Common Exam Preparation and
Review

• Two Parts- Timed
– No Substitute for Preparation
– 40 Minutes- Multiple Choice
• Answer Every Question
• No Pattern
• Look for Key Vocabulary and Clues
– 40 Minutes- Constructed Response
• Answer Every Question
• Provide specific examples/answers to the questions

• “American Dream” is a national ethos of the United States in which freedom includes the opportunity for prosperity and success. It is the aspiration of
Americans to live better than their parents did. The American Dream is a concept that builds the aspirations of Americans to live better than their parents upon the traditional social ideals of the US, such as equality, democracy, and material prosperity.
• Chronological thinking refers to the way that historians make sense of events by placing them in their order of occurrence in time.
• Economic issues are matters, which directly or indirectly affect the distribution of intellectual and material resources in a society.
• Founding Principles - The constitutional values and principles held by Americans that provide the foundation for American attitudes regarding political life. These principles have influenced the development and maintenance of American constitutional democracy.
• Global interaction refers to the development of international systems of exchange that result in networks of trade and communications and cultural and political exchange.
• Historical evidence is primary artifacts used to support a historical point of view or perspective.

• Philosophical theories are the theories and ideas that shaped the development of intellectual philosophies and spanned many popular political, social and economic debates. The point of a theory is to explain observations, which in turn seek to explain the world or society in which we live.
• Political issues are matters, which directly or indirectly affect a system involving government and its politics and are considered to be problems and controversies related to power and authority.
• Principles of American Constitutional Democracy – Popular sovereignty and constitutional government. Constitutional government includes rule of law representative institutions, separated and shared powers, checks and balances, individual rights, separation of church and state, federalism, and civilian control of the military.
• Public interest - The public interest refers to the welfare of the general public (in contrast to the selfish interest of a person, group, or firm) in which the whole society has a stake and which warrants recognition, promotion, and protection by the government and its agencies.
• Social issues are matters which directly or indirectly affect a person or members of a society and are considered to be problems, controversies related to moral values, or both.

• Historical interpretation occurs when a certain historical event is described from different points of views. When this is done in firstperson, it is sometimes referred to as living history.
• Historical narrative is an account, report or story of events or experiences that is based on factual evidence from the past.
• Historical perspective - describing the past on its own terms, through the eyes and experiences of those who were there, as revealed through their literature, diaries, letters, debates, arts, artifacts, etc.
• Literal meaning refers to the meaning of a passage, text, etc. as the original author would have intended and what the original hearers/readers would have understood.
• Multiple causation is the mutual effect by many different forces to cause a particular action or occurrence.
• National identity is the depiction of a country as a whole, encompassing its culture, traditions, language, and politics.

Concepts- Civilization, Achievement,
Growth, Influence, Trade, Innovation,
Class

Geographic Issues
• Flooding
• Fertile Crescent
• Early River Valley
Civilizations
• Natural Barriers
Ancient Civilizations
• Nile
• Indus Valley
• Yellow River
• Tigris-Euphrates
• Mediterranean Sea

Networks
• Trade
• Technology
• Communication
• Nomadic vs. Settled Groups
Spread of Civilization
• Phoenicians
• Minoans
• Mycenaean
• Persians

Types of Government
• Theocracy
• Democracy
• Oligarchy
• Tyranny
• Aristocracy
Influence
• Religion
• Interaction
• Values and Beliefs
• Culture
• Diversity
• Examples: Greece, Rome,
India and China

Codes
• Hammurabi
– One of first written law codes
• Draco
– Codified law in Athens-
Draconian
• Justinian
– Roman Emperor law code-
Natural law and Civil law
• Theodosius
– Published laws in the eastern half of the Roman Empire
– Christian law
Understandings
• Acceptable Behavior
• Unity of Society
• Written Law
• Centralized Power
• Leads to Democracy in
Greece

Empires
• Mongol
• Mughal
• Ottoman
• Ming
• Mesoamerican
• Inca
Understandings
• Conquest
– Cultural Exchange
– Religion
– Culture
– Economic and Political Influence
– Silk Roads
• Decline
– Internal and External Reasons
– Legacies
• Pyramids
• Art
• Literature
• Technology
• Monetary System
• Architecture
• Irrigation
• Math
• Military
• Religion

Religions
• Buddhism
• Christianity
• Confucianism
• Hinduism
• Islam
• Judaism
• Shintoism
Understandings
• Geopolitical Expansion
– Christianity and the Roman
Empire
– Buddhism and the Han Dynasty
– Islam
• Religious Toleration
• Monotheism
• Polytheism
• Constantinople
• Tenets of various religions

Terms
• Trade
• Technology
• Innovation
• Scientific Thought
• Art
Understandings
• Interaction between Islamic world and Medieval Europe
• Factors leading to the
Renaissance

Empires
• Ghana
• Mali
• Songhai
• Greece
• Rome
• China
• Mughal
• Mongol
• Mesoamerica
• Inca
Understandings
• Territorial Conflicts
• Tension and Conflict
• Commercial and Agricultural
Improvements
• Trade Routes
– Exchange of Ideas
– Urbanization
– Transportation
– Communication
– Balance of Power

