonian period, depicting a winged, nude, goddess-like figure with
bird's talons, flanked by owls, and perched upon supine lions. The relief is dated between 1800 and 1750 BCE. It originates from southern Iraq, but the
exact find-site is unknown. Apart from its distinctive iconography, the piece is noted for its high relief and relatively large size, which suggests that is was
used as a cult relief, which makes it a very rare survival from the period.
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Wikipedia. "Burney Relief." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burney_Relief View on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East
Akkadian Empire
Map of the Near East showing the geographical extent of the Akkadian Empire.
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Wikipedia. "File:Empire akkad.svg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Empire_akkad.svg&page=1 View on
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Art of the Ancient Near East
Hittite Bronze Religious Standard
Bronze religious standard symbolizing the universe, used by Hittite priests, from the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations.
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Wikipedia. "Museum of Anatolian Civilizations025 kopie." GNU FDL 1.2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations025_kopie.jpg View on
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Art of the Ancient Near East
Map of the Hittite Empire
The Hittite Empire is shown in Blue, ca. eighteenth century BCE–ca. 1178 BCE.
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Wikipedia. "AlterOrient2." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AlterOrient2.png View on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East
Royal Nineveh Carving
The king hunting lion from the North Palace, Nineveh, seen at the British Museum
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Wikipedia. "Nineveh north palace king hunting lion." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nineveh_north_palace_king_hunting_lion.jpg View on
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Art of the Ancient Near East
Umma City Plan
Plan indicating the real estate of the city of Umma, with indications of the surfaces of the parts. Third Dynasty of Ur.
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Wikipedia. "Plan of terrain AO5677 mp3h9127." CC BY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plan_of_terrain_AO5677_mp3h9127.jpg View on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East
Gudea
Gudea of Lagash, diorite statue found at Girsu (Louvre).
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Wikipedia. "Gudea of Lagash Girsu." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg View on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East
Ur III Map
Map showing the Ur III state and its sphere of influence.
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Wikipedia. "Ur III." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ur_III.svg View on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East
Sumer
Map of the Cities of Sumer.
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Wikipedia. "Cities of Sumer (en)." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cities_of_Sumer_(en).svg View on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East
Stele of Vultures
Battle formations on a fragment of the Stele of the Vultures. Example of Sumerian pictorial cuneiform writing.
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Wikipedia. "Stele of Vultures detail 01." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stele_of_Vultures_detail_01.jpg View on Boundless.com
Art of the Ancient Near East
Which of the following contributed to Sumer's historical
importance?
A) Sumer's surplus of storable food allowed the population to settle in
one place
B) Sumer's economy required an extensive labor force and division of
labor
C) Sumer was the site of early development of writing called cuneiform
D) All of these answers
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Art of the Ancient Near East
Which of the following contributed to Sumer's historical
importance?
A) Sumer's surplus of storable food allowed the population to settle in
one place
B) Sumer's economy required an extensive labor force and division of
labor
C) Sumer was the site of early development of writing called cuneiform
D) All of these answers
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Art of the Ancient Near East
Which of the following constitutes evidence for the existence of
Akkad?
A) cuneiform texts
B) archaeological excavations
C) a reference in the Bible
D) all of these answers
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Art of the Ancient Near East
Which of the following constitutes evidence for the existence of
Akkad?
A) cuneiform texts
B) archaeological excavations
C) a reference in the Bible
D) all of these answers
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Art of the Ancient Near East
Which of the following applies to both Lagash and The Third
Dynasty of Ur?
A) Both created early law-codes
B) Both were vassals of Akkadian rule
C) Both used Sumerian as the language of legal, administrative, and
economic documents
D) Both were responsible for writing down the Uruk epic of Gilgamesh
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Art of the Ancient Near East
Which of the following applies to both Lagash and The Third
Dynasty of Ur?
A) Both created early law-codes
B) Both were vassals of Akkadian rule
C) Both used Sumerian as the language of legal, administrative, and
economic documents
D) Both were responsible for writing down the Uruk epic of Gilgamesh
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Art of the Ancient Near East
Nebuchadnezzar II is credited which with of the following
Babylonian achievements?
A) the Etemenanki ziggurat and the Ishtar Gate; but not the Hanging
Gardens
B) the Etemenanki ziggurat; the Ishtar Gate; and the Hanging Gardens
C) the Etemenanki ziggurat and the Hanging Gardens; but not the Ishtar
Gate
D) the Ishtar Gate and the Hanging Gardens; but not the Etemenanki
ziggurat
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Art of the Ancient Near East
Nebuchadnezzar II is credited which with of the following
Babylonian achievements?
