CH. 23.2:
The Second New Deal takes Hold
OBJECTIVE:
Understand how FDR tried to
expand its Relief, Recovery, and
Reform programs
Relief, Recovery and Reform
• RELIEF: (1st response-immediate) Usually
from the government
• RECOVERY: intermediate allow elements
of the economy to recover
• REFORM: long term permanent change to
reform society
• Social security?
• TVA?
Why was a “Second New Deal” and
a “Second Hundred Days” needed?
• Some gains made by First New Deal,
but modest
• Unemployment still high
• Democrats increased hold on Congress in
1934 elections
• More needed for “forgotten man” at bottom
of social ladder
Forgotten Woman
Forgotten Woman
President Franklin D. Roosevelt
campaigned on helping the "forgotten
man." As shown in this political cartoon
Eleanor Roosevelt, the First Lady, did
not forget women. She worked diligently
to ensure that they benefited from the
New Deal and had access to government
and the Democratic Party. (Franklin D.
Roosevelt Library)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Eleanor Roosevelt visits West Virginia Coal Mine, 1933
Eleanor Roosevelt visits West Virginia Coal Mine, 1933
A New Yorker cartoon of 1933 portrayed one coal miner exclaiming to another: "Oh
migosh, here comes Mrs. Roosevelt." But reality soon caught up with humor, as the
First Lady immersed herself in the plight of the poor and the exploited. ( (c)
Bettmann/Corbis)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
tp://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ndlpedu/features/timeline/depwwii/race/letter.html
Election of 1936
• Landon (Republican), Gov. of Kansas
• FDR (Democrat), incumbent
ISSUE: “waste” and radicalism of New Deal
OUTCOME: 523 to 8 for FDR
ANALYSIS: FDR built a new coalition of South,
blacks, urbanites, poor and “New Immigrants”
http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/elections/maps/1936ec.gif
“Second” Hundred Days
& Later Reforms
• “Second” Agricultural Adjustment Act
– Help sharecroppers, small farmers, migrant workers
• Works Progress Administration (WPA)
– Employed 8 million between 1935 & 1943
• National Youth Administration (NYA)
– PART time work for youth (vs. FULL time in CCC)
• Wagner Act
– Right to collective bargaining for workers
– National Labor Relations Board – for workers to testimony
concerning unfair practices
• Minimum Wage (1938)
• Social Security Act (1935)
• 21st Amendment – Repeal Prohibition
HELP FOR FARMERS
Recovery starts with the first AAA, but the Supreme Court
strikes it and other New Deal programs down as
unconstitutional in 1936 because it contained taxes for
subsidies.
1938- Congress passes “Second” Agricultural
Adjustment Act (AAA), without the subsidies tax.
– Helps sharecroppers, small farmers, migrant
workers
NOTE!!! 2nd AAA targets aid for the groups that get FDR
re-elected and which did not get help in the 1st AAA
HELP FOR PROFESSIONALS,
YOUTH, AND ARTISTS
• Works Progress Administration (WPA)
– Employed 8 million between 1935 & 1943
FOCUS: Unskilled workers construct public works;
Skilled workers (artists, teachers, architects) hired to create
cultural, literary, and intellectual “common goods.”
• National Youth Administration (NYA)
– PART time work for youth (vs. FULL time in CCC)
Ansel Adams – WPA employee
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Ansel_Adams_-_Farm_workers_and_Mt._Williamson.jpg
WPA artist Alfred Castagne painting WPA construction workers, May 19, 1939
WPA artist Alfred Castagne painting WPA construction workers, May 19, 1939
The Works Progress Administration not only built roads and buildings, but also
provided employment for teachers, writers, and artists. A common theme among
WPA artists and writers was the strength and dignity of common people as they faced
their difficult lives. Here, a Michigan WPA artist sketches WPA workers. (National
Archives)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/S?ammem/mesnbib:@field(AUTHOR+@od1(Lycurgas,+Edward))
Young harvester by Walker Evans in the fields of Westmorland County, Pennsylvania
Young harvester by Walker Evans in
the fields of Westmorland County,
Pennsylvania
(Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Early Labor Relations
•
•
•
•
NIRA receives broad “legislative” powers
Writes codes of “fair competition”
Receives cooperation of labor and business – at first
Continuing economic stagnation erodes voluntary nature
of codes
• Supreme Court kills NIRA with Schechter decision
– unconstitutional delegation of legislative powers
– regulation of INTRA-state commerce unconstitutional
PWA (Public Works Administration) replaces NRA
and proves more successful and more constitutional.
•
•
•
•
•
Help for Retirees:
Social Security
1935
Unemployment insurance
Support for retired workers
Financed by payroll taxes
Disability provisions as well for blind, orphans,
etc.
NOTE!!! Had to be employed to get
coverage!!!
Social Security poster
Social Security poster
Enacted in 1935, Social Security has
been one of the most enduring of all
New Deal programs. This poster urges
eligible Americans to apply promptly for
their Social Security cards. (Library of
Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
What did the New Deal accomplish
in the area of
public utilities?
(pp. 676, 694, 695)
In what ways did the Tennessee
Valley Authority benefit the
region of the Tennessee River
Basin?
How many states were affected?