United States Submarines
Lesson Objectives
Content Learning Objective: After learning 15 content-area vocabulary words and participating in an
interactive class presentation on the scientific principles behind
submarines, the student will complete a 10-item true/false and multiple
choice quiz on the Principles. 8 or more questions answered correctly
indicates mastery.
Language Development Objective: After conducting a science experiment on how submarines dive
and surface, the learner will be able to discuss the answers to 5
experiment-related questions. 4 or more correct responses
indicates mastery.
Social/Language Learning Strategy Objective: After learning 15 content-area vocabulary words and
participating in an interactive class presentation on
the scientific principles behind submarines, the
learner will work cooperatively and professionally
with a partner to complete a 6-step science
experiment. 6 out of 6 steps performed correctly
indicates mastery.
Language Function: Cause & Effect
Cause
Copper is an excellent conductor .
Aluminum overheats quickly ;
Connector
Thus
Therefore
Consequently
As a result
thus
therefore
consequently
as a result
Effect
,
most wires are made of this
material.
, it is no longer used to make
wires.
Practice:
A harmful chemical spilled in the lab. __________________________
There was a short in the circuit; _______________________________
The equipment was defective. _________________________________
Lesson Vocabulary
Word: afloat (adj.)
Definition: floating on water
Example: The pillow keeps the dog afloat in the
swimming pool.
Lesson Vocabulary
Word: buoyancy (n.)
Definition: the ability to rise or float in a liquid
Example: Buoyancy explains an iceberg’s ability
to float.
Lesson Vocabulary
Word: confined (adj.)
Definition: to keep within an area.
Example: The prisoner is confined to his cell.
Lesson Vocabulary
Word: constant (adj.)
Definition: continuous; steady
Example: Apply constant pressure to squeeze the
juice from the orange.
Lesson Vocabulary
Word: density (n.)
Definition: thickness; compactness
Example: Different densities allow certain fluids to
float on others.
Lesson Vocabulary
Word: exert (v.)
Definition: to put forth; to use energetically
Example: He exerts great strength to lift the
weight.
Lesson Vocabulary
Word: force (n.)
Definition: power or strength
Example: The volcano erupts with tremendous
force.
Lesson Vocabulary
Word: hydraulic (adj.)
Definition: operated by the movement and force of
liquid
Example: Hydraulic cylinders deliver great force.
Lesson Vocabulary
Word: inversely (adv.)
Definition: oppositely; reversed in order or relation.
Example: They two teams are pulling the rope
inversely.
Lesson Vocabulary
Word: principle (n.)
Definition: a fundamental law or truth which
explains how something occurs
Example: The diagram explains the principle of
producing methane-based fuel.
Lesson Vocabulary
Word: submerge (v.)
Definition: to place under or cover with water
Example: He submerged himself to explore the
ocean.
Lesson Vocabulary
Word: transmit (v.)
Definition: to convey force from one area to
another; to pass along
Example: The earthquake transmitted its force
across the land.
Lesson Vocabulary
Word: uniformly (adv.)
Definition: consistently, evenly, regularly
Example: The two ears of corn are growing
uniformly.
Lesson Vocabulary
Word: vary (v.)
Definition: to make different from one another
Example: Cacti vary in size and shape.
Lesson Vocabulary
Word: volume (n.)
Definition: the amount of space occupied by a 3dimensional object or region of space.
Example: This chart shows the volume formulas
for various shapes.
Archimedes’ Principle of Buoyancy
Who was Archimedes?
Archimedes (c. 287 BC – c. 212 BC) was a Greek
mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor and
astronomer.
Archimedes’ Principle of Buoyancy
What does his principle say?
The buoyant force of an object is equal to the weight
of the fluid displaced by the object.
What does it mean?
1. An object with density greater than that of
the fluid in which it is submerged tends to
sink.
2. If the object is either less dense than the
liquid or is shaped appropriately (as in a
boat), the force can keep the object afloat.
Pascal’s Principle of Transmission of
Fluid
Who was Pascal?
Blaise Pascal (1623 – 1662) was a French mathematician,
physicist, inventor, writer, and Catholic philosopher.
Pascal’s Principle of Transmission of
Fluid
What does his principle say?
The pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted
uniformly throughout the fluid.
What does it mean?
Everyday items like hydraulic jacks, automotive
transmissions, and hydraulic brakes function.
Boyle’s Gas Law
Who was Boyle?
Robert Boyle (1627 – 1691) was an Irish chemist,
physicist, inventor, and natural philosopher.
Boyle’s Gas Law
What does his law say?
The pressure exerted by a gas held at a constant
temperature varies inversely with the volume of the
gas.
What does it mean?
If the volume is halved, the pressure is doubled; and if
the volume is doubled, the pressure is halved.
What do These Three Principles Have
in Common?
Together, these principles explain how submarines can
dive and surface.