A) the Etemenanki ziggurat and the Ishtar Gate; but not the Hanging
Gardens
B) the Etemenanki ziggurat; the Ishtar Gate; and the Hanging Gardens
C) the Etemenanki ziggurat and the Hanging Gardens; but not the Ishtar
Gate
D) the Ishtar Gate and the Hanging Gardens; but not the Etemenanki
ziggurat
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Art of the Ancient Near East
The Hittites are credited with all of the following EXCEPT:
A) the manufacture of iron artifacts
B) the use of Mesopotamian cuneiform letters
C) the depiction of cosmic symbology
D) the invention of the bow-armed chariot
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Art of the Ancient Near East
The Hittites are credited with all of the following EXCEPT:
A) the manufacture of iron artifacts
B) the use of Mesopotamian cuneiform letters
C) the depiction of cosmic symbology
D) the invention of the bow-armed chariot
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Art of the Ancient Near East
Which king of Assyria is credited with building a large palace,
temples, botanic and zoologic gardens in the city of Nimrud?
A) King Shalmaneser I
B) King Shalmaneser III
C) King Sennechareib
D) King Ashurnasirpal II
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Art of the Ancient Near East
Which king of Assyria is credited with building a large palace,
temples, botanic and zoologic gardens in the city of Nimrud?
A) King Shalmaneser I
B) King Shalmaneser III
C) King Sennechareib
D) King Ashurnasirpal II
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Art of the Ancient Near East
Which of the following statements about the city o Dur-Sharrukin
is FALSE?
A) A pillared pleasure-pavilion stood on the central canal of the garden.
B) The city was constructed on a rectangular layout.
C) The palace was adorned with sculptures and wall reliefs.
D) Construction of the city was completed under King Sargon.
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Art of the Ancient Near East
Which of the following statements about the city o Dur-Sharrukin
is FALSE?
A) A pillared pleasure-pavilion stood on the central canal of the garden.
B) The city was constructed on a rectangular layout.
C) The palace was adorned with sculptures and wall reliefs.
D) Construction of the city was completed under King Sargon.
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Art of the Ancient Near East
Why was the city of Nineveh important in commercial trade?
A) It was rich in natural resources such as ivory and gold.
B) It was located on an island off the coast of an important trading port.
C) None of these answers
D) It was strategically located between the Mediterranean Sea and the
Indian Ocean.
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Art of the Ancient Near East
Why was the city of Nineveh important in commercial trade?
A) It was rich in natural resources such as ivory and gold.
B) It was located on an island off the coast of an important trading port.
C) None of these answers
D) It was strategically located between the Mediterranean Sea and the
Indian Ocean.
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Art of the Ancient Near East
Prior to the Neo-Babylonian Empire from 626-539 BCE, Babylonia
had been ruled by __________.
A) the Akkadians only.
B) the Akkadians and Assyrians.
C) the Assyrians only.
D) the Greeks.
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Art of the Ancient Near East
Prior to the Neo-Babylonian Empire from 626-539 BCE, Babylonia
had been ruled by __________.
A) the Akkadians only.
B) the Akkadians and Assyrians.
C) the Assyrians only.
D) the Greeks.
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Art of the Ancient Near East
Persian art is characterized by its eclectic combination of which
artistic styles?
A) Median, Egyptian, and ancient Roman styles
B) Median, Assyrian, and Asiatic Greek styles
C) Near Eastern, Asiatic Greek, and early Roman styles
D) Egyptian, Median, and Near Eastern styles
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Art of the Ancient Near East
Persian art is characterized by its eclectic combination of which
artistic styles?
A) Median, Egyptian, and ancient Roman styles
B) Median, Assyrian, and Asiatic Greek styles
C) Near Eastern, Asiatic Greek, and early Roman styles
D) Egyptian, Median, and Near Eastern styles
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Art of the Ancient Near East
Which of the following statements regarding Assyrian and
Babylonian art is true?
A) While Babylonians preferred relief-form sculpture, Babylonians
preferred free-standing form.
B) Both Babylonians and Assyrians began with relief-form sculpture and
advanced to free-standing form.
C) While Babylonians preferred free-standing sculpture, Assyrians
preferred relief-form.
D) Both Babylonians and Assyrians preferred relief-form sculpture over
free-standing form.
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Art of the Ancient Near East
Which of the following statements regarding Assyrian and
Babylonian art is true?
A) While Babylonians preferred relief-form sculpture, Babylonians
preferred free-standing form.
B) Both Babylonians and Assyrians began with relief-form sculpture and
advanced to free-standing form.
C) While Babylonians preferred free-standing sculpture, Assyrians
preferred relief-form.
D) Both Babylonians and Assyrians preferred relief-form sculpture over
free-standing form.
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Art of the Ancient Near East
Attribution
• Wikipedia. "Achaemenid architecture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture
• Wikipedia. "Achaemenid Empire." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//art-history/definition/fluted
• Wiktionary. "immortal." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/immortal
• Wiktionary. "hypostyle." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hypostyle
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Art of the Ancient Near East
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