Despite adjustments to the Wernicke-Lichtheim
model, there remained disorders which could
not be explained.
Later models (e.g., Heilman’s) have included
cognitive components that govern:
• Intentional speech Systems
• Object recognition units (object naming)
• Multiple links to Semantic Conceptual Areas.
Broca’s Aphasia
Damage to more than Broca’s area
- Non-fluent speech
- Difficulty with repetition
- Motor speech problems (apraxia)
- the person knows what he or she wants to say,
yet has difficulty communicating it to others.
- Broca’s area seems to play a major role in the
planning and control of speech behavior
Telegraphic Speech
• consisting of simple three or more word
sentences usually comprising at least one
noun and verb that adhere to the grammatical
standards .
• Similar to developing speech in children.
Wernicke’s Aphasia
Language Comprehension impaired
- poor naming and repetition
- speech is fluent but meaningless
- rarely correct errors, seem unaware of
errors (anosognosia)
Conduction Aphasia
Comprehension and production are relatively intact.
• capable of understanding what they are hearing but
they will have difficulty repeating.
• display frequent errors during spontaneous speech,
such as substituting or transposing sounds.
• Are aware of their errors, and will show significant
difficulty correcting them.
Global Aphasia
Both Comprehension and production impaired.
•
•
•
•
most severe type of aphasia.
often seen right after someone has a stroke.
person is unable to read or write.
Generally involves widespread left
hemisphere damage
Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
• Impaired comprehension but intact repetition
• mandatory repetition (echolalia)
Mixed Transcortical Aphasia (Isolation Aphasia)
Repetition without comprehension.
No voluntary language use.
Anomic Aphasia
Problems recalling words, names, and numbers.
• often use circumlocutions (speaking in a
roundabout way) in order to avoid a name
they cannot recall or to express a certain word
they cannot remember.
• can recall the name when given clues.
• are able to speak with correct grammar
Transient Anomia
Might result from:
• Aneurism (e.g. Ashcroft)
• Epileptic seizure
E.g., A 37-year-old man had episodes of transient
anomia for people's names over a period of 6
months. The first episode lasted about 10 min and
was restricted to an inability to remember his 2year-old son's first name. The second, was limited
to an inability to recall his daughter's first name for
5 min. (Ghika-Schmid & Nater, 2003)
Ashcroft
"The most powerful realization I had during the episode ...
was a dissociation between the thought and the word or
phrase that expresses the thought. The subjective
experience consisted of knowing with complete certainty
the idea or concept that I was trying to express and being
completely unable to find and utter the word that expressed
the idea or concept. ... The experience was not one of
being unable to articulate a word currently held in
consciousness. Instead, it was one of being fully aware of
the target idea yet totally unable to accomplish what
normally feels like a single act of finding-and-saying the
word."
Optic anomia
• Patient JF was impaired when naming visually
presented objects but could define them from
their spoken names or by touch (Beauvois et al.,
1973; 1982; 1985).
• He could mime the use of the objects so this
was not agnosia (i.e. knew what object was).
• C.f. Tactile anomia e.g., RG could not name
objects by touch but could name visually
presented objects and pantomime their use
(suggesting that he knew what the object was).
Pure Word Deafness
• No comprehension of speech, No ability to
repeat or to write to dictation
• feel as though they can't hear when someone
else is speaking, even if the person speaking is
doing so in a loud voice.
• they have no trouble hearing other sounds,
such as a telephone ringing or a door bell.
• maintain the ability to write spontaneously
Phonagnosia
• Disturbance in the recognition of familiar
voices
• the impairment of voice discrimination
• does not suffer from comprehension deficits.
Speech Apraxia
Speech Production Disorder
• People who have it find it difficult or impossible to make
certain motor movements, even though their muscles are
normal.
• Due to damage to primary motor cortex.
Milder forms of apraxia are known as dyspraxia.
• affect the articulation of consonants, causing the slurring of
speech.
• in very severe cases, vowels may also be distorted
Prosody Production and Perception
Problems producing or interpreting inflections
Due to Right frontal lobe damage
Take-home Message
Language is very complex
Relies on:
• motor ability
• phonemics
• Syntax
• Semantics
Video of Group Support Group – Aphasia’s