Terms
• Social Classes
• Castes
• Slavery
Understanding
• Social Hierarchy
• Religion and Economic
Factors
• Limited Diversity
• Limited Social Mobility

Concepts: Power, Authority,
Government, Innovation, Conflict

Empires
• Carolingian Dynasty
• Holy Roman Empire
• Ottoman Empire
• Mughal Empire
• Safavid Empire
Understandings
• Religion often unites people and groups politically and culturally
• Complete religious authority can lead to absolute power
• Medieval
• Early Middle Ages
• Middle Ages
• High Middle Ages
• Feudalism and Manor System
• Medieval Popes
• No Unity in Germany
• Blended Greco-Roman, Germanic and
Christian traditions
• Causes and Outcomes of the Crusades
• Expansion of Empires
• Power of The Church

Struggles
• Cluniac Reforms
• Common Law
• Magna Carta
• Conflict between Popes and
Emperors
• Religious Schisms
• Hundred Years War
Understandings
• Conflict = Change
• Struggle can lead to Nation-
States
• Religious Conflict led to
Economic, Political and Social changes in Europe
• Monarchs vs. Popes and royal authority
• Lay-Investiture
• Magna Carta
• Nation-States

Medieval Changes
• Feudalism
• Agricultural Revolution
• Commercial revolution
• Banking System
• Manorial System
• Growth of Towns
Understandings
• Innovation and Technology
• Population Shift
• Urbanization
• Revival of Trade
• Bill of Exchange
• Emergence of Middle Class
• Bourgeoisie does not fit in
Medieval System

Conflicts
• Agricultural Revolution
• Muslim Agricultural
Revolution
• Meso-American and
Andean Agricultural
Innovations
Understandings
• Slash and Burn Agriculture
• Step Terraces
• Feudal Lords
• Chinampas
• Two Field to Three Field
Systems
• Enclosure Movement

Concepts: Reform, Exploration,
Improvement

Global Interaction
• Renaissance
• Protestant Reformation
• Catholic Revolution
• Printing Revolution
Understandings
• Quest for Knowledge and lead to
Global interaction
• Innovations of Asian and Islamic
Civilizations as well as Greco-
Roman Culture foundation of
Renaissance
• Renaissance Art
• Reformation and European Politics
• Geographic location of Italian City-
States
• Reformation and Religious Reform
• Printing Revolution and the
Reformation

Reasons
• Political, Economic and
Social Reasons for Rise of
Nation-States
• Reformation
• Absolutism
• Limited Monarchies
• Empires
Understandings
• National Monarchies of the High
Middle Ages
– England- Parliamentary Monarchy
– France- Absolutism
– Germany and Italy- Failure of
Monarchy
• Protestant and Catholic
Reformations
• Treaty of Westphalia
• Glorious Revolution
• English Bill of Rights
• English Civil War
• Louis XIV
• Peter the Great
• Catherine the Great
• Catholic vs. Protestant

Transformations
• Growth of Towns
• Creation of Guilds
• Commercialization
Understanding
• New Markets
• Urbanization
• Migration
• Specialization of Labor
• Diet Change
• Standard of Living
• Communication,
Transportation. New Energy

Interactions
• Europe
• Southwest Asia
• America
• Africa
• Mercantilism
• Inflation
• Capitalism
Understandings
• Marco Polo
• Desire for Resources and Markets
• Movement and Interaction of People
• Desire for Wealth
• Colonization
• Trade Competition
• Spread of Christianity
• Trade Routes
• Affect of Crusades on European
Exploration
• Conquest of Asia, Africa and the
Americas
• Genghis Kahn
– Unification of Mongol Empire 1200’s
• Black Death
• Spread of Disease

Concepts: Exploration, Expansion,
Colonization

Motivations and Global
Interaction
• Religious and Political Motives
• Adventure
• Economic Investment
• Columbian Exchange
• Commercial Revolution
• Conquistadors
– Aztecs
– Incas
• Triangular Trade
• Middle Passage
• Plantations
Understandings
• Imperialism
• Portuguese and Spanish
Innovations
• Scientific Revolution
• Sea Route to Asia
• Conflict between Europeans and Native Americans
• Columbian Exchange
• African Slave Trade

Causes
• Technological Innovations
• Acquisition of Colonial
Possessions and Trading
Privileges
– Africa
– Asia
– Americas
Effects
• Imprint of Culture and Religion on
Settlements
• Shift in the Balance of Economic and Political Power
• Technological Innovations in
Shipbuilding, Navigation and Naval
Warfare
• Printing Press
• Compass
• Cannonry
• European Domination of the Globe
• Migration of Europeans to the
Americas
• Deaths of Millions of Africans and native Americans

