Today is Tuesday,
th
January 26 , 2016
Pre-Class:
Today we are reviewing.
Have your questions ready!
Today’s Agenda
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Review
Review
Straight-line windstorms of destruction?
Review
Review Game Rules
• I will ask a question to the class.
• Each participant (that’s you) writes down the
answer silently.
– Not each group…each individual.
• After a few moments, I will say, “Compare
answers.”
• Each of you will look at what the other wrote.
Review Game Rules
• Did you each get the right answer?
– 2 points.
• Did one of you get the right answer?
– 1 point.
• Neither of you?
– For shame. 0 points.
– And eternal guilt.
Review Game Rules
• The List of Do Nots:
– Do not talk to each other, make noises, gesture,
give answers (my discretion here) between when
the question has been read and when I say,
“Compare answers.”
• Doing so will result in a disqualification for that round.
Don’t believe me? Try it.
– Do not fall asleep when I’m getting scores.
• If you’re not paying attention, I’m not giving you points.
Review Question 1
• Write the central dogma.
– DNA  RNA  Protein  Trait
Review Question 2
• A cell would likely send mRNA to bound ER
ribosomes in order to make proteins that will
be sent where?
– To another cell.
Review Question 3
• What kind of protein would be destined for
another cell?
– A hormone, ligand, or other signal molecule.
Review Question 4
• BONUS NON-BIOLOGY QUESTION
• You may wager any/all of your points.
• Category: Timekeeping
• Of the fifty states in the country, only two do
not observe Daylight Savings Time. Name one
of them.
– Arizona and Hawaii.
Review Question 5
• You observe a cell undergoing transcription
and translation virtually simultaneously. What
type of cell must this be?
– A prokaryote. They do not perform mRNA
processing/splicing.
Review Question 6
• What are the two ways in which eukaryotic
cells separate the processes of transcription
and translation?
– By time (mRNA must first be processed) and by
location (transcription occurs in the nucleus;
translation occurs in the cytoplasm).
Review Question 7
• What are the three parts of an RNA
nucleotide? Be specific.
– Phosphate group, ribose sugar, nitrogenous base.
Review Question 8
• If a point mutation (deletion) of a single
nucleotide leads to an early stop codon, what
two types of mutation have occurred?
• Hint: Think about the effects of mutations, not
the types of mutation.
– Nonsense mutation and frame-shift mutation.
Review Question 9
• Transcription and translation are each divided
into three sub-steps. What are those?
– Initiation, elongation, and termination.
Review Question 10
• What are two differences between
transcription in eukaryotes as compared to
prokaryotes?
– Eukaryotes transcribe in the nucleus; prokaryotes
transcribe in the cytoplasm.
– Eukaryotes undergo RNA splicing and processing;
prokaryotes don’t.
Review Question 11
• Spliceosomes are complex molecules designed
to cut out introns and connect exons together.
An individual spliceosome is composed of
what kind of smaller protein molecule?
– snRNPs (small nuclear ribonucleoproteins).
Review Question 12
• Bacteria are particularly good taking up DNA
from the extra-cellular matrix. When they do,
the DNA exists within their cells as what kind
of structure?
– Plasmids.
Review Question 13
• If performing a paternity test using gel
electrophoresis, how can the father be
identified? Assume one lane contains DNA
from the baby and another has the mother’s
DNA.
– The baby’s bands must match either a band in the
father or a band in the mother. If a band from the
baby lane does not match one from the mother, it
must be present in the father.
Review Question 14
• BONUS NON-BIOLOGY QUESTION
• You may wager any/all of your points.
• Category: Weather
• “Tornado” is the term given to a strong,
swirling windstorm. What is the name for a
strong wind that does not swirl but rather
travels in a straight line?
– “Derecho.”
Review Question 15
• What’s the “real name” of a restriction
enzyme? As in, what are they really called as
a group?
– Endonucleases.
Review Question 16
• Polymerization of a new strand of DNA during
replication occurs in which direction?
– 5’ to 3’.
Review Question 17
• On a DNA strand, what type of functional
group is at the 5’ end? What type of
functional group is at the 3’ end? MUST GET
BOTH FOR POINTS.
– 5’ = phosphate group; 3’ = hydroxyl group (-OH)
Review Question 18
• In an operon, the region of DNA between the
promoter and the actual genes is known as
what?
– The operator (the repressor binds to the
operator).
Review Question 19
• Where are polypeptides destined for secretion
from the cell usually synthesized?
– Into the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Review Question 20
• What two important features for the process
of translation are found on a tRNA molecule
that is destined for the ribosome?
– An amino acid and an anticodon.
Review Question 21
• Is uracil a pyrimidine or a purine, and how
many “rings” does its structure have?
– Pyrimidine; 1.
Review Question 22
• BONUS NON-BIOLOGY QUESTION
• You may wager any/all of your points.
• Category: Landmarks
• Mount Rushmore features the faces of which
four Presidents?
– Washington, Lincoln, Jefferson, Roosevelt (T.)
Review Question 23
• Which enzyme binds amino acids to tRNA
molecules?
– Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase.
Review Question 24
• On a restriction map of a bacterial plasmid,
you notice two restriction sites spaced exactly
across from one another. If digested by the
appropriate endonuclease and run through gel
electrophoresis, how many bands would be
visible?
– One. Though there are two fragments, they are
exactly the same size, so only one band could be
seen.
Review Question 25
• How can a change to the mRNA strand not
change the resulting protein?
– If the affected mRNA codon is changed to a codon
for the same amino acid. This is a neutral/silent
mutation.
Review Question 26
• What does PCR do?
– PCR (polymerase chain reaction) amplifies DNA
samples and increases the amount of DNA
present.
Review Question 27
• Name three uses for gel electrophoresis.
– Paternity testing.
– Forensics.
– Genetic testing/analysis.
– Determining evolutionary relationships.
Review Question 28
• In the lac operon, what happens to the
operator when lactose is present?
– Lactose causes a conformational change to the
repressor protein and removes it from the DNA,
allowing transcription of lactose-related genes to
occur.
Review Question 29
• BONUS NON-BIOLOGY QUESTION
• You may wager any/all of your points.
• Category: Food
• The human tongue can detect only five basic
tastes. What are they?
– Sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umami.
Review Question 30
• Do most operons represent positive feedback
or negative feedback?
– Negative feedback – the stimulus is often
minimized by the action of the operon.