Desire
• Resources and Markets
Consequences
• Commercial Revolution
• Columbian Exchange
• Religious Conversion
• Spread of Christianity
• Conquistadors
• Encomienda System
• Mixing of Populations
• Enslavement of Indigenous
Population
• Increase of Wealth for Industry
• Conflict Between
Industrialized Nations

Global Exploration
• Transatlantic Trade
• Mercantilism
• Joint-Stock Companies
• Trading Companies
• Corporations
• Government and
Monarchial Funding
Implications
• Financial Risks
• Economic Revolutions
• New Business Methods
• 16 th – 18 th Century

Concepts: Revolution, Conflict,
Industrialism, Power, Change

Terms
• Scientific Revolution
• Enlightenment
• Rationalism
• Secularism
• Humanism
• Tolerance
• Empiricism
• Natural Rights
• Contractual Government
• Laissez-Faire Economics
• Inductive and deductive
Reasoning
• Heliocentric
• Geocentric
• Inquisition
• Popular Sovereignty
People
• Bacon
• Descartes
• Galileo
• Newton
• Locke
• Montesquieu
• Rousseau
• Bolivar
• Jefferson
• Paine
• Adam Smith

Revolutions
• Glorious Revolution
• American Revolution
• French Revolution
• Russian Revolution
Impacts
• Conflict
• Compromise
• Enlightenment
• Independence

• Agricultural Revolution
• Geographic Factors
• Technological
Innovations
• Deforestation
• Pollution
• Urbanization
• Mining

Social and Economic Reform
• Urbanization
• Growth of Middle Class
• Economic Status
• Labor Organizations
Understandings
• Specialization of Labor and
Efficiency
• New Wealth
• Middle Class
• Labor Unions
• Socialism
• Marxism
• French Revolution

Concepts: Turning Point, Competition,
Nationalism, Imperialism, Conflict, War,
Power, Change

• Nationalism
• Imperialism
• Militarism
• Industrialization
• Ottoman Empire
• Japanese Empire
• Prussian Empire
• German Empire
– Otto Von Bismarck
• Italy
• Hapsburg Rulers
• Russian Empire
– Revolution of 1905
• America
• Markets
• Resources

• Causes of WWI
– Militarism
– Alliances
– Imperialism
– Nationalism
– Assassination and
Serbian Nationalism
• Russian Revolution
– Karl Marx
• Causes of WWII
– WWI and German
Nationalism
– German Debt
– Treaty of Versailles
– League of Nations
– Axis Expansion

• India
• Africa
• Asia
• Mahatma Gandhi
• Mao Zedong
• Chiang Kai-Shek
• Economic Imperialism

• Utopianism
• Social Democracy
• Socialism
• Communism
• Marshall Plan
• Truman Doctrine
• Eisenhower Doctrine

• Great Depression
• Colonial Africa
• Colonial Asia
• Socialism
• Communism
• Unequal Distribution of
Wealth
• Social Equality
• Credit
• Debt
• Balance of Trade
• Mao Zedong
• Chiang Kai-Shek
• Korean and Vietnam
Conflict

Concepts: Politics, War, power,
Influence, Interdependence, Change,
Innovation

Global Wars
• Spanish-American War
• World War II
• World War II
• Vietnam War
• Colonial Wars
• Persian Gulf War
Understandings
• Nationalism, Imperialism,
Industrialization lead to Economic and Military Competition between European Nations
• Failure of Treaty of Versailles
• Global Depression
• Totalitarian Governments
• Total War
• Genocide
– Jews, Armenians, Poles, Ukrainians,
Chinese
• American Isolationism
• Vietnam- Political Instability

• Berlin Blockade
• Korean War
• Hungarian Revolt
• Cuban Missile Crisis
• OPEC Oil Crisis
• Iranian Revolt
• 9/11
• Terrorism
• Containment
• Brinkmanship
• Flexible Response
• Peaceful Coexistence
• Brezhnev Doctrine
• Glasnost
• Perestroika
• Czechoslovakia
• Warsaw Pact
• NATO

• Post WWII
• Cold War
• 1990’s Globalization
• New World Order
• Iron Curtain
• Berlin Wall
• Destruction of the
Berlin Wall

• Satellites
• Computers
• Social Networking
• Information Highway
• Global Economies
• Ethical Dilemma
• Military Systems
• HIV
• Sputnik
• Space Race
• Science, Math, Foreign
Language

• Deforestation
• Pollution
• Clear Cutting
• Ozone Depletion
• Climate Change
• Global Warming
• Industrial Emissions
• Fuel Combustion

• Human Rights
• End of Cold War
• Apartheid
• Glasnost
• Perestroika
• Tiananmen Square
• UN Declaration of
Human Rights

• PLO
• IRA
• Tamil Tigers
• Al Qaeda
• Chechnya's
• Hamas
• Hezbollah
• Muslim Brotherhood
• Palestinian Islamic Jihad
• Fundamentalism
• Jihad
• Sharia Law

• Political
• Economic
• Religious
• Social
• Intellectual
• Artistic

• Author
• Place and Time
• Prior Knowledge
• Audience
• Reason
• The Main Idea
• Significance